A wonderful global city? Resisting urban regeneration in Olympic Rio

Journal of International Relations and Development - Tập 26 - Trang 530-556 - 2023
Matt Davies1,2, João Pontes Nogueira2
1School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
2Instituto de Relações Internacionais, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Tóm tắt

This article engages with debates about the role of ‘global cities’ in international relations and in the governance of global capitalism. Much of the discourse on global cities reproduces the hierarchical stratifications of the international system that divide the ‘global’ from the ‘local’ along a North-South or centre-periphery axis. We argue that while Rio de Janeiro’s ‘Porto Maravilha’ urban regeneration project apparently follows the global city model, its failure suggests the articulation of the international and the urban presents complexities that escape recent attempts to rethink world politics from the point of view of cities. In our analysis we consider how Rio’s mayor took up the notion of ‘Olympic City’, articulating narratives of a global urban condition as part of the strategies of integration for an emerging power into world politics and the neoliberal reconfiguration of capitalism. We examine the overlapping events, trajectories and lived realities that interfered with and undermined the coherence of that project, as well as the practices of resistance that produced other representational spaces. We conclude that despite the dominance of global discourses and conceptions regarding urban regeneration, it misses much of the creative politics taking place in ordinary sites in which international and urban meet.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Acuto, Michele. (2010). Global Cities: Gorillas in Our Midst. Alternatives, 35(4), 425–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/030437541003500405 Acuto, M. (2011). Finding the Global City: An Analytical Journey through the ‘Invisible College’. Urban Studies, 48(14), 2953–2973. Acuto, Michele. (2013). Global cities, governance and diplomacy : the urban link. Routledge. Acuto, Michele., & Steele, Wendy. (2013). Global city challenges : debating a concept, improving the practice. Palgrave Macmillan. Aaron Richmond, M., & Garmany, J. (2016). ‘Post-Third-World City’ or Neoliberal ‘City of Exception’? Rio de Janeiro in the Olympic Era. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 40(3), 621–639. Ash, Amin., & Stephen, Graham. (1997). The Ordinary City. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 22(4), 411–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0020-2754.1997.00411.x Barber, Mariah. (2016). Port Region Suffer with Ceaseless Light Rail Construction. Retrieved 18 March 2018 from http://www.rioonwatch.org/?p=33799 Bastos, Paulo., & Bienenstein, Regina. (2019). O legado negado: notas sobre as promessas não realizadas no Porto Maravilha Porto Maravilha 10 anos: passado, presente e futuro da zona portuária, Rio de Janeiro. Bigo, Didier. (2016). International political sociology: Rethinking the international through dynamics of power. In Tugba Basaran, Didier Bigo, Emmanuel-Pierre Guittet, & R. B. J. Walker (Eds.), International political sociology : transversal lines (pp. 24–48). Routledge,. Bigo, Didier., & Walker, R. B. J. (2007). Political Sociology and the Problem of the International. Millennium - Journal of International Studies, 35(3), 725–39. https://doi.org/10.1177/03058298070350030401 Boyle, Phillip., & Haggerty, Kevin. D. (2009). Spectacular Security: Mega-Events and the Security Complex. International Political Sociology, 3(3), 257–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-5687.2009.00075.x Brenner, Neil. (2000). The Urban Question: Reflections on Henri Lefebvre, Urban Theory and the Politics of scale. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24(2), 361–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00234 Brenner, Neil., & Schmid, Christian. (2014). The ‘Urban Age’ in Question. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38(3), 731–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.12115 Brenner, Neil., & Schmid, Christian. (2015). Towards a new epistemology of the urban? City, 19(2-3), 151–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2015.1014712 Brenner, Neil., & Theodore, Nik. (2002). Spaces of neoliberalism : urban restructuring in North America and Western Europe. Blackwell. Broudehoux, Anne-Marie, & Monteiro, Joao Carlos Carvalhaes. (2017). Reinventing Rio de Janeiro’s old port: territorial stigmatization, symbolic re-signification, and planned repopulation in Porto Maravilha. Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais, 19(3), 493–512. https://doi.org/10.22296/2317-1529.2017v19n3p493 Bulley, Dan, & Lisle, Debby. (2012). Welcoming the World: Governing Hospitality in London's 2012 Olympic Bid. International Political Sociology, 6(2), 186–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-5687.2012.00158.x Charnock, Greig, & Ribera-Fumaz, Ramon. (2011). A New Space for Knowledge and People? Henri Lefebvre, Representations of Space, and the Production of 22@Barcelona. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 29(4), 613–32. https://doi.org/10.1068/d17009 Closs Stephens, Angharad. (2015). Urban Atmospheres: Feeling Like a City? International Political Sociology, 9(1), 99–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/ips.12082 Coutinho, Filipe, Bronzatto, Thiago, & Rizzo, Alana (2016). Eduardo Cunha cobrou R$52 mi em propina para liberar dinero do FI-FTGS, diz PGR https://epoca.globo.com/tempo/noticia/2015/12/exclusivo-eduardo-cunha-cobrou-r-52-mi-em-propina-para-liberar-dinheiro-do-fi-fgts-diz-pgr.html Coward, Martin. (2012). Between us in the city: materiality, subjectivity, and community in the era of global urbanization. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 30(3), 468–81. http://www.envplan.com/abstract.cgi?id=d21010 Coward, Martin. (2015). Hot Spots/Cold Spots: Infrastructural Politics in the Urban Age. International Political Sociology, 9(1), 96–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/ips.12081 Curtis, Simon. (2011). Global cities and the transformation of the International System. Review of International Studies, 37(04), 1923–47. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210510001099 Curtis, Simon. (2016). Global cities and global order (First edition. ed.) [still image]. Oxford University Press. Danewid, I. (2020). The fire this time: Grenfell, racial capitalism and the urbanisation of empire. European Journal of International Relations, 26(1), 289–313. Diniz, Nelson. (2014). Porto Maravilha: antecedentes e perspectivas da revitalização da região portuária do Rio de Janeiro. Letra Capital. Gaffney, Christopher. (2016). Gentrifications in pre-Olympic Rio de Janeiro. Urban Geography, 37(8), 1132–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2015.1096115 Giannella, Letícia de Carvalho. (2015). A luta pelo espaço no contexto do Projeto Porto Maravilha: novos sujeitos e contradições. Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais, 17(3), 150–71. https://doi.org/10.22296/2317-1529.2015v17n3p150 Grossberg, Lawrence. (2013). Theorizing Context. In Doreen Barbara Massey, David. Featherstone, & Joe. Painter (Eds.), Spatial politics : essays for Doreen Massey (pp. xxi, 300 p.). John Wiley & Sons. Hackworth, Jason. (2007). The neoliberal city : governance, ideology, and development in American urbanism. Cornell University Press. Harvey, David. (1985). The Urbanization of Capital. Blackwell Publishers. Harvey, David. (2012). Rebel cities : from the right to the city to the urban revolution. Verso. Ill-Raga, Marta. (2016, August 5). From Barcelona 1992 to Rio 2016: A Tale of Two Olympic Cities. Rio OnWatch. http://www.rioonwatch.org/ Janeiro, C. o. R. d. (2016). Rio 2016: Olympics and Legacy. Quick Guide to Public Policies. Rio de Janeiro: Mayor's Office Janeiro, C. P. d. C. e. O. d. R. d. (2015). Megaeventos e Violações dos Direitos Humanos no Rio de Janeiro (Olimpiada Rio 2016: Os Jogos da Exclusão, Issue. Jerrems, Ari. (2020). Theorising International Urban Politics. Millennium, 49(1), 105–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305829820971681 Kangas, Anni. (2017). Global Cities, International Relations and the Fabrication of the World. Global Society, 31(4), 531–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/13600826.2017.1322939 Karaliotas, Lazaros. (2017). Performing neoliberalization through urban infrastructure: Twenty years of privatization policies around Thessaloniki’s port. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 49(7), 1556–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518x17699609 Keil, Roger. (2018). The empty shell of the planetary: re-rooting the urban in the experience of the urbanites. Urban Geography, 39(10), 1589–1602. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2018.1451018 Lefebvre, Henri. (1991). The Production of Space (D. Nicholson-Smith, Trans.). Blackwell. Lefebvre, Henri., Brenner, Neil., & Elden, Stuart (2009). State, space, world : selected essays. University of Minnesota Press. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=017716735&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Leon, Joshua K. (2017). Global cities at any cost. City, 21(1), 6–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2016.1263491 Lima, Tania Andrade, Sene, Glaucia Malerba, & Souza, Marcos André Torres de. (2016). Em busca do Cais do Valongo, Rio de Janeiro, século XIX. Anais do Museu Paulista: História e Cultura Material, 24, 299–391. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0101-47142016000100299&nrm=iso Lucena, Felipe. (2021, 16/09/2021). Prefeitura do Rio cria a Coordenadoria de Cidade Inteligente. Diário do Rio de Janeiro, 2. Magnusson, Warren. (2011). Politics of urbanism : seeing like a city. Routledge. Massey, Doreen. (2007). World city. Polity. McFarlane, Colin. (2011). Learning the city : knowledge and translocal assemblage. Wiley-Blackwell. Cover image http://catalogimages.wiley.com/images/db/jimages/9781405192828.jpg McGahern, Una. (2016). Spatial Regimes of Power: Combined Municipal Policing in the Arab City of Nazareth. International Political Sociology, 10(3), 206–22. https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olw008 Merrifield, Andy. (2018). Planetary urbanisation: une affaire de perception. Urban Geography, 39(10), 1603-1607. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2018.1470809 Mesentier, Leonardo Marques de & Moreira, Clarissa da Costa (2014). Produção da paisagem e grandes projetos de intervenção urbana: o caso do Porto Maravilha no Rio de Janeiro Olímpico. Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais, 16(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.22296/2317-1529.2014v16n1p35 Muller, Benjamin., Cooke, Thomas N., de Larrinaga, Miguel, Frowd, Philippe M., Iossifova, Deljana, Johannes, Daniela; Mutlu, Can E. & Nowek, Adam. (2016). Collective Discussion: Ferocious Architecture: Sovereign Spaces/Places by Design. International Political Sociology, 10(1), 75–96. https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olv002 Oliveira, Fatima Bayma de, Sant'Anna, Anderson., Diniz, Daniela & Carvalho Neto, Antonio. (2015). Leaderships in Urban Contexts of Diversity and Innovation: The <i>Porto Maravilha</i> Case. BAR - Brazilian Administration Review, 12. Oliveiro, Leuvis Manuel. (2020). Graffitti City: The History of Art and Vandalism on Rio's Streets. Camara Brasileira do Livro. Paes, Eduardo. (2012). Four Commandments for Cities of the Future. https://youtu.be/B8Z2G7d2kzs (accessed 18 March 2018). Parnell, Susan, & Robinson, Jennifer. (2012). (Re)theorizing Cities from the Global South: Looking Beyond Neoliberalism. Urban Geography, 33(4), 593–617. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.33.4.593 Passos, Flora d’El Rei. (2014). O Espetáculo dos Espaços Públicos: violencias e expressões culturais na Zona Portuária do Rio de Janeiro. Revista Brasileira de Estudos Urbanos e Regionais, 16(2), 81–96. https://doi.org/10.22296/2317-1529.2014v16n2p81 Pinheiro, Márcia Leitão & Carneiro, Sandra Sá. (2016). Revitalização urbana, patrimônio e memórias no Rio de Janeiro: usos e apropriações do Cais do Valongo. Estudos Históricos (Rio de Janeiro), 29, 67–86. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0103-21862016000100067&nrm=iso Pio, Leopoldo Guilherme. (2019). Passados ideais, futuros encantados: Patrimonialização e mudança de paradigma no Porto Maravilha Porto Maravilha 10 anos: passado, presente e futuro da zona portuária, Rio de Janeiro. Porpetta, Bruno. (2015, May 18). The Olympics Serve to Legitimize Evictions. Rio OnWatch. http://www.rioonwatch.org/ Publica, Agencia. (2017). Museu de Ontem. In Agencia Publica. https://apublica.org/2017/06/museu-do-ontem/ Robinson, Jennifer. (2002). Global and world cities: a view from off the map. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 26(3), 531–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00397 Robinson, Jennifer. (2006). Ordinary cities : between modernity and development. Routledge. Robinson, Jennifer. (2016). Thinking cities through elsewhere. Progress in Human Geography, 40(1), 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132515598025 Rocque, Eduarda de La & Shelton-Zumpano, Petras. (2014). The Sustainable Development Strategy of the Municipal Government of Rio de Janeiro Citizen Security in Brazil: Progress and Challenges, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Romero, Teresa (2023). ‘Brazil: civilians killed by the police in Rio de Janeiro 2003-2023’ https://www.statista.com/statistics/1007090/number-deaths-police-intervention-rio-brazil/ (accessed 06 June 2023). Roy, Ananya., & Ong, Aihwa. (2011). Worlding cities : Asian experiments and the art of being global. Wiley-Blackwell. http://catalogimages.wiley.com/images/db/jimages/9781405192774.jpg Sánchez, Fernanda & Broudehoux, Anne-Marie. (2013). Mega-events and urban regeneration in Rio de Janeiro: planning in a state of emergency. International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 5(2), 132-153. https://doi.org/10.1080/19463138.2013.839450 Sassen, Saskia. (2001). The global city : New York, London, Tokyo (2nd ed.). Princeton University Press. Stargardter, Gabriel. (2019, October 9). Special Report: A surge in killings by police roils Bolsonaro's Brazil. Reuters. https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-brazil-violence-police-special-report/special-report-a-surge-in-killings-by-police-roils-bolsonaros-brazil-idUKKBN1WO1FV Stephens, Angharad Closs. (2013). The persistence of nationalism : from imagined communities to urban encounters. Routledge. Taylor, Peter. (2004). World city network a global urban analysis. Routledge. https://lib.myilibrary.com?id=4789 Tedesco, Delacey. (2015). Begin Again, Return Again: The Transition Narratives and Political Continuities of Global Urbanization. International Political Sociology, 9(1), 106–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/ips.12084 Tedesco, D., & Davies, Matt. (2022). Cities as aesthetic subjects. Globalizations, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2022.2117505 Tomlinson, Richard. (2015). International Best Practice, Enabling Frameworks and the Policy Process: A South African Case Study. In F. Miraftab & N. Kudva (Eds.), Cities of the global South reader (1 Edition. ed., pp. 315-318). Routledge. Vainer, Carlos. (2011). Cidade de Exceção: reflexões a partir do Rio de Janeiro XIV Encontro Nacional da Associação Nacional de Planejamento Urbano (ANPUR), Rio de Janeiro. Vassallo, Simone., & Cicalo, André . (2015). Por onde os africanos chegaram: o Cais do Valongo e a institucionalização da memória do tráfico negreiro na região portuária do Rio de Janeiro. Horizontes Antropologicos, 21, 239–71. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-71832015000100239&nrm=iso Wacquant, Loïc (2022). Bourdieu in the city : challenging urban theory. Polity Press. Wakefield, Stefanie & Braun, Bruce. (2014). Governing the resilient city. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 32(1), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1068/d4313 Walker, R. B. J. (2010). After the globe, before the world. Routledge. Watch, Human Rights. (2018). Brazil: Police Killings at Record High in Rio. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/12/19/brazil-police-killings-record-high-rio Werneck, Marina. (2016). Porto Maravilha: agents, power coalitions and neoliberalization (What is at Stake in these Games? 2016 Olympics and the Commodification of the City of Rio de Janeiro, Issue. Werneck, Marina. (2017). Interesses em Jogo na Cidade Olímpica: o Porto Maravilha e seu arranjo institucional e financeiro XVII ENANPUR, Sao Paulo.