Abdominal vagal signalling: A novel role for cholecystokinin in circulatory control?

Ahlman, 1976, Vagal influence on serotonin concentration in enterochromaffin cells in the cat, Acta Physiol. Scand., 97, 362, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1976.tb10275.x Aja, 1999, CCK(A) and 5-HT3 receptors interact in anorectic responses to amino acid deficiency, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav., 62, 487, 10.1016/S0091-3057(98)00212-3 Andrews, 1985, Retching evoked by stimulation of abdominal vagal afferents in the anaesthetized ferret, J. Physiol. (Lond.), 358, 103P Andrews, 1992, A protective role for vagal afferents: an hypothesis, 279 Aronow, 1997, Association of postprandial hypotension with incidence of falls, syncope, coronary events, stroke, and total mortality at 29-month follow-up in 499 older nursing home residents, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 45, 1051, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1997.tb05965.x Aviado, 2001, The Bezold–Jarisch reflex. A historical perspective of cardiopulmonary reflexes, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 940, 48, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03666.x Bago, 2001, Sympathoinhibition from ventrolateral periaqueductal gray mediated by 5-HT1A receptors in the RVLM, Am. J. Physiol., 280, R976 Barman, 2005, Medullary lateral tegmental field mediates the cardiovascular but not respiratory component of the Bezold–Jarisch reflex in the cat, Am. J. Physiol., 289, R1693 Beinfeld, 2001, An introduction to neuronal cholecystokinin, Peptides, 22, 1197, 10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00442-9 Berthoud, 1996, Anatomical relationship between vagal afferent fibers and CCK-immunoreactive entero-endocrine cells in the rat small intestinal mucosa, Acta Anat., 156, 123, 10.1159/000147837 Berthoud, 2000, Functional and chemical anatomy of the afferent vagal system, Auton. Neurosci., 85, 1, 10.1016/S1566-0702(00)00215-0 Biber, 1973, Vasodilator mechanisms in the small intestine. An experimental study in the cat, Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl., 401, 1 Biber, 1971, Studies on the intestinal vasodilatation observed after mechanical stimulation of the mucosa of the gut, Acta Physiol. Scand., 82, 177, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1971.tb04957.x Biber, 1973, Vascular reactions in the small intestine during vasodilatation, Acta Physiol. Scand., 89, 449, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1973.tb05540.x Billig, 2001, Plasma hormone levels and central c-Fos expression in ferrets after systemic administration of cholecystokinin, Am. J. Physiol., 281, R1243 Blackshaw, 1990, Effects of cholecystokinin (CCK-8) on two classes of gastroduodenal vagal afferent fibre, J. Auton. Nerv. Syst., 31, 191, 10.1016/0165-1838(90)90185-L Blackshaw, 1991, Locally and reflexly mediated effects of cholecystokinin-octapeptide on the ferret stomach, J. Auton. Nerv. Syst., 36, 129, 10.1016/0165-1838(91)90109-G Blackshaw, 1993, Effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine on discharge of vagal mucosal afferent fibres from the upper gastrointestinal tract of the ferret, J. Auton. Nerv. Syst., 45, 41, 10.1016/0165-1838(93)90360-7 Blackshaw, 1987, Involvement of gastrointestinal mechano-and intestinal chemoreceptors in vagal reflexes: an electrophysiological study, J. Auton. Nerv. Syst., 18, 225, 10.1016/0165-1838(87)90121-4 Blessing, 1997 Booth, 2001, Somatostatin sst(2) receptor-mediated inhibition of mesenteric afferent nerves of the jejunum in the anesthetized rat, Gastroenterology, 121, 358, 10.1053/gast.2001.26335 Broberger, 2001, Expression and regulation of cholecystokinin and cholecystokinin receptors in rat nodose and dorsal root ganglia, Brain Res., 903, 128, 10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02468-4 Buller, 1996, Involvement of medullary catecholamine cells in neuroendocrine responses to systemic cholecystokinin, J. Neuroendocrinol., 8, 819, 10.1046/j.1365-2826.1996.05252.x Burton-Freeman, 1999, Cholecystokinin and serotonin receptors in the regulation of fat-induced satiety in rats, Am. J. Physiol., 276, R429 Cao, 2000, Responses of adrenal sympathetic preganglionic neurons to stimulation of cardiopulmonary receptors, Brain Res., 887, 46, 10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02964-4 Carrive, 1991, Viscerotopic organization of neurons subserving hypotensive reactions within the midbrain periaqueductal grey: a correlative functional and anatomical study, Brain Res., 541, 206, 10.1016/0006-8993(91)91020-2 Carrive, 1988, Anatomical evidence that hypertension associated with the defence reaction in the cat is mediated by a direct projection from a restricted portion of the midbrain periaqueductal grey to the subretrofacial nucleus of the medulla, Brain Res., 460, 339, 10.1016/0006-8993(88)90378-2 Carrive, 1989, Viscerotopic control of regional vascular beds by discrete groups of neurons within the midbrain periaqueductal gray, Brain Res., 493, 385, 10.1016/0006-8993(89)91176-1 Chen, 1995, Anatomical evidence for inputs to ventrolateral medullary catecholaminergic neurons from the midbrain periaqueductal gray of the rat, Neurosci. Lett., 195, 140, 10.1016/0304-3940(94)11788-K Chen, 1995, Catecholaminergic neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarii which send their axons to the midbrain periaqueductal gray express Fos protein after noxious stimulation of the stomach: a triple labeling study in the rat, Neurosci. Lett., 189, 179, 10.1016/0304-3940(95)11475-C Chou, 1977, Comparison of vascular effects of gastrointestinal hormones on various organs, Am. J. Physiol., 232, H103 Cooper, 1992, CCK antagonists and CCK-monoamine interactions in the control of satiety, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 55, 291S, 10.1093/ajcn/55.1.291s Corp, 1993, Characterization of type A and type B CCK receptor binding sites in rat vagus nerve, Brain Res., 623, 161, 10.1016/0006-8993(93)90024-H Crawley, 1985, Comparative distribution of cholecystokinin and other neuropeptides. Why is this peptide different from all other peptides?, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 448, 1, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1985.tb29900.x Crawley, 1994, Biological actions of cholecystokinin, Peptides, 15, 731, 10.1016/0196-9781(94)90104-X Daughters, 2001, Ondansetron attenuates CCK induced satiety and c-fos labeling in the dorsal medulla, Peptides, 22, 1331, 10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00460-0 Davison, 1988, Mechanical properties and sensitivity to CCK of vagal gastric slowly adapting mechanoreceptors, Am. J. Physiol., 255, G55 Dawes, 1954, Chemoreflexes from the heart and lungs, Physiol. Rev., 34, 167, 10.1152/physrev.1954.34.2.167 Day, 1994, Evidence that cholecystokinin induces immediate early gene expression in the brainstem, hypothalamus and amygdala of the rat by a CCKA receptor mechanism, Neuropharmacology, 33, 719, 10.1016/0028-3908(94)90111-2 Di Francesco, 2005, Delayed postprandial gastric emptying and impaired gallbladder contraction together with elevated cholecystokinin and peptide YY serum levels sustain satiety and inhibit hunger in healthy elderly persons, J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci., 60, 1581, 10.1093/gerona/60.12.1581 Dockray, 1976, Immunochemical evidence of cholecystokinin-like peptides in brain, Nature, 264, 568, 10.1038/264568a0 Eastwood, 1998, The role of endogenous cholecystokinin in the sensory transduction of luminal nutrient signals in the rat jejunum, Neurosci. Lett., 254, 145, 10.1016/S0304-3940(98)00666-1 Ek, 1998, Activation of vagal afferents after intravenous injection of interleukin-1beta: role of endogenous prostaglandins, J. Neurosci., 18, 9471, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-22-09471.1998 Essex, 1936, Blood flow on the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery of the intact dog, Am. J. Physiol., 117, 271, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1936.117.2.271 Fagius, 2003, Sympathetic nerve activity in metabolic control-some basic concepts, Acta Physiol. Scand., 177, 337, 10.1046/j.1365-201X.2003.01086.x Fara, 1975, Effect of secretin and cholecystokinin on small intestinal blood flow distribution, Am. J. Physiol., 229, 1365, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1975.229.5.1365 Farkas, 1998, Periaqueductal gray matter input to cardiac-related sympathetic premotor neurons, Brain. Res., 792, 179, 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00029-8 Fink, 1998, Major biological actions of CCK- a critical evaluation of research findings, Exp. Brain Res., 123, 77, 10.1007/s002210050546 Fozard, 1984, MDL 72222: a potent and highly selective antagonist at neuronal 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, N.-S. Arch. Pharmacol., 326, 36, 10.1007/BF00518776 Fraser, 1992, Cholecystokinin-induced c-fos expression in the rat brain stem is influenced by vagal nerve integrity, Exp. Physiol., 77, 225, 10.1113/expphysiol.1992.sp003579 Frey, 1983, Cholecystokinin octapeptide levels in rat brain are changed after subchronic neuroleptic treatment, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 95, 87, 10.1016/0014-2999(83)90270-4 Gallavan, 1985, Possible mechanisms for the initiation and maintenance of postprandial intestinal hyperemia, Am. J. Physiol., 249, G301 Gentilcore, 2006, Postprandial hypotension- novel insights into pathophysiology and therapeutic implications, Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol., 4, 161, 10.2174/157016106776359826 Gibbins, 1987, Pathway-specific patterns of the co-existence of substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin and dynorphin in neurons of the dorsal root ganglia of the guinea-pig, Cell Tissue Res., 248, 417, 10.1007/BF00218210 Gieroba, 1995, Abdominal vagal inputs to catecholamine neurons in the ventrolateral medulla, Clin. Exp. Hypertens., 17, 237, 10.3109/10641969509087068 Gigoux, 1998, Met-195 of the cholecystokinin-A receptor interacts with the sulfated tyrosine of cholecystokinin and is crucial for receptor transition to high affinity state, J. Biol. Chem., 273, 14380, 10.1074/jbc.273.23.14380 Glatzle, 2001, Postprandial neuronal activation in the nucleus of the solitary tract is partly mediated by CCK-A receptors, Am. J. Physiol., 281, R222 Goehler, 2000, Vagal immune-to-brain communication: a visceral chemosensory pathway, Auton. Neurosci., 85, 49, 10.1016/S1566-0702(00)00219-8 Gores, 1986, Hepatic processing of cholecystokinin peptides. I. Structural specificity and mechanism of hepatic extraction, Am. J. Physiol., 250, G344 Gores, 1986, Hepatic processing of cholecystokinin peptides. II. Cellular metabolism, transport, and biliary excretion, Am. J. Physiol., 250, G350 Granger, 1980, Intestinal blood flow, Gastroenterology, 78, 837, 10.1016/0016-5085(80)90692-7 Granger, 1989, Microcirculation of the intestinal mucosa, vol. 1 Green, 1989, Gastrointestinal peptides, Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am., 18, 695, 10.1016/S0889-8553(21)00438-6 Guth, 1975, Neural control of gastric mucosal blood flow in the rat, Gastroenterology, 69, 935, 10.1016/S0016-5085(19)32410-2 Guth, 1989, Physiology of gastric circulation, vol. 1 Guyenet, 2006, The sympathetic control of blood pressure, Nat. Rev., Neurosci., 7, 335, 10.1038/nrn1902 Guyenet, 1987, Role of excitatory amino acids in rat vagal and sympathetic baroreflexes, Brain Res., 407, 272, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)91105-X Guyton, 1996 Harper, 1943, Pancreozymin, a stimulant of secretion of pancreatic enzymes in extracts of the small intestine, J. Physiol. (Lond.), 102, 115, 10.1113/jphysiol.1943.sp004021 Hayes, 2004, 5-HT3 receptors participate in CCK-induced suppression of food intake by delaying gastric emptying, Am. J. Physiol., 287, R817 Hayes, 2004, Cholecystokinin-induced satiety is mediated through interdependent cooperation of CCK-A and 5-HT3 receptors, Physiol. Behav., 82, 663, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.06.001 Heinemann, 1995, Mediation by CCKB receptors of the CCK-evoked hyperaemia in rat gastric mucosa, Br. J. Pharmacol., 116, 2274, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1995.tb15064.x Heinemann, 1996, CCK-evoked hyperemia in rat gastric mucosa involves neural mechanisms and nitric oxide, Am. J. Physiol., 270, G253 Herzig, 1998, Cholecystokinin-and secretin-releasing peptides in the intestine- a new regulatory interendocrine mechanism in the gastrointestinal tract, Regul. Pept., 73, 89, 10.1016/S0167-0115(97)01062-8 Herzig, 1996, Diazepam binding inhibitor is a potent cholecystokinin-releasing peptide in the intestine, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 93, 7927, 10.1073/pnas.93.15.7927 Hillsley, 1998, Sensitivity to 5-hydroxytryptamine in different afferent subpopulations within mesenteric nerves supplying the rat jejunum, J. Physiol. (Lond.), 509, 717, 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.717bm.x Hillsley, 1998, Serotonin and cholecystokinin activate different populations of rat mesenteric vagal afferents, Neurosci. Lett., 255, 63, 10.1016/S0304-3940(98)00690-9 Holzer, 2000, Local microcirculatory reflexes and afferent signalling in response to gastric acid challenge, Gut, 47, iv46 Ivy, 1928, A hormone mechanism for gallbladder contraction and evacuation, Am. J. Physiol., 65, 599, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1928.86.3.599 Iwase, 2003, Effect of exogenous cholecystokinin on islet blood flow in anesthetized rats, Regul. Peptides, 116, 87, 10.1016/j.regpep.2003.07.002 Jansen, 1991, Hormonal mechanisms of postprandial hypotension, J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 39, 1201, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1991.tb03575.x Janssen, 1991, Mechanisms contributing to the differential haemodynamic effects of bombesin and cholecystokinin in conscious, Long Evans rats, Br. J. Pharmacol., 102, 123, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1991.tb12143.x Jansen, 1995, Postprandial hypotension in elderly patients with unexplained syncope, Arch. Intern. Med., 155, 945, 10.1001/archinte.155.9.945 Jodal, 1989, Neurohormonal control of gastrointestinal blood flow Kinsella, 2001, Perioperative bradycardia and asystole: relationship to vasovagal syncope and the Bezold–Jarisch reflex, Br. J. Anaesth., 86, 859, 10.1093/bja/86.6.859 Koyama, 1990, Contribution of baroreceptor reflexes to blood pressure and sympathetic responses to cholecystokinin and vasoactive intestinal peptide in anesthetized dogs, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 175, 245, 10.1016/0014-2999(90)90561-J Krayer, 1961, The history of the Bezold–Jarisch effect, N.-S. Arch. Exp. Path. Pharm., 240, 361 Kurosawa, 1997, Interleukin-1 increases activity of the gastric vagal afferent nerve partly via stimulation of type A CCK receptor in anesthetized rats, J. Auton. Nerv. Syst., 62, 72, 10.1016/S0165-1838(96)00111-7 Lal, 2001, Vagal afferent responses to fatty acids of different chain length in the rat, Am. J. Physiol., 281, G907 Lankisch, 2002, Characterization of CCK(A) receptor affinity states and Ca(2+) signal transduction in vagal nodose ganglia, Am. J. Physiol., 282, G1002 Ledesma de Paolo, 1992, Influence of VIP on the number of enterochromaffin and mucosal mast cells in the colon of the rat, Regul. Pept., 39, 191, 10.1016/0167-0115(92)90540-B Lewis, 1990, Regulation of cholecystokinin secretion by food, hormones, and neural pathways in the rat, Am. J. Physiol., 258, G512 Li, 1994, Endogenous cholecystokinin stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion via vagal afferent pathway in rats, Gastroenterology, 107, 525, 10.1016/0016-5085(94)90180-5 Li, 1995, Effects of vagotomy on cholecystokinin-and dexfenfluramine-induced Fos-like immunoreactivity in the rat brain, Brain Res. Bull., 37, 589, 10.1016/0361-9230(95)00045-G Li, 1996, Pancreatic secretion evoked by cholecystokinin and non-cholecystokinin-dependent duodenal stimuli via vagal afferent fibres in the rat, J. Physiol. (Lond.), 494, 773, 10.1113/jphysiol.1996.sp021531 Li, 1996, Peptone stimulates CCK-releasing peptide secretion by activating intestinal submucosal cholinergic neurons, J. Clin. Invest., 97, 1463, 10.1172/JCI118568 Li, 1990, Hormonal mechanism of sodium oleate-stimulated pancreatic secretion in rats, Am. J. Physiol., 259, G960 Li, 1997, High-affinity CCK-A receptors on the vagus nerve mediate CCK-stimulated pancreatic secretion in rats, Am. J. Physiol., 273, G679 Li, 1999, Electrical physiological evidence for highand low-affinity vagal CCK-A receptors, Am. J. Physiol., 277, G469 Li, 2000, Diazepam-binding inhibitor mediates feedback regulation of pancreatic secretion and postprandial release of cholecystokinin, J. Clin. Invest., 105, 351, 10.1172/JCI7204 Li, 2000, Serotonin released from intestinal enterochromaffin cells mediates luminal non-cholecystokinin-stimulated pancreatic secretion in rats, Gastroenterology, 118, 1197, 10.1016/S0016-5085(00)70373-8 Li, 2004, Serotonin and cholecystokinin synergistically stimulate rat vagal primary afferent neurones, J. Physiol. (Lond.), 559, 651, 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.064816 Liddle, 1989, Integrated actions of cholecystokinin on the gastrointestinal tract: use of the cholecystokinin bioassay, Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am., 18, 735, 10.1016/S0889-8553(21)00439-8 Liddle, 1986, Proteins but not amino acids, carbohydrates, or fats stimulate cholecystokinin secretion in the rat, Am. J. Physiol., 251, G243 Lipsitz, 1986, Syncope in institutionalized elderly: the impact of multiple pathological conditions and situational stress, J. Chronic. Dis., 39, 619, 10.1016/0021-9681(86)90187-6 Lipsitz, 1993, Hemodynamic and autonomic nervous system responses to mixed meal ingestion in healthy young and old subjects and dysautonomic patients with postprandial hypotension, Circulation, 87, 391, 10.1161/01.CIR.87.2.391 Lovick, 1985, Ventrolateral medullary lesions block the antinociceptive and cardiovascular responses elicited by stimulating the dorsal periaqueductal grey matter in rats, Pain, 21, 241, 10.1016/0304-3959(85)90088-0 Lucchini, 1996, Involvement of the vagus nerve, substance P and cholecystokinin in the regulation of intestinal blood flow, J. Auton. Nerv. Syst., 60, 182, 10.1016/0165-1838(96)00050-1 Lundberg, 1978, Ultrastructural evidence for an innervation of epithelial enterochromaffine cells in the guinea pig duodenum, Acta Physiol. Scand., 104, 3, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1978.tb06245.x Lundgren, 2000, Sympathetic input into the enteric nervous system, Gut, 47, iv33 Mark, 1983, The Bezold–Jarisch reflex revisited: clinical implications of inhibitory reflexes originating in the heart, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 1, 90, 10.1016/S0735-1097(83)80014-X Marker, 1988, Chronotropic actions of cholecystokinin octapeptide on the rat heart, Regul. Pept., 20, 251, 10.1016/0167-0115(88)90081-X Martinez, 1993, Alterations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels of neuropeptides in idiopathic senile anorexia, Regul. Pept., 49, 109, 10.1016/0167-0115(93)90432-8 Masuda, 2003, Role of the autonomic nervous system in postprandial hypotension in elderly persons, J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 42, S23, 10.1097/00005344-200312001-00007 Matzinger, 1999, Inhibition of food intake in response to intestinal lipid is mediated by cholecystokinin in humans, Am. J. Physiol., 277, R1718 Matzinger, 2000, The role of long chain fatty acids in regulating food intake and cholecystokinin release in humans, Gut, 46, 688, 10.1136/gut.46.5.689 Mawe, 1991, The role of cholecystokinin in ganglionic transmission in the guinea-pig gall-bladder, J. Physiol. (Lond.), 439, 89, 10.1113/jphysiol.1991.sp018658 Mayne, 1998, Cytoarchitectonic analysis of Fos-immunoreactivity in brainstem neurones following visceral stimuli in conscious rats, J. Neuroendocrinol., 10, 839, 10.1046/j.1365-2826.1998.00271.x McLaughlin, 1998, Fatty acids stimulate cholecystokinin secretion via an acyl chain length-specific, Ca2+-dependent mechanism in the enteroendocrine cell line STC-1, J. Physiol. (Lond.), 513, 11, 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.011by.x McLaughlin, 1999, Fatty acid chain length determines cholecystokinin secretion and effect on human gastric motility, Gastroenterology, 116, 46, 10.1016/S0016-5085(99)70227-1 Mei, 1978, Vagal glucoreceptors in the small intestine of the cat, J. Physiol. (Lond.), 282, 485, 10.1113/jphysiol.1978.sp012477 Mei, 1983, Recent studies on intestinal vagal afferent innervation. Functional implications, J. Auton. Nerv. Syst., 9, 199, 10.1016/0165-1838(83)90141-8 Mei, 1986, Osmosensitive vagal receptors in the small intestine of the cat, J. Auton. Nerv. Syst., 16, 159, 10.1016/0165-1838(86)90022-6 Melone, 1986, Vagal receptors sensitive to lipids in the small intestine of the cat, J. Auton. Nerv. Syst., 17, 231, 10.1016/0165-1838(86)90060-3 Melone, 1991, Intestinal effects of the products of lipid digestion on gastric electrical activity in the cat. Possible involvement of vagal intestinal receptors sensitive to lipids, Gastroenterology, 100, 380, 10.1016/0016-5085(91)90206-Z Mercer, 1992, Selectivity of cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor antagonists, MK-329 and L-365,260, for axonally-transported CCK binding sites on the rat vagus nerve, Neurosci. Lett., 137, 229, 10.1016/0304-3940(92)90410-9 Miyasaka, 1997, Involvement of cholinergic processes in cholecystokinin (CCK) release by luminal oleic acid, J. Auton. Nerv. Syst., 63, 179, 10.1016/S0165-1838(97)00007-6 Mobley, 2006, Systemic cholecystokinin differentially affects baro-activated GABAergic neurons in rat caudal ventrolateral medulla, J. Neurophysiol., 96, 2760, 10.1152/jn.00526.2006 Monnikes, 1997, Pathways of Fos expression in locus ceruleus, dorsal vagal complex, and PVN in response to intestinal lipid, Am. J. Physiol., 273, R2059 Moran, 1986, Two brain cholecystokinin receptors: implications for behavioral actions, Brain. Res., 362, 175, 10.1016/0006-8993(86)91413-7 Moran, 1987, Transport of cholecystokinin (CCK) binding sites in subdiaphragmatic vagal branches, Brain. Res., 415, 149, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90278-2 Moran, 1990, Central and peripheral vagal transport of cholecystokinin binding sites occurs in afferent fibers, Brain. Res., 526, 95, 10.1016/0006-8993(90)90253-8 Moriarty, 1997, Characterization of cholecystokininA and cholecystokininB receptors expressed by vagal afferent neurons, Neuroscience, 79, 905, 10.1016/S0306-4522(96)00675-6 Mutt, 1968, Structure of porcine cholecystokinin-pancreozymin. 1. Cleavage with thrombin and with trypsin, Eur. J. Biochem., 6, 156, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1968.tb00433.x Myers, 2002, Viscerosensory activation of noradrenergic inputs to the amygdala in rats, Physiol. Behav., 77, 723, 10.1016/S0031-9384(02)00925-3 Nakabayashi, 1996, Vagal hepatopancreatic reflex effect evoked by intraportal appearance of tGLP-1, Am. J. Physiol., 271, E808 Nishizawa, 1996, The hepatic vagal nerve is receptive to incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide-1, but not to glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, in the portal vein, J. Auton. Nerv. Syst., 61, 149, 10.1016/S0165-1838(96)00071-9 Noble, 1999, International Union of Pharmacology. XXI. Structure, distribution, and functions of cholecystokinin receptors, Pharmacol. Rev., 51, 745 Nyhof, 1985, Effect of atropine on digested food-induced intestinal hyperemia, Am. J. Physiol., 249, G685 O'Mara, 2002, Postprandial hypotension, Clin. Geriatr. Med., 18, 307, 10.1016/S0749-0690(02)00012-5 Ormsbee, 1985, Action of serotonin on the gastrointestinal tract, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 178, 333, 10.3181/00379727-178-42016 Peters, 2006, Leptin and CCK selectively activate vagal afferent neurons innervating the stomach and duodenum, Am. J. Physiol., 290, R1544 Phifer, 1998, Duodenal nutrient infusions differentially affect sham feeding and Fos expression in rat brain stem, Am. J. Physiol., 274, R1725 Pirotte, 1998, Pyridothiadiazinedioxides structurally related to quinazolinones cholecystokinin/gastrin receptor ligands: synthesis and biological evaluation, Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 7, 29, 10.1016/S0928-0987(98)00003-7 Raybould, 1996, CCK-58: a novel reagent for studying the regulation of cholecystokinin bioactivity, Peptides, 17, 1307, 10.1016/S0196-9781(96)00200-8 Reeve, 2003, CCK-58 is the only detectable endocrine form of cholecystokinin in rat, Am. J. Physiol., 285, G255 Reeve, 2004, Differential bile-pancreatic secretory effects of CCK-58 and CCK-8, Am. J. Physiol., 286, G395 Reidelberger, 1994, Cholecystokinin and control of food intake, J. Nutr., 124, 1327S, 10.1093/jn/124.suppl_8.1327S Reidelberger, 2003, Effects of peripheral CCK receptor blockade on food intake in rats, Am. J. Physiol., 285, R429 Rinaman, 2003, Hindbrain noradrenergic lesions attenuate anorexia and alter central cFos expression in rats after gastric viscerosensory stimulation, J. Neurosci., 23, 10084, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-31-10084.2003 Rinaman, 1993, Distribution and neurochemical phenotypes of caudal medullary neurons activated to express cFos following peripheral administration of cholecystokinin, J. Comp. Neurol., 338, 475, 10.1002/cne.903380402 Rinaman, 1995, Cholecystokinin activates catecholaminergic neurons in the caudal medulla that innervate the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus in rats, J. Comp. Neurol., 360, 246, 10.1002/cne.903600204 Rinaman, 1998, Medullary c-Fos activation in rats after ingestion of a satiating meal, Am. J. Physiol., 275, R262 Ruiz-Gayo, 2006, Vasodilatory effects of cholecystokinin: new role for an old peptide?, Regul. Pept., 137, 179, 10.1016/j.regpep.2006.06.006 Saita, 2003, Roles for CCK1 and 5-HT3 receptors in the effects of CCK on presympathetic vasomotor neuronal discharge in the rat, Br. J. Pharmacol., 139, 415, 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705245 Salo, 2007, Nonuniformity in the von Bezold–Jarisch reflex, Am. J. Physiol., 293, R714 Sanchez-Fernandez, 2004, A novel role for cholecystokinin: regulation of mesenteric vascular resistance, Regul. Pept., 121, 145, 10.1016/j.regpep.2004.04.018 Sankaran, 1979, Preparation of biologically active radioiodinated cholecystokinin for radioreceptor assay and radioimmunoassay, J. Biol. Chem., 254, 9349, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)83521-4 Sartor, 2002, Cholecystokinin selectively affects presympathetic vasomotor neurons and sympathetic vasomotor outflow, Am. J. Physiol., 282, R1174 Sartor, 2003, Phenotypic identification of rat rostroventrolateral medullary presympathetic vasomotor neurons inhibited by exogenous cholecystokinin, J. Comp. Neurol., 465, 467, 10.1002/cne.10840 Sartor, 2006, The sympathoinhibitory effects of systemic cholecystokinin are dependent on neurons in the caudal ventrolateral medulla in the rat, Am. J. Physiol., 291, R1390 Sartor, 2006, An enteric signal regulates putative gastrointestinal presympathetic vasomotor neurons in rats, Am. J. Physiol., 290, R625 Sartor, 2007, The role of NMDA and non-NMDA receptors in the NTS in mediating three distinct sympathoinhibitory reflexes, N.-S. Arch. Pharmacol., 376, 241, 10.1007/s00210-007-0203-5 Schreihofer, 2000, Sympathetic reflexes after depletion of bulbospinal catecholaminergic neurons with anti-D beta H-saporin, Am. J. Physiol., 279, R729 Schreihofer, 2002, The baroreflex and beyond: control of sympathetic vasomotor tone by GABAergic neurons in the ventrolateral medulla, Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol., 29, 514, 10.1046/j.1440-1681.2002.03665.x Schreihofer, 1997, Cholecystokinin induces Fos expression in catecholaminergic neurons of the macaque monkey caudal medulla, Brain Res., 770, 37, 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00732-4 Schultz, 2001, Cardiac vagal chemosensory afferents. Function in pathophysiological states, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 940, 59, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03667.x Schwartz, 1996, Sub-diaphragmatic vagal afferent integration of meal-related gastrointestinal signals, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 20, 47, 10.1016/0149-7634(95)00039-H Schwartz, 1998, Duodenal nutrient exposure elicits nutrient-specific gut motility and vagal afferent signals in rat, Am. J. Physiol., 274, R1236 Schwartz, 1997, Relationships between gastric motility and gastric vagal afferent responses to CCK and GRP in rats differ, Am. J. Physiol., 272, R1726 Scrogin, 1998, Central methysergide prevents renal sympathoinhibition and bradycardia during hypotensive hemorrhage, Am. J. Physiol., 43, H43 Sendur, 1990, The role of cholecystokinin in the regulation of intestinal blood circulation and metabolism, Folia Med. Crac., 31, 5 Sidery, 1994, Meals lie heavy on the heart, J. R. Coll. Physicians Lond., 28, 19 Sieber, 1991, Regulation of postprandial mesenteric blood flow in humans: evidence for a cholinergic nervous reflex, Gut, 32, 361, 10.1136/gut.32.4.361 Sieber, 2004, Lanreotide effect on splanchnic blood flow in healthy subjects: effect of the rate of infusion, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 75, 70, 10.1016/j.clpt.2003.09.006 Smith, 1994, Satiating effect of cholecystokinin, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 713, 236, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb44071.x Smith, 1981, Abdominal vagotomy blocks the satiety effect of cholecystokinin in the rat, Science, 213, 1036, 10.1126/science.7268408 Smith, 1985, Afferent axons in abdominal vagus mediate satiety effect of cholecystokinin in rats, Am. J. Physiol., 249, R638 Smith, 1984, Anatomic localization of cholecystokinin receptors to the pyloric sphincter, Am. J. Physiol., 246, R127 Spannagel, 1998, Bioactivity of intraduodenally and intravenously infused fragments of luminal cholecystokinin releasing factor (LCRF), Regul. Pept., 73, 161, 10.1016/S0167-0115(97)01074-4 Staszewska-Barczak, 1983, Prostanoids and cardiac reflexes of sympathetic and vagal origin, Am. J. Cardiol., 52, 36A, 10.1016/0002-9149(83)90175-3 Sullivan, 2007, Endogenous cholecystokinin reduces food intake and increases Fos-like immunoreactivity in the dorsal vagal complex but not in the myenteric plexus by CCK1 receptor in the adult rat, Am. J. Physiol., 292, R1071 Szecowka, 1989, Purification of the pancreatic cholecystokinin receptor, Regul. Pept., 24, 215, 10.1016/0167-0115(89)90218-8 Talkad, 1994, Direct demonstration of three different states of the pancreatic cholecystokinin receptor, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 91, 1868, 10.1073/pnas.91.5.1868 Talkad, 1994, Characterization of the three different states of the cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor in pancreatic acini, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1224, 103, 10.1016/0167-4889(94)90118-X Tarasova, 1997, Distribution and localization of a novel cholecystokinin-releasing factor in the rat gastrointestinal tract, Endocrinology, 138, 5550, 10.1210/en.138.12.5550 Turnbull, 1999, Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by cytokines: actions and mechanisms of action, Physiol. Rev., 79, 1, 10.1152/physrev.1999.79.1.1 Van der Plas, 1995, Electrophysiological analysis of midbrain periaqueductal gray influence on cardiovascular neurons in the ventrolateral medulla oblongata, Brain Res. Bull., 38, 447, 10.1016/0361-9230(95)02012-G Van der Plas, 1995, Cardiovascular effects and changes in midbrain periaqueductal gray neuronal activity induced by electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus in the rat, Brain Res. Bull., 37, 645, 10.1016/0361-9230(95)00061-I Vatner, 1970, Mesenteric vasoactivity associated with eating and digestion in the conscious dog, Am. J. Physiol., 219, 170, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1970.219.1.170 Veelken, 1990, Epicardial serotonin receptors in circulatory control in conscious Sprague–Dawley rats, Am. J. Physiol., 258, H466 Verberne, 1991, Midbrain central grey: regional haemodynamic control and excitatory amino acidergic mechanisms, Brain. Res., 550, 86, 10.1016/0006-8993(91)90408-N Verberne, 1992, Medullary pathway of the Bezold–Jarisch reflex in the rat, Am. J. Physiol., 263, R1195 Verberne, 1992, Midbrain central gray: influence on medullary sympathoexcitatory neurons and the baroreflex in rats, Am. J. Physiol., 263, R24 Verberne, 2004, Cholecystokinin-induced inhibition of presympathetic vasomotor neurons: dependence on sub-diaphragmatic vagal afferents and central NMDA receptors in the rat, Am. J. Physiol., 287, R809 Verberne, 2003, Chemical stimulation of vagal afferent neurons and sympathetic vasomotor tone, Brain Res. Rev., 41, 288, 10.1016/S0165-0173(02)00269-2 Viltart, 2006, Chemical stimulation of visceral afferents activates medullary neurones projecting to the central amygdala and periaqueductal grey, Brain Res. Bull., 71, 51, 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2006.07.016 Wang, 2002, Depressor and tachypneic responses to chemical stimulation of the ventral respiratory group are reduced by ablation of neurokinin-1 receptor-expressing neurons, J. Neurosci., 22, 3755, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-09-03755.2002 Wang, 1998, Evidence that NMDA receptors mediate the responses of putative RVLM presympathetic neurons to vagal afferent stimulation in rats, J. Auton. Nerv. Syst., 73, 93, 10.1016/S0165-1838(98)00126-X Wang, 1999, Duodenal loading with glucose induces fos expression in rat brain: selective blockade by devazepide, Am. J. Physiol., 277, R667 Widdop, 1994, Electrophysiological and autoradiographical evidence for cholecystokinin A receptors on rat isolated nodose ganglia, J. Auton. Nerv. Syst., 46, 65, 10.1016/0165-1838(94)90145-7 Yamamoto, 2004, Water and enzyme secretion are tightly coupled in pancreatic secretion stimulated by food or CCK-58, but not by CCK-8, Am. J. Physiol., 287, G326 Zavros, 1997, Cholecystokinin (CCK) regulates somatostatin secretion through both the CCK-A and CCK-B/gastrin receptors in sheep, J. Physiol. (Lond.), 505, 811, 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1997.811ba.x Zhu, 2001, Intestinal serotonin acts as a paracrine substance to mediate vagal signal transmission evoked by luminal factors in the rat, J. Physiol. (Lond.), 530, 431, 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.0431k.x Zinner, 1983, The hemodynamic effects of intravenous infusions of serotonin in conscious dogs, J. Surg. Res., 34, 171, 10.1016/0022-4804(83)90057-4 Zittel, 1994, Fos protein expression in the nucleus of the solitary tract in response to intestinal nutrients in awake rats, Brain Res., 663, 266, 10.1016/0006-8993(94)91272-6 Zucker, 1988, PGI2 attenuates baroreflex control of renal nerve activity by a vagal mechanism, Am. J. Physiol., 254, R424