A tenuous, collisional atmosphere on Callisto

Alday, 2017, New constraints on Ganymede’s hydrogen corona: Analysis of Lyman-α emissions observed by HST/STIS between 1998 and 2014, Planet. Space Sci., 148, 35, 10.1016/j.pss.2017.10.006 Austin, 2000, Rarefied gas model of Io’s sublimation-driven atmosphere, Icarus, 148, 370, 10.1006/icar.2000.6466 Bird, 1994 Boutonnet, 2017 Calvin, 1991, Modeling the reflectance spectrum of Callisto 0.25 to 4.1 μm, Icarus, 89, 305, 10.1016/0019-1035(91)90180-2 Carberry Mogan, 2020, The influence of collisions and thermal escape in Callisto’s atmosphere, Icarus, 10.1016/j.icarus.2020.113932 Carlson, 1999, A tenuous carbon dioxide atmosphere on Jupiter’s moon Callisto, Science, 283, 820, 10.1126/science.283.5403.820 Clark, 1980, Ganymede, Europa, Callisto, and Saturn’s rings: Compositional analysis from reflectance spectroscopy, Icarus, 44, 388, 10.1016/0019-1035(80)90033-0 Clark, 1980, The Galilean satellites: New near-infrared spectral reflectance measurements (0.65–2.5 μm) and a 0.325–5 μm summary, Icarus, 41, 323, 10.1016/0019-1035(80)90217-1 Combi, 1996, Time-dependent gas kinetics in tenuous planetary atmospheres: The cometary coma, Icarus, 123, 207, 10.1006/icar.1996.0150 Cunningham, 2015, Detection of Callisto’s oxygen atmosphere with the Hubble Space Telescope, Icarus, 254, 178, 10.1016/j.icarus.2015.03.021 Darema, 2011, SPMD computational model Deutsch, 2000, Theoretical determination of absolute electron-impact ionization cross sections of molecules, Int. J. Mass Spectrom., 197, 37, 10.1016/S1387-3806(99)00257-2 Dietrich, 1996, Scalar and parallel optimized implementation of the direct simulation Monte Carlo method, J. Comput. Phys., 126, 328, 10.1006/jcph.1996.0141 Föhn, M., et al., 2021. Description of the ion-optical system of a mass spectrometer for Juipiter’s icy moons Explorer, in: Proceedings of the 42nd IEEE Aerospace Conference, Big Sky, Montana, USA, March 6–13, 2021, pp. 1–14. Fukazawa, K., Takami, T., Soga, T., Morie, Y., Nanri, T., 2016. Effective Calculation with Halo communication using Halo Functions, in: Proceedings of the 23rd European MPI Users’ Group Meeting, pp. 215–216. Gropp, 1999 Hartkorn, 2017, Structure and density of Callisto’s atmosphere from a fluid-kinetic model of its ionosphere: Comparison with Hubble Space Telescope and Galileo observations, Icarus, 282, 237, 10.1016/j.icarus.2016.09.020 Huebner, 2015, Photoionization and photodissociation rates in solar and blackbody radiation fields, Planet. Space Sci., 106, 11, 10.1016/j.pss.2014.11.022 Jansen, 2010, Nonequilibrium numerical model of homogeneous condensation in argon and water vapor expansions, J. Chem. Phys., 132, 10.1063/1.3447379 Johnson, 1990 Johnson, 1991, Irradiation effects in a comet’s outer layers, J. Geophys. Res.: Planets, 96, 17553, 10.1029/91JE01743 Kliore, 2002, Ionosphere of Callisto from Galileo radio occultation observations, J. Geophys. R. Space Phys., 107, 1 Larsen, 1974, Statistical collision model for simulating polyatomic gas with restricted energy exchange, Rarefied Gas Dyn., 1, A7 LeBeau, 1999, A parallel implementation of the direct simulation Monte Carlo method, Comp. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., 174, 319, 10.1016/S0045-7825(98)00302-8 Leblanc, 2017, On the orbital variability of Ganymede’s atmosphere, Icarus, 293, 185, 10.1016/j.icarus.2017.04.025 Lebofsky, 1977, Identification of water frost on Callisto, Nature, 269, 785, 10.1038/269785a0 Liang, 2005, Atmosphere of Callisto, J. Geophys. Res. Planets, 110, 10.1029/2004JE002322 Luna, 2005, Dissociative charge exchange and ionization of O2 by fast H+ and O+ ions: Energetic ion interactions in Europa’s oxygen atmosphere and neutral torus, Astrophys. J., 628, 1086, 10.1086/431140 Marconi, 2007, A kinetic model of Ganymede’s atmosphere, Icarus, 190, 155, 10.1016/j.icarus.2007.02.016 McConkey, 2008, Electron impact dissociation of oxygen-containing molecules – A critical review, Phys. Rep., 466, 1, 10.1016/j.physrep.2008.05.001 Miller, 1994, A Coulomb collision algorithm for weighted particle simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1735, 10.1029/94GL01835 Moore, 1999, Mass movement and landform degradation on the icy Galilean satellites: Results of the Galileo nominal mission, Icarus, 140, 294, 10.1006/icar.1999.6132 Moore, 2004, Callisto, Jupiter, 1, 397 Oza, 2019, Dusk over dawn O2 asymmetry in Europa’s near-surface atmosphere, Planet. Space Sci., 167, 23, 10.1016/j.pss.2019.01.006 Pilcher, 1972, Galilean satellites: Identification of water frost, Science, 178, 1087, 10.1126/science.178.4065.1087 Pollack, 1978, Near-infrared spectra of the Galilean satellites: Observations and compositional implications, Icarus, 36, 271, 10.1016/0019-1035(78)90110-0 Riahi, 2006, Cross-section and rate coefficient calculation for electron impact excitation, ionisation and dissociation of H2 and OH molecules, Eur. Phys. J. D, 40, 223, 10.1140/epjd/e2006-00159-2 Roth, 2017, Detection of a hydrogen corona at Callisto, J. Geophys. Res. Planets, 122, 1046, 10.1002/2017JE005294 Roush, 1990, Ice and minerals on Callisto: A reassessment of the reflectance spectra, Icarus, 86, 355, 10.1016/0019-1035(90)90225-X Smith, 2019, Europa neutral torus confirmation and characterization based on observations and modeling, Astrophys. J., 871, 69, 10.3847/1538-4357/aaed38 Smith, 1978, Monte Carlo Modeling of exospheric bodies: Mercury, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 83, 3783, 10.1029/JA083iA08p03783 Smith, 1979, The Jupiter system through the eyes of Voyager 1, Science, 204, 951, 10.1126/science.204.4396.951 Smith, 1979, The Galilean satellites and Jupiter: Voyager 2 imaging science results, Science, 206, 927, 10.1126/science.206.4421.927 Smyth, 2006, Europa’s atmosphere, gas tori, and magnetospheric implications, Icarus, 181, 510, 10.1016/j.icarus.2005.10.019 Spencer, 1987, Icy Galilean satellite reflectance spectra: Less ice on Ganymede and Callisto?, Icarus, 70, 99, 10.1016/0019-1035(87)90077-7 Spencer, 1987, Thermal segregation of water ice on the Galilean satellites, Icarus, 69, 297, 10.1016/0019-1035(87)90107-2 Spencer, 1984, Mobility of water ice on Callisto: Evidence and implications, Geophys. Res. Lett., 11, 1223, 10.1029/GL011i012p01223 Squyres, 1980, Surface temperatures and retention of H2O frost on Ganymede and Callisto, Icarus, 44, 502, 10.1016/0019-1035(80)90040-8 Straub, 1996, Absolute partial cross sections for electron-impact ionization of H2, N2, and O2 from threshold to 1000 eV, Phys. Rev. A., 54, 2146, 10.1103/PhysRevA.54.2146 Strobel, 2002, Hubble space telescope space telescope imaging spectrograph search for an atmosphere on Callisto: A Jovian unipolar inductor, Astrophys. J. Lett., 581, L51, 10.1086/345803 Tawara, 1990, Cross sections and related data for electron collisions with hydrogen molecules and molecular ions, J. Phys. Chem., 19, 617 Tucker, 2021, Lifetime of a transient atmosphere produced by lunar volcanism, Icarus, 359, 10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114304 Volkov, 2011, Kinetic simulations of thermal escape from a single component atmosphere, Phys. Fluids, 23, 1, 10.1063/1.3592253 Vorburger, 2018, Europa’s ice-related atmosphere: the sputter contribution, Icarus, 311, 135, 10.1016/j.icarus.2018.03.022 Vorburger, 2015, Monte-Carlo Simulation of Callisto’s exosphere, Icarus, 262, 14, 10.1016/j.icarus.2015.07.035 Vorburger, 2019, 3D-Modeling of Callisto’s surface sputtered exosphere environment, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys., 124, 7157, 10.1029/2019JA026610 Walker, 1992 Zhang, 2003, Simulation of gas dynamics and radiation in volcanic plumes on Io, Icarus, 163, 182, 10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00050-2 Zhang, 2004, Numerical modeling of ionian volcanic plumes with entrained particulates, Icarus, 172, 479, 10.1016/j.icarus.2004.06.016