ACR Appropriateness Criteria ® Post-treatment Follow-up Prostate Cancer

Journal of the American College of Radiology - Tập 15 - Trang S132-S149 - 2018
Adam T. Froemming1, Sadhna Verma2, Steven C. Eberhardt3, Aytekin Oto4, Lauren F. Alexander5, Brian C. Allen6, Fergus V. Coakley7, Brian J. Davis8, Pat F. Fulgham9, Keyanoosh Hosseinzadeh10, Christopher Porter11, V. Anik Sahni12, David M. Schuster13, Timothy N. Showalter14, Aradhana M. Venkatesan15, Carolyn L. Wang16, Erick M. Remer17
1Principal Author, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
2Co-author, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
3Panel Chair, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
4Panel Vice Chair, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
5Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
6Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
7Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
8Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
9Urology Clinics of North Texas, Dallas, Texas, American Urological Association
10Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
11Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington; American Urological Association
12Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
13Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia
14University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
15University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
16University of Washington, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, Washington
17Specialty Chair, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio

Tài liệu tham khảo

Choueiri, 2008, A model that predicts the probability of positive imaging in prostate cancer cases with biochemical failure after initial definitive local therapy, J Urol, 179, 906 Han, 2001, Long-term biochemical disease-free and cancer-specific survival following anatomic radical retropubic prostatectomy. The 15-year Johns Hopkins experience, Urol Clin North Am, 28, 555, 10.1016/S0094-0143(05)70163-4 Teeter, 2013, Do nomograms designed to predict biochemical recurrence (BCR) do a better job of predicting more clinically relevant prostate cancer outcomes than BCR? A report from the SEARCH database group, Urology, 82, 53, 10.1016/j.urology.2012.10.090 Hamdy, 2016, 10-Year outcomes after monitoring, surgery, or radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer, N Engl J Med, 375, 1415, 10.1056/NEJMoa1606220 NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Prostate Cancer. Version 3.2016. Available at: https://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/prostate.pdf. Accessed December 4, 2017. Cirillo, 2009, Endorectal magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 Tesla to assess local recurrence following radical prostatectomy using T2-weighted and contrast-enhanced imaging, Eur Radiol, 19, 761, 10.1007/s00330-008-1174-8 Khan, 2004, Management of patients with an increasing prostate-specific antigen after radical prostatectomy, Curr Urol Rep, 5, 179, 10.1007/s11934-004-0035-5 Kitajima, 2014, Detection of recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy: comparison of 11C-choline PET/CT with pelvic multiparametric MR imaging with endorectal coil, J Nucl Med, 55, 223, 10.2967/jnumed.113.123018 Sobol, 2017, Contemporary mapping of post-prostatectomy prostate cancer relapse with 11C-choline positron emission tomography and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging, J Urol, 197, 129 Linder, 2014, Early localization of recurrent prostate cancer after prostatectomy by endorectal coil magnetic resonance imaging, Can J Urol, 21, 7283 Koo, 2014, (1)(8)F-NaF PET/CT and (1)(1)C-choline PET/CT for the initial detection of metastatic disease in prostate cancer: overview and potential utilization, Oncology (Williston Park), 28, 1057 Freitas, 1991, The clinical utility of prostate-specific antigen and bone scintigraphy in prostate cancer follow-up, J Nucl Med, 32, 1387 Miller, 1992, Prostate specific antigen and bone scan correlation in the staging and monitoring of patients with prostatic cancer, Br J Urol, 70, 295, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.1992.tb06937.x Terris, 1991, Utilization of bone scans in conjunction with prostate-specific antigen levels in the surveillance for recurrence of adenocarcinoma after radical prostatectomy, J Nucl Med, 32, 1713 Evangelista, 2016, Radiolabeled choline PET/CT before salvage lymphadenectomy dissection: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Nucl Med Commun, 37, 1223, 10.1097/MNM.0000000000000582 Evangelista, 2016, New clinical indications for (18)F/(11)C-choline, new tracers for positron emission tomography and a promising hybrid device for prostate cancer staging: a systematic review of the literature, Eur Urol, 70, 161, 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.01.029 Graziani, 2016, (11)C-choline PET/CT for restaging prostate cancer. Results from 4,426 scans in a single-centre patient series, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 43, 1971, 10.1007/s00259-016-3428-z Kane, 2003, Limited value of bone scintigraphy and computed tomography in assessing biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy, Urology, 61, 607, 10.1016/S0090-4295(02)02411-1 Cher, 1998, Limited role of radionuclide bone scintigraphy in patients with prostate specific antigen elevations after radical prostatectomy, J Urol, 160, 1387 American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc. PSA testing for the pretreatment staging and posttreatment management of prostate cancer: 2013 Revision of 2009 Best Practice Statement. Available at: http://www.auanet.org/guidelines/prostate-specific-antigen-(2009-amended-2013). Accessed December 4, 2017. Thompson, 2013, Adjuvant and salvage radiotherapy after prostatectomy: AUA/ASTRO Guideline, J Urol, 190, 441 Loeb, 2010, Prostate specific antigen at the initial diagnosis of metastasis to bone in patients after radical prostatectomy, J Urol, 184, 157 Wondergem, 2013, A literature review of 18F-fluoride PET/CT and 18F-choline or 11C-choline PET/CT for detection of bone metastases in patients with prostate cancer, Nucl Med Commun, 34, 935, 10.1097/MNM.0b013e328364918a Fortuin, 2012, Value of PET/CT and MR lymphography in treatment of prostate cancer patients with lymph node metastases, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 84, 712, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.12.093 Hricak, 2003, Advances in imaging in the postoperative patient with a rising prostate-specific antigen level, Semin Oncol, 30, 616, 10.1016/S0093-7754(03)00359-2 Beresford, 2010, A systematic review of the role of imaging before salvage radiotherapy for post-prostatectomy biochemical recurrence, Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 22, 46, 10.1016/j.clon.2009.10.015 Rouviere, 2010, Imaging of prostate cancer local recurrences: why and how?, Eur Radiol, 20, 1254, 10.1007/s00330-009-1647-4 Casciani, 2008, Endorectal and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for detection of local recurrence after radical prostatectomy, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 190, 1187, 10.2214/AJR.07.3032 Sciarra, 2008, Role of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and proton MR spectroscopic imaging in the detection of local recurrence after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer, Eur Urol, 54, 589, 10.1016/j.eururo.2007.12.034 Sella, 2004, Suspected local recurrence after radical prostatectomy: endorectal coil MR imaging, Radiology, 231, 379, 10.1148/radiol.2312030011 Panebianco, 2013, Prostate cancer recurrence after radical prostatectomy: the role of 3-T diffusion imaging in multi-parametric magnetic resonance imaging, Eur Radiol, 23, 1745, 10.1007/s00330-013-2768-3 Harisinghani, 2003, Noninvasive detection of clinically occult lymph-node metastases in prostate cancer, N Engl J Med, 348, 2491, 10.1056/NEJMoa022749 Daldrup-Link, 2001, Whole-body MR imaging for detection of bone metastases in children and young adults: comparison with skeletal scintigraphy and FDG PET, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 177, 229, 10.2214/ajr.177.1.1770229 Goudarzi, 2010, Detection of bone metastases using diffusion weighted magnetic resonance imaging: comparison with (11)C-methionine PET and bone scintigraphy, Magn Reson Imaging, 28, 372, 10.1016/j.mri.2009.12.008 Gutzeit, 2010, Comparison of diffusion-weighted whole body MRI and skeletal scintigraphy for the detection of bone metastases in patients with prostate or breast carcinoma, Skeletal Radiol, 39, 333, 10.1007/s00256-009-0789-4 Turner, 1993, Magnetic resonance imaging for detection of prostate cancer metastatic to bone, J Urol, 149, 1482 Roy, 2013, Comparative sensitivities of functional MRI sequences in detection of local recurrence of prostate carcinoma after radical prostatectomy or external-beam radiotherapy, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 200, W361, 10.2214/AJR.12.9106 Wu, 2013, Role of magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of local prostate cancer recurrence after external beam radiotherapy and radical prostatectomy, Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol), 25, 252, 10.1016/j.clon.2012.11.010 Deliveliotis, 2007, Diagnostic efficacy of transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostatic fossa in patients with rising PSA following radical prostatectomy, World J Urol, 25, 309, 10.1007/s00345-007-0167-6 Drudi, 2006, Transrectal colour Doppler contrast sonography in the diagnosis of local recurrence after radical prostatectomy—comparison with MRI, Ultraschall Med, 27, 146, 10.1055/s-2006-926583 Sudakoff, 1996, Color Doppler imaging and transrectal sonography of the prostatic fossa after radical prostatectomy: early experience, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 167, 883, 10.2214/ajr.167.4.8819374 Tamsel, 2006, The potential value of power Doppler ultrasound imaging compared with grey-scale ultrasound findings in the diagnosis of local recurrence after radical prostatectomy, Clin Radiol, 61, 325, 10.1016/j.crad.2005.12.011 Evangelista, 2013, Choline PET or PET/CT and biochemical relapse of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Clin Nucl Med, 38, 305, 10.1097/RLU.0b013e3182867f3c Umbehr, 2013, The role of 11C-choline and 18F-fluorocholine positron emission tomography (PET) and PET/CT in prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Eur Urol, 64, 106, 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.04.019 Mitchell, 2013, Operational characteristics of (11)c-choline positron emission tomography/computerized tomography for prostate cancer with biochemical recurrence after initial treatment, J Urol, 189, 1308 Fuccio, 2012, Role of 11C-choline PET/CT in the re-staging of prostate cancer patients with biochemical relapse and negative results at bone scintigraphy, Eur J Radiol, 81, e893, 10.1016/j.ejrad.2012.04.027 Breeuwsma, 2012, Correlation of [11C]choline PET-CT with time to treatment and disease-specific survival in men with recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy, Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 56, 440 Castellucci, 2009, Influence of trigger PSA and PSA kinetics on 11C-choline PET/CT detection rate in patients with biochemical relapse after radical prostatectomy, J Nucl Med, 50, 1394, 10.2967/jnumed.108.061507 Giovacchini, 2010, Predictive factors of [(11)C]choline PET/CT in patients with biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 37, 301, 10.1007/s00259-009-1253-3 Giovacchini, 2010, PSA doubling time for prediction of [(11)C]choline PET/CT findings in prostate cancer patients with biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 37, 1106, 10.1007/s00259-010-1403-7 Krause, 2008, The detection rate of [11C]choline-PET/CT depends on the serum PSA-value in patients with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 35, 18, 10.1007/s00259-007-0581-4 Kwee, 2012, Detection of recurrent prostate cancer with 18F-fluorocholine PET/CT in relation to PSA level at the time of imaging, Ann Nucl Med, 26, 501, 10.1007/s12149-012-0601-8 Odewole, 2016, Recurrent prostate cancer detection with anti-3-[(18)F]FACBC PET/CT: comparison with CT, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 43, 1773, 10.1007/s00259-016-3383-8 Nanni, 2013, Comparison of 18F-FACBC and 11C-choline PET/CT in patients with radically treated prostate cancer and biochemical relapse: preliminary results, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 40 Suppl 1, S11, 10.1007/s00259-013-2373-3 Nanni, 2015, 18F-fluciclovine PET/CT for the detection of prostate cancer relapse: a comparison to 11C-choline PET/CT, Clin Nucl Med, 40, e386, 10.1097/RLU.0000000000000849 Nanni, 2016, (18)F-FACBC (anti1-amino-3-(18)F-fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid) versus (11)C-choline PET/CT in prostate cancer relapse: results of a prospective trial, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 43, 1601, 10.1007/s00259-016-3329-1 Ren, 2016, The value of anti-1-amino-3-18F-fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid PET/CT in the diagnosis of recurrent prostate carcinoma: a meta-analysis, Acta Radiol, 57, 487, 10.1177/0284185115581541 Bach-Gansmo, 2017, Multisite experience of the safety, detection rate and diagnostic performance of fluciclovine (18F) positron emission tomography/computerized tomography imaging in the staging of biochemically recurrent prostate cancer, J Urol, 197, 676 Afshar-Oromieh, 2014, Comparison of PET imaging with a (68)Ga-labelled PSMA ligand and (18)F-choline-based PET/CT for the diagnosis of recurrent prostate cancer, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 41, 11, 10.1007/s00259-013-2525-5 Schwenck, 2017, Comparison of 68Ga-labelled PSMA-11 and 11C-choline in the detection of prostate cancer metastases by PET/CT, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 44, 92, 10.1007/s00259-016-3490-6 Eiber, 2015, Evaluation of hybrid (6)(8)Ga-PSMA ligand PET/CT in 248 patients with biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy, J Nucl Med, 56, 668, 10.2967/jnumed.115.154153 Albrecht, 2007, (11)C-acetate PET in the early evaluation of prostate cancer recurrence, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 34, 185, 10.1007/s00259-006-0163-x Oyama, 2003, 11C-acetate PET imaging of prostate cancer: detection of recurrent disease at PSA relapse, J Nucl Med, 44, 549 Cimitan, 2006, [18F]fluorocholine PET/CT imaging for the detection of recurrent prostate cancer at PSA relapse: experience in 100 consecutive patients, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 33, 1387, 10.1007/s00259-006-0150-2 Heinisch, 2006, Positron emission tomography/computed tomography with F-18-fluorocholine for restaging of prostate cancer patients: meaningful at PSA < 5 ng/ml?, Mol Imaging Biol, 8, 43, 10.1007/s11307-005-0023-2 Husarik, 2008, Evaluation of [(18)F]-choline PET/CT for staging and restaging of prostate cancer, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 35, 253, 10.1007/s00259-007-0552-9 Afshar-Oromieh, 2016, The rise of PSMA ligands for diagnosis and therapy of prostate cancer, J Nucl Med, 57, 79S, 10.2967/jnumed.115.170720 Rowe, 2016, Prostate-specific membrane antigen-targeted radiohalogenated PET and therapeutic agents for prostate cancer, J Nucl Med, 57, 90S, 10.2967/jnumed.115.170175 Schuster, 2016, PET tracers beyond FDG in prostate cancer, Semin Nucl Med, 46, 507, 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2016.07.005 Schoder, 2005, 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the detection of disease in patients with prostate-specific antigen relapse after radical prostatectomy, Clin Cancer Res, 11, 4761, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-0249 Shreve, 1996, Metastatic prostate cancer: initial findings of PET with 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-D-glucose, Radiology, 199, 751, 10.1148/radiology.199.3.8638000 Ghanem, 2005, Diagnostic value of MRI in comparison to scintigraphy, PET, MS-CT and PET/CT for the detection of metastases of bone, Eur J Radiol, 55, 41, 10.1016/j.ejrad.2005.01.016 Elgamal, 1998, ProstaScint scan may enhance identification of prostate cancer recurrences after prostatectomy, radiation, or hormone therapy: analysis of 136 scans of 100 patients, Prostate, 37, 261, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(19981201)37:4<261::AID-PROS8>3.0.CO;2-# Kahn, 1998, 111Indium-capromab pendetide in the evaluation of patients with residual or recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. The ProstaScint Study Group, J Urol, 159, 2041 Thomas, 2003, Indium-111-capromab pendetide radioimmunoscintigraphy and prognosis for durable biochemical response to salvage radiation therapy in men after failed prostatectomy, J Clin Oncol, 21, 1715, 10.1200/JCO.2003.05.138 Wilkinson, 2004, The role of 111indium-capromab pendetide imaging for assessing biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy, J Urol, 172, 133 Liauw, 2008, Salvage radiotherapy after postprostatectomy biochemical failure: does pretreatment radioimmunoscintigraphy help select patients with locally confined disease?, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 71, 1316, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.11.053 Nagda, 2007, Long-term follow-up of 111In-capromab pendetide (ProstaScint) scan as pretreatment assessment in patients who undergo salvage radiotherapy for rising prostate-specific antigen after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 67, 834, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.09.026 Nudell, 2000, Imaging for recurrent prostate cancer, Radiol Clin North Am, 38, 213, 10.1016/S0033-8389(05)70157-3 Roach, 2006, Defining biochemical failure following radiotherapy with or without hormonal therapy in men with clinically localized prostate cancer: recommendations of the RTOG-ASTRO Phoenix Consensus Conference, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 65, 965, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.04.029 Nguyen, 2007, Patient selection, cancer control, and complications after salvage local therapy for postradiation prostate-specific antigen failure: a systematic review of the literature, Cancer, 110, 1417, 10.1002/cncr.22941 Caloglu, 2009, Prostate-specific antigen bounce after prostate brachytherapy: review of a confusing phenomenon, Urology, 74, 1183, 10.1016/j.urology.2009.01.043 Vicini, 2005, Limitations in the use of serum prostate specific antigen levels to monitor patients after treatment for prostate cancer, J Urol, 173, 1456 Cotter, 2011, Salvage radiation in men after prostate-specific antigen failure and the risk of death, Cancer, 117, 3925, 10.1002/cncr.25993 Catalona, 1994, 5-year tumor recurrence rates after anatomical radical retropubic prostatectomy for prostate cancer, J Urol, 152, 1837 Epstein, 1993, Correlation of pathologic findings with progression after radical retropubic prostatectomy, Cancer, 71, 3582, 10.1002/1097-0142(19930601)71:11<3582::AID-CNCR2820711120>3.0.CO;2-Y Kupelian, 1997, Stage T1-2 prostate cancer: a multivariate analysis of factors affecting biochemical and clinical failures after radical prostatectomy, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 37, 1043, 10.1016/S0360-3016(96)00590-1 Lowe, 1997, Disease recurrence and progression in untreated pathologic stage T3 prostate cancer: selecting the patient for adjuvant therapy, J Urol, 158, 1452 Pound, 1999, Natural history of progression after PSA elevation following radical prostatectomy, JAMA, 281, 1591, 10.1001/jama.281.17.1591 Swindle, 2005, Do margins matter? The prognostic significance of positive surgical margins in radical prostatectomy specimens, J Urol, 174, 903 Zietman, 1994, Radical prostatectomy for adenocarcinoma of the prostate: the influence of preoperative and pathologic findings on biochemical disease-free outcome, Urology, 43, 828, 10.1016/0090-4295(94)90144-9 Martino, 2011, Role of imaging and biopsy to assess local recurrence after definitive treatment for prostate carcinoma (surgery, radiotherapy, cryotherapy, HIFU), World J Urol, 29, 595, 10.1007/s00345-011-0687-y Cooperberg, 2010, Time trends and local variation in primary treatment of localized prostate cancer, J Clin Oncol, 28, 1117, 10.1200/JCO.2009.26.0133 Tamada, 2011, Locally recurrent prostate cancer after high-dose-rate brachytherapy: the value of diffusion-weighted imaging, dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, and T2-weighted imaging in localizing tumors, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 197, 408, 10.2214/AJR.10.5772 Coakley, 2004, Endorectal MR imaging and MR spectroscopic imaging for locally recurrent prostate cancer after external beam radiation therapy: preliminary experience, Radiology, 233, 441, 10.1148/radiol.2332032086 Pucar, 2005, Prostate cancer: correlation of MR imaging and MR spectroscopy with pathologic findings after radiation therapy-initial experience, Radiology, 236, 545, 10.1148/radiol.2362040739 Westphalen, 2010, Locally recurrent prostate cancer after external beam radiation therapy: diagnostic performance of 1.5-T endorectal MR imaging and MR spectroscopic imaging for detection, Radiology, 256, 485, 10.1148/radiol.10092314 Haider, 2008, Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for localization of recurrent prostate cancer after external beam radiotherapy, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 70, 425, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.06.029 Kim, 2010, Prostate MR imaging at 3T using a phased-arrayed coil in predicting locally recurrent prostate cancer after radiation therapy: preliminary experience, Abdom Imaging, 35, 246, 10.1007/s00261-008-9495-2 Rouviere, 2004, Recurrent prostate cancer after external beam radiotherapy: value of contrast-enhanced dynamic MRI in localizing intraprostatic tumor—correlation with biopsy findings, Urology, 63, 922, 10.1016/j.urology.2003.12.017 Kim, 2009, Prediction of locally recurrent prostate cancer after radiation therapy: incremental value of 3T diffusion-weighted MRI, J Magn Reson Imaging, 29, 391, 10.1002/jmri.21645 Pucar, 2007, Clinically significant prostate cancer local recurrence after radiation therapy occurs at the site of primary tumor: magnetic resonance imaging and step-section pathology evidence, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 69, 62, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.03.065 Crook, 1993, Clinical relevance of trans-rectal ultrasound, biopsy, and serum prostate-specific antigen following external beam radiotherapy for carcinoma of the prostate, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 27, 31, 10.1016/0360-3016(93)90418-U D’Amico, 2002, Radiation therapy for prostate cancer, 3147 Crook, 2000, Postradiotherapy prostate biopsies: what do they really mean? Results for 498 patients, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 48, 355, 10.1016/S0360-3016(00)00637-4 Parker, 2017, Identification of site-specific recurrence following primary radiation therapy for prostate cancer using C-11 choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography: a nomogram for predicting extrapelvic disease, Eur Urol, 71, 340, 10.1016/j.eururo.2016.08.055 Parker, 2017, Patterns of recurrence after postprostatectomy fossa radiation therapy identified by C-11 choline positron emission tomography/computed tomography, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 97, 526, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.11.014 Kairemo, 2014, Preliminary clinical experience of trans-1-amino-3-(18)F-fluorocyclobutanecarboxylic acid (anti-(18)F-FACBC) PET/CT imaging in prostate cancer patients, Biomed Res Int, 2014, 305182, 10.1155/2014/305182 Risk, 2009, The role of immunotherapy in prostate cancer: an overview of current approaches in development, Rev Urol, 11, 16 Scher, 2008, Design and end points of clinical trials for patients with progressive prostate cancer and castrate levels of testosterone: recommendations of the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group, J Clin Oncol, 26, 1148, 10.1200/JCO.2007.12.4487 Lipton, 2010, Implications of bone metastases and the benefits of bone-targeted therapy, Semin Oncol, 37 Suppl 2, S15, 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2010.10.002 Halabi, 2003, Prognostic model for predicting survival in men with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer, J Clin Oncol, 21, 1232, 10.1200/JCO.2003.06.100 Evangelista, 2016, Diagnostic imaging to detect and evaluate response to therapy in bone metastases from prostate cancer: current modalities and new horizons, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 43, 1546, 10.1007/s00259-016-3350-4 American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria®: suspected liver metastases. Available at: https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/69475/Narrative/. Accessed December 4, 2017. Ceci, 2016, (11)C-choline PET/CT in castration-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with docetaxel, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 43, 84, 10.1007/s00259-015-3177-4 De Giorgi, 2014, Early outcome prediction on 18F-fluorocholine PET/CT in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients treated with abiraterone, Oncotarget, 5, 12448, 10.18632/oncotarget.2558 De Giorgi, 2015, (18)F-fluorocholine PET/CT for early response assessment in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer treated with enzalutamide, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging, 42, 1276, 10.1007/s00259-015-3042-5 Maines, 2016, Serial 18F-choline-PET imaging in patients receiving enzalutamide for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: response assessment and imaging biomarkers, Future Oncol, 12, 333, 10.2217/fon.15.277 Okudaira, 2014, Accumulation of trans-1-amino-3-[(18)F]fluorocyclobutanecarboxylic acid in prostate cancer due to androgen-induced expression of amino acid transporters, Mol Imaging Biol, 16, 756, 10.1007/s11307-014-0756-x Ono, 2015, [(14)C]Fluciclovine (alias anti-[(14)C]FACBC) uptake and ASCT2 expression in castration-resistant prostate cancer cells, Nucl Med Biol, 42, 887, 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2015.07.005 Jadvar, 2016, PET of glucose metabolism and cellular proliferation in prostate cancer, J Nucl Med, 57, 25S, 10.2967/jnumed.115.170704 Liu, 2016, Influence of four radiotracers in PET/CT on diagnostic accuracy for prostate cancer: a bivariate random-effects meta-analysis, Cell Physiol Biochem, 39, 467, 10.1159/000445639 Seltzer, 1999, Comparison of helical computerized tomography, positron emission tomography and monoclonal antibody scans for evaluation of lymph node metastases in patients with prostate specific antigen relapse after treatment for localized prostate cancer, J Urol, 162, 1322 Meirelles, 2010, Prognostic value of baseline [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and 99mTc-MDP bone scan in progressing metastatic prostate cancer, Clin Cancer Res, 16, 6093, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-1357 Morris, 2005, Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography as an outcome measure for castrate metastatic prostate cancer treated with antimicrotubule chemotherapy, Clin Cancer Res, 11, 3210, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2034 Morris, 2002, Fluorinated deoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging in progressive metastatic prostate cancer, Urology, 59, 913, 10.1016/S0090-4295(02)01509-1 American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® radiation dose assessment introduction. Available at: https://www.acr.org/∼/media/ACR/Documents/AppCriteria/RadiationDoseAssessmentIntro.pdf. Accessed December 4, 2017.