A systematic review of the evidence on decoupling of GDP, resource use and GHG emissions, part II: synthesizing the insights

Environmental Research Letters - Tập 15 Số 6 - Trang 065003 - 2020
Helmut Haberl1, Dominik Wiedenhofer1,2, Doris Virág1,2, Gerald Kalt1, Barbara Plank1, Paul E. Brockway3, Tomer Fishman4, Daniel Hausknost5, Fridolin Krausmann1, Bartholomäus Leon-Gruchalski6, Andreas Mayer1, Mélanie Pichler1, Anke Schaffartzik7,1, Tânia Sousa8, Jan Streeck1, Felix Creutzig9
1Institute of Social Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
2These authors contributed equally to this article.
3School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
4School of Sustainability, Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Herzliya, Israel
5Institute for Social Change and Sustainability, Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria
6Institute of Safety and Risk Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
7Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ICTA-UAB), Barcelona, Spain
8Instituto Superior Técnico, MARETEC, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
9Mercator Institute for the Global Commons (MCC), Berlin, Germany

Tóm tắt

Abstract Strategies toward ambitious climate targets usually rely on the concept of ‘decoupling’; that is, they aim at promoting economic growth while reducing the use of natural resources and GHG emissions. GDP growth coinciding with absolute reductions in emissions or resource use is denoted as ‘absolute decoupling’, as opposed to ‘relative decoupling’, where resource use or emissions increase less so than does GDP. Based on the bibliometric mapping in part I (Wiedenhofer et al, 2020 Environ. Res. Lett. 15 063002), we synthesize the evidence emerging from the selected 835 peer-reviewed articles. We evaluate empirical studies of decoupling related to final/useful energy, exergy, use of material resources, as well as CO2 and total GHG emissions. We find that relative decoupling is frequent for material use as well as GHG and CO2 emissions but not for useful exergy, a quality-based measure of energy use. Primary energy can be decoupled from GDP largely to the extent to which the conversion of primary energy to useful exergy is improved. Examples of absolute long-term decoupling are rare, but recently some industrialized countries have decoupled GDP from both production- and, weaklier, consumption-based CO2 emissions. We analyze policies or strategies in the decoupling literature by classifying them into three groups: (1) Green growth, if sufficient reductions of resource use or emissions were deemed possible without altering the growth trajectory. (2) Degrowth, if reductions of resource use or emissions were given priority over GDP growth. (3) Others, e.g. if the role of energy for GDP growth was analyzed without reference to climate change mitigation. We conclude that large rapid absolute reductions of resource use and GHG emissions cannot be achieved through observed decoupling rates, hence decoupling needs to be complemented by sufficiency-oriented strategies and strict enforcement of absolute reduction targets. More research is needed on interdependencies between wellbeing, resources and emissions.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Aghion, 2009

Ang, 2006, A cross-country analysis of aggregate energy and carbon intensities, Energy Policy, 34, 2398, 10.1016/j.enpol.2005.04.007

Angelis-Dimakis, 2012, Monitoring the sustainability of the Greek energy system, Energy Sustain. Dev., 16, 51, 10.1016/j.esd.2011.10.003

Antonakakis, 2017, Energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and economic growth: An ethical dilemma, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 68, 808, 10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.105

Arango-Miranda, 2018, Carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption and economic growth: a comparative empirical study of selected developed and developing countries. ‘The role of exergy’, Energies, 11, 2668, 10.3390/en11102668

Arto, 2014, Drivers of the growth in global greenhouse gas emissions, Environ. Sci. Technol., 48, 5388, 10.1021/es5005347

Ayres, 2016

Ayres, 2003, Exergy, power and work in the US economy, 1900–1998, Energy, 28, 219, 10.1016/S0360-5442(02)00089-0

Ayres, 2009, 10.4337/9781848445956

Azam, 2016, Testing the environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis: a comparative empirical study for low, lower middle, upper middle and high income countries, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 63, 556, 10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.052

Bader, 2019, Analysis of the association between economic growth, environmental quality and health standards in the Gulf Cooperation Council during 1980–2012, Manag. Environ. Qual. Int. J., 30, 1050, 10.1108/MEQ-03-2018-0061

Baiocchi, 2010, Understanding changes in the UK’s CO 2 emissions: a global perspective, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 1177, 10.1021/es902662h

Bampatsou, 2019, Economic growth, efficiency and environmental elasticity for the G7 countries, Energy Policy, 130, 355, 10.1016/j.enpol.2019.04.017

Bampatsou, 2017, Determining economic productivity under environmental and resource pressures: an empirical application, J. Econ. Struct., 6, 12, 10.1186/s40008-017-0071-1

Bassetti, 2013, CO2 emissions and income dynamics: what does the global evidence tell us?, Environ. Resour. Econ., 54, 101, 10.1007/s10640-012-9583-1

Beaudreau, 2010, On the methodology of energy-GDP Granger causality tests, Energy, 35, 3535, 10.1016/j.energy.2010.03.062

Behrens, 2007, The material basis of the global economy: worldwide patterns of natural resource extraction and their implications for sustainable resource use policies, Ecol. Econ. Spec. Sect., 64, 444, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.02.034

Belke, 2011, Energy consumption and economic growth: new insights into the cointegration relationship, Energy Econ., 33, 782, 10.1016/j.eneco.2011.02.005

Belloumi, 2015, Sustainable energy development in Saudi Arabia, Sustainability, 7, 5153, 10.3390/su7055153

Beltran-Esteve, 2017, Assessing environmental performance in the European Union: ecoinnovation versus catching-up, Energy Policy, 104, 240, 10.1016/j.enpol.2017.01.054

Bernardini, 1993, Dematerialization: long-term trends in the intensity of use of materials and energy, Futures, 25, 431, 10.1016/0016-3287(93)90005-E

Beylot, 2019, Mineral raw material requirements and associated climate-change impacts of the French energy transition by 2050, J. Clean. Prod., 208, 1198, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.154

Bithas, 2017, The material intensity of growth: implications from the human scale of production, Soc. Indic. Res., 133, 1011, 10.1007/s11205-016-1401-7

Bithas, 2018, Unmasking decoupling: redefining the resource intensity of the economy, Sci. Total Environ., 619, 338, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.061

Bleischwitz, 2018a, Extrapolation or saturation—revisiting growth patterns, development stages and decoupling, Glob. Environ. Change, 48, 86, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.11.008

Bleischwitz, 2018b, Resource nexus perspectives towards the United Nations sustainable development goals, Nat. Sustain., 1, 737, 10.1038/s41893-018-0173-2

Bluszcz, 2019, Decoupling economic growth from emissions in Poland on the background of EU countries, IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci., 221, 10.1088/1755-1315/221/1/012119

Borozan, 2018, Technical and total factor energy efficiency of European regions: A two-stage approach, Energy, 152, 521, 10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.159

Brand-Correa, 2017, A framework for decoupling human need satisfaction from energy use, Ecol. Econ., 141, 43, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.05.019

Bringezu, 2003, Rationale for and interpretation of economy-wide materials flow analysis and derived indicators, J. Ind. Ecol., 7, 43, 10.1162/108819803322564343

Bringezu, 2004, International comparison of resource use and its relation to economic growth: the development of total material requirement, direct material inputs and hidden flows and the structure of TMR, Ecol. Econ., 51, 97, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.04.010

Bruns, 2013, Is there really Granger causality between energy use and output?, Crawford Sch. Res. Pap., 13

Canas, 2003, A new environmental Kuznets curve? Relationship between direct material input and income per capita: evidence from industrialised countries, Ecol. Econ., 46, 217, 10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00123-X

Cañellas, 2004, Material flow accounting of Spain, Int. J. Glob. Environ. Issues, 4, 229, 10.1504/IJGENVI.2004.006052

Cao, 2017, Elaborating the history of our cementing societies: an in-use stock perspective, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 11468, 10.1021/acs.est.7b03077

Carmona, 2017, Material services with both eyes wide open, Sustainability, 9, 1508, 10.3390/su9091508

Chen, 2018, Decomposition and decoupling analysis of CO2 emissions in OECD, Appl. Energy, 231, 937, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.179

Chen, 2015, In-use product stocks link manufactured capital to natural capital, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 112, 6265, 10.1073/pnas.1406866112

Chien, 2007, Renewable energy and macroeconomic efficiency of OECD and non-OECD economies, Energy Policy, 35, 3606, 10.1016/j.enpol.2006.12.033

Chiu, 2017, Philippine resource efficiency in Asian context: status, trends and driving forces of Philippine material flows from 1980 to 2008, J. Clean. Prod., 153, 63, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.158

Citlalic Gonzalez-Martinez, 2008, The biophysical perspective of a middle income economy: material flows in Mexico, Ecol. Econ., 68, 317, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.03.013

Cleveland, 1987, Biophysical economics: historical perspective and current research trends, Ecol. Model., 38, 47, 10.1016/0304-3800(87)90044-5

Cleveland, 1998, Indicators of dematerialization and the materials intensity of use, J. Ind. Ecol., 2, 15, 10.1162/jiec.1998.2.3.15

Cohen, 2018, The long-run decoupling of emissions and output: evidence from the largest emitters, Energy Policy, 118, 58, 10.1016/j.enpol.2018.03.028

Cohen, 2019, Decoupling of emissions and GDP: evidence from aggregate and provincial Chinese data, Energy Econ., 77, 105, 10.1016/j.eneco.2018.03.030

Creutzig, 2016, Beyond technology: demand-side solutions for climate change mitigation, Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., 41, 173, 10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085428

Creutzig, 2018, Towards demand-side solutions for mitigating climate change, Nat. Clim. Change, 8, 260, 10.1038/s41558-018-0121-1

Cruz, 2016, Energy and CO2 intensity changes in the EU-27: decomposition into explanatory effects, Sustain. Cities Soc., 26, 486, 10.1016/j.scs.2016.03.007

Cullen, 2011, Reducing energy demand: what are the practical limits?, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 1711, 10.1021/es102641n

Cunha, 2018, Discerning the factors explaining the change in energy efficiency, Environ. Dev. Sustain., 20, 163, 10.1007/s10668-018-0148-5

Daly, 1973

De Bruyn, 1997, Developments in the throughput-income relationship: theoretical and empirical observations, Ecol. Econ., 20, 255, 10.1016/S0921-8009(96)00086-9

De Marco, 2000, Materials flow analysis of the Italian economy, J. Ind. Ecol., 4, 55, 10.1162/108819800569807

Domingos, 2016, Consistency of technology-adjusted consumption-based accounting, Nat. Clim. Change, 6, 729, 10.1038/nclimate3059

Drastichova, 2017, Decomposition analysis of the greenhouse gas emissions in the European Union, Problems of Sustainable Development, 12, 27

Duarte, 2013, The role of consumption patterns, demand and technological factors on the recent evolution of CO2 emissions in a group of advanced economies, Ecol. Econ., 96, 1, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.09.007

Duro, 2010, International inequality in energy intensity levels and the role of production composition and energy efficiency: an analysis of OECD countries, Ecol. Econ., 69, 2468, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.07.022

Enders, 2014, 4th edn

Faehn, 2009, Richer and cleaner-at others’ expense?, Resour. Energy Econ., 31, 103, 10.1016/j.reseneeco.2008.11.001

Fan, 2016, Exploring the characteristics of production-based and consumption-based carbon emissions of major economies: a multiple-dimension comparison, Appl. Energy, 184, 790, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.06.076

Fang, 2011, Economic welfare impacts from renewable energy consumption: the China experience, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 15, 5120, 10.1016/j.rser.2011.07.044

Fanning, 2019, The Wellbeing-consumption paradox: happiness, health, income, and carbon emissions in growing versus non-growing economies, J. Clean. Prod., 212, 810, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.11.223

Fernandez-Amador, 2017, carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth: an assessment based crossmark on production and consumption emission inventories, Ecol. Econ., 135, 269, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.01.004

Fernández-Herrero, 2019, What causes inequality in material productivity between countries?, Ecol. Econ., 162, 1, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.04.007

Fischer-Kowalski, 1998, Society’s metabolism: the intellectual history of material flow analysis, part I: 1860–1970, J. Ind. Ecol., 2, 61, 10.1162/jiec.1998.2.1.61

Fischer-Kowalski, 2011, Methodology and indicators of economy-wide material flow accounting: state of the art and reliability across sources, J. Ind. Ecol., 15, 855, 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00366.x

Fishman, 2016, Stochastic analysis and forecasts of the patterns of speed, acceleration, and levels of material stock accumulation in society, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 3729, 10.1021/acs.est.5b05790

Fishman, 2014, Accounting for the material stock of nations: accounting for the material stock of nations, J. Ind. Ecol., 18, 407, 10.1111/jiec.12114

Fuss, 2014, Betting on negative emissions, Nat. Clim. Change, 4, 850, 10.1038/nclimate2392

Fuss, 2018, Negative emissions—part 2: costs, potentials and side effects, Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 10.1088/1748-9326/aabf9f

Gan, 2013, How to deal with resource productivity relationships between socioeconomic factors and resource productivity, J. Ind. Ecol., 17, 440, 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2012.00547.x

Gazheli, 2016, How realistic is green growth? Sectoral-level carbon intensity versus productivity, J. Clean. Prod., 129, 449, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.04.032

Giampietro, 2006, Comments on ‘the energetic metabolism of the European Union and the United States’ by Haberl and colleagues: theoretical and practical considerations on the meaning and usefulness of traditional energy analysis, J. Ind. Ecol., 10, 173, 10.1162/jiec.2006.10.4.173

Gierlinger, 2012, The physical economy of the United States of America, J. Ind. Ecol., 16, 365, 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00404.x

Giljum, 2014a, Material footprint assessment in a global input-output framework, J. Ind. Ecol., 19, 792, 10.1111/jiec.12214

Giljum, 2014b, Global patterns of material flows and their socio-economic and environmental implications: a MFA study on all countries world-wide from 1980 to 2009, Resources, 3, 319, 10.3390/resources3010319

Grand, 2016, Carbon emission targets and decoupling indicators, Ecol. Indic., 67, 649, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.03.042

Granger, 1969, Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods, Econometrica, 37, 424, 10.2307/1912791

Green, 2018, Cutting with both arms of the scissors: the economic and political case for restrictive supply-side climate policies, Clim. Change, 150, 73, 10.1007/s10584-018-2162-x

Griscom, 2017, Natural climate solutions, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 114, 11645, 10.1073/pnas.1710465114

Grubler, 2018, A low energy demand scenario for meeting the 1.5 °C target and sustainable development goals without negative emission technologies, Nat. Energy, 3, 515, 10.1038/s41560-018-0172-6

Guevara, 2016, Insights on energy transitions in Mexico from the analysis of useful exergy 1971–2009, Energies, 9, 10.3390/en9070488

Guillet, 2010, Energy and economical growth: overview and global challenges, Environ. Eng. Manag. J., 9, 1357, 10.30638/eemj.2010.178

Gupta, 2015, Decoupling: a step toward sustainable development with reference to OECD countries, Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol., 22, 510, 10.1080/13504509.2015.1088485

Haas, 2008, Towards sustainability of energy systems: a primer on how to apply the concept of energy services to identify necessary trends and policies, Energy Policy, 36, 4012, 10.1016/j.enpol.2008.06.028

Haas, 2015, How circular is the global economy?: An assessment of material flows, waste production, and recycling in the European Union and the world in 2005, J. Ind. Ecol., 19, 765, 10.1111/jiec.12244

Haberl, 2001, The energetic metabolism of societies part I: accounting concepts, J. Ind. Ecol., 5, 11, 10.1162/108819801753358481

Haberl, 2006, On the utility of counting joules: reply to comments by Mario Giampietro, J. Ind. Ecol., 10, 187, 10.1162/jiec.2006.10.4.187

Haberl, 2004, Progress towards sustainability? What the conceptual framework of material and energy flow accounting (MEFA) can offer, Land Use Policy, 21, 199

Haberl, 2012, Natural and socioeconomic determinants of the embodied human appropriation of net primary production and its relation to other resource use indicators, Ecol. Indic., 23, 222, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.03.027

Haberl, 2017, The material stock–flow–service nexus: a new approach for tackling the decoupling conundrum, Sustainability, 9, 1049, 10.3390/su9071049

Haberl, 2019, Contributions of sociometabolic research to sustainability science, Nat. Sustain., 2, 173, 10.1038/s41893-019-0225-2

Hall, 2001, the need to reintegrate the natural sciences with economics, BioScience, 51, 663, 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0663:TNTRTN]2.0.CO;2

Hall, 1986

Hallegatte, 2011, 10.1596/1813-9450-5872

Hardt, 2018, Untangling the drivers of energy reduction in the UK productive sectors: efficiency or offshoring?, Appl. Energy, 223, 124, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.127

Hashimoto, 2008, what factors have changed Japanese resource productivity?, J. Ind. Ecol., 12, 657, 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2008.00072.x

Hausknost, 2019, The environmental state and the glass ceiling of transformation, Environ. Polit., 1, 10.1080/09644016.2019.1680062

Hertwich, 2009, Carbon footprint of nations: a global, trade-linked analysis, Environ. Sci. Technol., 43, 6414, 10.1021/es803496a

Heun, 2019, Meeting 2030 primary energy and economic growth goals: mission impossible?, Appl. Energy, 251, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.01.255

Hickel, 2019, Is green growth possible?, New Polit. Econ., 1, 10.1080/13563467.2019.1598964

Hoekstra, 2019, 10.1017/9781108608558

Hoffrén, 2007, Impacts of increasing consumption on material flows over time: empirical results from Finland 1970–2005, Prog. Ind. Ecol., 4, 463, 10.1504/PIE.2007.016354

Hoffrén, 2001, Decomposition analysis of Finnish material flows: 1960–1996, J. Ind. Ecol., 4, 105, 10.1162/10881980052541972

Hu, 2007, Efficient energy-saving targets for APEC economies, Energy Policy, 35, 373, 10.1016/j.enpol.2005.11.032

, 2019, World energy balances

, 1974

Infante-Amate, 2015, The Spanish transition to industrial metabolism: long-term material flow analysis (1860–2010): the spanish transition to industrial metabolism, J. Ind. Ecol., 19, 866, 10.1111/jiec.12261

Inomata, 2014, Comparative evaluation of MRIO databases, Econ. Syst. Res., 26, 239, 10.1080/09535314.2014.940856

Edenhofer, 2014

, 2018

Jackson, 2016, 10.4324/9781315677453

Jackson, 2016, Does slow growth lead to rising inequality? Some theoretical reflections and numerical simulations, Ecol. Econ., 121, 206, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.03.019

Jackson, 2019, Unraveling the claims for (and against) green growth, Science, 366, 950, 10.1126/science.aay0749

Jadhao, 2017, The evolving metabolism of a developing economy: India’s exergy flows over four decades, Appl. Energy, 206, 851, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.08.240

Jakob, 2012, Will history repeat itself? Economic convergence and convergence in energy use patterns, Energy Econ., 34, 95, 10.1016/j.eneco.2011.07.008

Jakob, 2013, Interpreting trade-related CO2 emission transfers, Nat. Clim. Change, 3, 19, 10.1038/nclimate1630

Jesus Lopez-Menendez, 2014, Environmental costs and renewable energy: re-visiting the environmental Kuznets curve, J. Environ. Manage., 145, 368, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.017

Jiborn, 2018, Decoupling or delusion? Measuring emissions displacement in foreign trade, Glob. Environ. Change, 49, 27, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.12.006

Kalimeris, 2014, A meta-analysis investigation of the direction of the energy-GDP causal relationship: implications for the growth-degrowth dialogue, J. Clean. Prod., 67, 1, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.12.040

Kallis, 2011, In defence of degrowth, Ecol. Econ., 70, 873, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.12.007

Kallis, 2017, Radical dematerialization and degrowth, Philos. Trans. R: Soc. -Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 375, 10.1098/rsta.2016.0383

Kalt, 2019, Conceptualizing energy services: a review of energy and well-being along the energy service cascade, Energy Res. Soc. Sci., 53, 47, 10.1016/j.erss.2019.02.026

Kander, 2015, National greenhouse-gas accounting for effective climate policy on international trade, Nat. Clim. Change, 5, 431, 10.1038/nclimate2555

Karanfil, 2009, How many times again will we examine the energy-income nexus using a limited range of traditional econometric tools?, Energy Policy, 37, 1191, 10.1016/j.enpol.2008.11.029

Kelly, 1989, Energy use and productivity: current trends and policy implications, Annu. Rev. Energy, 14, 321, 10.1146/annurev.eg.14.110189.001541

Kemp-Benedict, 2018, Dematerialization, decoupling, and productivity change, Ecol. Econ., 150, 204, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.04.020

Kerimray, 2016, Climate change mitigation scenarios and policies and measures: the case of Kazakhstan, Clim. Policy, 16, 332, 10.1080/14693062.2014.1003525

Khan, 2017, Dynamic relationship between financial development, energy consumption, trade and greenhouse gas: comparison of upper middle income countries from Asia, Europe, Africa and America, J. Clean. Prod., 161, 567, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.05.129

Kim, 1984, Interactions among economic activity, energy use, and electricity use, Energy, 9, 717, 10.1016/0360-5442(84)90003-3

Knight, 2014, Economic growth and climate change: a cross-national analysis of territorial and consumption-based carbon emissions in high-income countries, Sustainability, 6, 3722, 10.3390/su6063722

Koch, 2013, Welfare after growth: theoretical discussion and policy implications, Int. J. Soc. Qual., 3, 4, 10.3167/IJSQ.2013.030102

Koch, 2019, The state in the transformation to a sustainable postgrowth economy, Environ. Polit., 1, 10.1080/09644016.2019.1684738

Koirala, 2011, Further investigation of environmental Kuznets curve studies using meta-analysis, Int. J. Ecol. Econ. Stat., 22, 13

Kovanda, 2007, What are the possibilities for graphical presentation of decoupling? An example of economy-wide material flow indicators in the Czech Republic, Ecol. Indic., 7, 123, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2005.11.002

Kovanda, 2008, Changes in materials use in transition economies, J. Ind. Ecol., 12, 721, 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2008.00088.x

Kovanda, 2011, Historical perspectives of material use in Czechoslovakia in 1855–2007, Ecol. Indic., 11, 1375, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.02.016

Kovanda, 2008, Economy-wide material flow indicators in the Czech Republic: trends, decoupling analysis and uncertainties, Int. J. Environ. Pollut., 35, 25, 10.1504/IJEP.2008.021129

Kovanda, 2010, Material flow indicators in the Czech Republic in light of the accession to the European Union, J. Ind. Ecol., 14, 650, 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2010.00253.x

Krausmann, 2016, The metabolic transition of a planned economy: material flows in the USSR and the Russian Federation 1900 to 2010, Ecol. Econ., 124, 76, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.12.011

Krausmann, 2009, Growth in global materials use, GDP and population during the 20th century, Ecol. Econ., 68, 2696, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.05.007

Krausmann, 2011, The metabolic transition in Japan, J. Ind. Ecol., 15, 877, 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00376.x

Krausmann, 2004, Resource flows and land use in Austria 1950–2000: using the MEFA framework to monitor society-nature interaction for sustainability, Land Use Policy, 21, 215, 10.1016/j.landusepol.2003.10.005

Krausmann, 2018, From resource extraction to outflows of wastes and emissions: the socioeconomic metabolism of the global economy, 1900–2015, Glob. Environ. Change, 52, 131, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.07.003

Krausmann, 2017a, Material flow accounting: measuring global material use for sustainable development, Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., 42, 647, 10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060726

Krausmann, 2017b, Material flow accounting: measuring global material use for sustainable development, Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., 42, 647, 10.1146/annurev-environ-102016-060726

Krausmann, 2020, Growing stocks of buildings, infrastructures and machinery as key challenge for compliance with climate targets, Glob. Environ. Change, 61, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102034

Krausmann, 2017c, Global socioeconomic material stocks rise 23-fold over the 20th century and require half of annual resource use, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 114, 1880, 10.1073/pnas.1613773114

Kümmel, 2011

Lamb, 2017, Human well-being and climate change mitigation: human well-being and climate change mitigation, Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Clim. Change, 8, e485, 10.1002/wcc.485

Lazarus, 2018, Fossil fuel supply and climate policy: exploring the road less taken, Clim. Change, 150, 1, 10.1007/s10584-018-2266-3

Le Quéré, 2018, Global carbon budget 2017, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10, 405, 10.5194/essd-10-405-2018

Le Quéré, 2019, Drivers of declining CO2 emissions in 18 developed economies, Nat. Clim. Change, 9, 213, 10.1038/s41558-019-0419-7

Leal, 2019, Decoupling economic growth from GHG emissions: decomposition analysis by sectoral factors for Australia, Econ. Anal. Policy, 62, 12, 10.1016/j.eap.2018.11.003

Lee, 2014, A suggestion for Korean resource productivity management policy with calculating and analyzing its national resource productivity, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 91, 40, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.07.012

Lenzen, 2016, Reply, J. Clean. Prod., 139, 796, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.08.037

Lenzen, 2013, Building eora: a global multi-region input–output database at high country and sector resolution, Econ. Syst. Res., 25, 20, 10.1080/09535314.2013.769938

Li, 2007, Economic growth and environmental quality: a meta-analysis of environmental Kuznets curve studies, Econ. Bull., 17, 1

Liang, 2017, Income-Based greenhouse gas emissions of nations, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 346, 10.1021/acs.est.6b02510

Liang, 2016, socioeconomic drivers of greenhouse gas emissions in the United States, Environ. Sci. Technol., 50, 7535, 10.1021/acs.est.6b00872

Liddle, 2012, OECD energy intensity: measures, trends, and convergence, Energy Effic., 5, 583, 10.1007/s12053-012-9148-8

Liobikiene, 2016, Drivers of greenhouse gas emissions in the Baltic states: decomposition analysis related to the implementation of Europe 2020 strategy, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 54, 309, 10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.028

Liobikiene, 2017, Lithuanian achievements in terms of CO2 emissions based on production side in the context of the EU-27, Technol. Econ. Dev. Econ., 23, 483, 10.3846/20294913.2015.1056278

Liu, 2019, What causes growth of global greenhouse gas emissions? Evidence from 40 countries, Sci. Total Environ., 661, 750, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.197

Longhofer, 2017, Decoupling reconsidered: does world society integration influence the relationship between the environment and economic development?, Soc. Sci. Res., 65, 17, 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2017.02.002

Lorek, 2013, Strong sustainable consumption governance—precondition for a degrowth path?, J. Clean. Prod., 38, 36, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.08.008

Lovins, 1979

Lozano, 2008, Non-parametric frontier approach to modelling the relationships among population, GDP, energy consumption and CO2 emissions, Ecol. Econ., 66, 687, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.11.003

Madaleno, 2018, Effects decomposition: separation of carbon emissions decoupling and decoupling effort in aggregated EU-15, Environ. Dev. Sustain., 20, 181, 10.1007/s10668-018-0238-4

Marcotullio, 2007

Marcotullio, 2008, 55

Marques, 2013, International trade and the geographical separation between income and enabled carbon emissions, Ecol. Econ., 89, 162, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.02.020

Marques, 2012, Income-based environmental responsibility, Ecol. Econ. Econ. Degrowth, 84, 57, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.09.010

Martinico-Perez, 2017, Material flow accounts and driving factors of economic growth in the Philippines: MFA and driving factors in the Philippines, J. Ind. Ecol., 21, 1226, 10.1111/jiec.12496

Martinico-Perez, 2018, The socio-economic metabolism of an emerging economy: monitoring progress of decoupling of economic growth and environmental pressures in the Philippines, Ecol. Econ., 147, 155, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.01.012

Maung, 2015, Comparative studies on the driving factors of resource flows in Myanmar, the Philippines, and Bangladesh, Environ. Econ. Policy Stud., 17, 407, 10.1007/s10018-014-0087-9

Mayer, 2017, How countries’ resource use history matters for human well-being—an investigation of global patterns in cumulative material flows from 1950 to 2010, Ecol. Econ., 134, 1, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.11.017

Meadows, 1972, 10.1349/ddlp.1

Menegaki, 2011, Growth and renewable energy in Europe: A random effect model with evidence for neutrality hypothesis, Energy Econ., 33, 257, 10.1016/j.eneco.2010.10.004

Meyer, 2018, Contemporary resource policy and decoupling trendslessons learnt from integrated model-based assessments, Sustainability, 10, 1858, 10.3390/su10061858

Mi, 2017, Socioeconomic impact assessment of China’s CO2 emissions peak prior to 2030, J. Clean. Prod., 142, 2227, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.055

Minx, 2018, Negative emissions—part 1: research landscape and synthesis, Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 10.1088/1748-9326/aabf9b

Moffatt, 2008, A preliminary analysis of composite indicators of sustainable development, Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol., 15, 81, 10.1080/13504500809469772

Moreau, 2019, Is decoupling a red herring? The role of structural effects and energy policies in Europe, Energy Policy, 128, 243, 10.1016/j.enpol.2018.12.028

Moreau, 2018, Decoupling energy use and economic growth: counter evidence from structural effects and embodied energy in trade, Appl. Energy, 215, 54, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.01.044

Mulder, 2012, Structural change and convergence of energy intensity across OECD countries, 1970–2005, Energy Econ., 34, 1910, 10.1016/j.eneco.2012.07.023

Müller, 2011, Patterns of iron use in societal evolution §, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 182, 10.1021/es102273t

Muñoz, 2008, Material implication of Chile’s economic growth: combining material flow accounting (MFA) and structural decomposition analysis (SDA), Ecol. Econ., 65, 136, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.06.010

Naqvi, 2017, Fifty shades of green: revisiting decoupling by economic sectors and air pollutants, Ecol. Econ., 133, 111, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.09.017

Nemet, 2018, Negative emissions—part 3: innovation and upscaling, Environ. Res. Lett., 13, 10.1088/1748-9326/aabff4

Nita, 2012, A threefold assessment of the Romanian economy’s eco-efficiency, Romanian J. Eur. Aff., 12, 59

O’Neill, 2015, What should be held steady in a steady-state economy?: Interpreting daly’s definition at the national level: what should be held steady in a steady-state economy?, J. Ind. Ecol., 19, 552, 10.1111/jiec.12224

O’Neill, 2018, A good life for all within planetary boundaries, Nat. Sustain., 1, 88, 10.1038/s41893-018-0021-4

, 2011, 10.1787/9789264111318-en

Omri, 2014, An international literature survey on energy-economic growth nexus: evidence from country-specific studies, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 38, 951, 10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.084

Ozturk, 2010, A literature survey on energy–growth nexus, Energy Policy, 38, 340, 10.1016/j.enpol.2009.09.024

Palm, 2019, Environmental pressures from Swedish consumption—a hybrid multi-regional input-output approach, J. Clean. Prod., 228, 634, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.181

Parrique, 2019

Pauliuk, 2015, Socioeconomic metabolism as paradigm for studying the biophysical basis of human societies, Ecol. Econ., 119, 83, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.08.012

Pauliuk, 2014, The role of in-use stocks in the social metabolism and in climate change mitigation, Glob. Environ. Change, 24, 132, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.11.006

Pauliuk, 2013, Steel all over the world: estimating in-use stocks of iron for 200 countries, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 71, 22, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.11.008

Peters, 2008, From production-based to consumption-based national emission inventories, Ecol. Econ., 65, 13, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.10.014

Peters, 2008, CO2 embodied in international trade with implications for global climate policy, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42, 1401, 10.1021/es072023k

Peters, 2011, Growth in emission transfers via international trade from 1990 to 2008, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 108, 8903, 10.1073/pnas.1006388108

Pichler, 2018, The double materiality of democracy in capitalist societies: challenges for social-ecological transformations, Environ. Polit., 1, 10.1080/09644016.2018.1547260

Picton, 1999, Ecological restructuring for sustainable development: evidence from the Australian economy, Ecol. Econ., 29, 405, 10.1016/S0921-8009(98)00068-8

Plank, 2018, International trade drives global resource use: a structural decomposition analysis of raw material consumption from 1990–2010, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 4190, 10.1021/acs.est.7b06133

Pothen, 2017, A structural decomposition of global raw material consumption, Ecol. Econ., 141, 154, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.05.032

Pothen, 2015, Bigger cakes with fewer ingredients? A comparison of material use of the world economy, Ecol. Econ., 109, 109, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.10.009

Raupova, 2014, Assessment of physical economy through economy-wide material flow analysis in developing Uzbekistan, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 89, 76, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2014.05.004

Rezny, 2019, The knowledge economy: key to sustainable development?, Struct. Change Econ. Dyn., 10.1016/j.strueco.2019.02.003

Robaina-Alves, 2015, A new frontier approach to model the eco-efficiency in European countries, J. Clean. Prod., 103, 562, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.01.038

Rodrigues, 2008, Consumer and producer environmental responsibility: comparing two approaches, Ecol. Econ., 66, 533, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.12.010

Rodrigues, 2006, Designing an indicator of environmental responsibility, Ecol. Econ., 59, 256, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.10.002

Rodrigues, 2010, 10.4324/9780203855744

Rogelj, 2019, A new scenario logic for the Paris agreement long-term temperature goal, Nature, 573, 357, 10.1038/s41586-019-1541-4

Roinioti, 2017, The decomposition of CO2 emissions from energy use in Greece before and during the economic crisis and their decoupling from economic growth, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 76, 448, 10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.026

Sakai, 2019, Thermodynamic efficiency gains and their role as a key ‘engine of economic growth’, Energies, 12, 110, 10.3390/en12010110

Salim, 2012, Why do some emerging economies proactively accelerate the adoption of renewable energy?, Energy Econ., 34, 1051, 10.1016/j.eneco.2011.08.015

Sanchez, 2016, Drivers of industrial and non-industrial greenhouse gas emissions, Ecol. Econ., 124, 17, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.01.008

Santos, 2018, Useful exergy is key in obtaining plausible aggregate production functions and recognizing the role of energy in economic growth: Portugal 1960–2009, Ecol. Econ., 148, 103, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.01.008

Sarkodie, 2019, A review on environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis using bibliometric and meta-analysis, Sci. Total Environ., 649, 128, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.276

Sarkodie, 2019, Environmental sustainability assessment using dynamic autoregressive-distributed lag simulations-nexus between greenhouse gas emissions, biomass energy, food and economic growth, Sci. Total Environ., 668, 318, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.432

Ščasný, 2003, Material flow accounts, balances and derived indicators for the Czech Republic during the 1990s: results and recommendations for methodological improvements, Ecol. Econ., 45, 41, 10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00260-4

Schaffartzik, 2015, Trading land: a review of approaches to accounting for upstream land requirements of traded products: a review of upstream land accounts, J. Ind. Ecol., 19, 703, 10.1111/jiec.12258

Schaffartzik, 2014, The global metabolic transition: regional patterns and trends of global material flows, 1950–2010, Glob. Environ. Change, 26, 87, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2014.03.013

Schandl, 2018, Global material flows and resource productivity: forty years of evidence, J. Ind. Ecol., 22, 827, 10.1111/jiec.12626

Schandl, 2008, Australia’s resource use trajectories, J. Ind. Ecol., 12, 669, 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2008.00075.x

Schandl, 2009, The dematerialization potential of the australian economy, J. Ind. Ecol., 13, 863, 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2009.00163.x

Schandl, 2010, Resource use and resource efficiency in the Asia–Pacific region, Glob. Environ. Change, 20, 636, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.06.003

Schandl, 2012, Material flows and material productivity in China, Australia, and Japan, J. Ind. Ecol., 16, 352, 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00420.x

Schneider, 2010, Crisis or opportunity? Economic degrowth for social equity and ecological sustainability. Introduction to this special issue., J. Clean. Prod., 18, 511, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.01.014

Schulz, 2007, The direct material inputs into Singapore’s development, J. Ind. Ecol., 11, 117, 10.1162/jie.2007.1200

Sekulova, 2013, Degrowth: from theory to practice, J. Clean. Prod., 38, 1, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.06.022

Serrenho, 2014, Decomposition of useful work intensity: the EU (European Union)-15 countries from 1960 to 2009, Energy, 76, 704, 10.1016/j.energy.2014.08.068

Serrenho, 2016, Structure and dynamics of useful work along the agriculture-industry-services transition: Portugal from 1856 to 2009, Struct. Change Econ. Dyn., 36, 1, 10.1016/j.strueco.2015.10.004

Shao, 2017, The high ‘price’ of dematerialization: A dynamic panel data analysis of material use and economic recession, J. Clean. Prod., 167, 120, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.08.158

Shuai, 2017, The turning points of carbon Kuznets curve: evidences from panel and time-series data of 164 countries, J. Clean. Prod., 162, 1031, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.049

Simas, 2017, Correlation between production and consumption-based environmental indicators the link to affluence and the effect on ranking environmental performance of countries, Ecol. Indic., 76, 317, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.01.026

Solilová, 2015, Evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions and related aspects: case of the Czech Republic, Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendel. Brun., 63, 281, 10.11118/actaun201563010281

Sorrell, 2020, The limits of energy sufficiency: a review of the evidence for rebound effects and negative spillovers from behavioural change, Energy Res. Soc. Sci., 64, 10.1016/j.erss.2020.101439

Steffen, 2015, Planetary boundaries: guiding human development on a changing planet, Science, 347, 10.1126/science.1259855

Steger, 2011, Drivers for the use of materials across countries, J. Clean. Prod., 19, 816, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.08.016

Steinberger, 2011, Material and energy productivity, Environ. Sci. Technol., 45, 1169, 10.1021/es1028537

Steinberger, 2010, Global patterns of materials use: a socioeconomic and geophysical analysis, Ecol. Econ., 69, 1148, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.12.009

Steinberger, 2013, Development and dematerialization: an international study, PLoS One, 8, 10.1371/journal.pone.0070385

Steininger, 2015, Multiple carbon accounting to support just and effective climate policies, Nat. Clim. Change, 6, 35

Steininger, 2016, Multiple carbon accounting to support just and effective climate policies, Nat. Clim. Change, 6, 35, 10.1038/nclimate2867

Stern, 1997, Limits to substitution and irreversibility in production and consumption: a neoclassical interpretation of ecological economics, Ecol. Econ., 21, 197, 10.1016/S0921-8009(96)00103-6

Stern, 2011, The role of energy in economic growth: energy and growth, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1219, 26, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05921.x

Stern, 2017, The environmental Kuznets curve after 25 years, J. Bioeconomics, 19, 7, 10.1007/s10818-017-9243-1

Stern, 2017, Modeling the emissions–income relationship using long-run growth rates, Environ. Dev. Econ., 22, 699, 10.1017/S1355770X17000109

Stiglitz, 2009

Stjepanović, 2018, Relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in 30 countries in Europe—panel, Ekon. Pregl., 69, 43, 10.32910/ep.69.1.3

Streimikiene, 2016, Kaya identity for analysis of the main drivers of GHG emissions and feasibility to implement EU ‘20-20-20’ targets in the Baltic States, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 58, 1108, 10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.311

Takiguchi, 2008, Japanese 3R policies based on material flow analysis, J. Ind. Ecol., 12, 792, 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2008.00093.x

Tiba, 2017, Literature survey on the relationships between energy, environment and economic growth, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 69, 1129, 10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.113

Tiwari, 2011, A structural VAR analysis of renewable energy consumption, real GDP and CO2 emissions: evidence from India, Econ. Bull., 31, 15

Tugcu, 2012, Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth relationship revisited: evidence from G7 countries, Energy Econ., 34, 1942, 10.1016/j.eneco.2012.08.021

, 2018

, 2019, National accounts—analysis of main aggregates (AMA)

, 2019

, 2011a

, 2011b

, 2019

, 2019, GHG data from UNFCCC

, 1987

Uwasu, 2014, Analysis of energy consumption patterns and climate effects using panel data, Int. J. Autom. Technol., 8, 626, 10.20965/ijat.2014.p0626

Valadkhani, 2016, A multiplicative environmental DEA approach to measure efficiency changes in the world’s major polluters, Energy Econ., 54, 363, 10.1016/j.eneco.2015.12.018

van den Bergh, 2012, Growth, a-growth or degrowth to stay within planetary boundaries?, J. Econ. Issues, 46, 909, 10.2753/JEI0021-3624460404

Vehmas, 2003

Vehmas, 2007, Linking analyses and environmental Kuznets curves for aggregated material flows in the EU, Mater. Flow Anal. Mater. Flow Manag., 15, 1662, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.08.010

Velasco-Fernández, 2015, The energy metabolism of China and India between 1971 and 2010: studying the bifurcation, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 41, 1052, 10.1016/j.rser.2014.08.065

Vita, 2019, Connecting global emissions to fundamental human needs and their satisfaction, Environ. Res. Lett., 14, 10.1088/1748-9326/aae6e0

Vlahinic-Dizdarevic, 2012, Total-factor energy efficiency in the EU countries, Zb. Rad. Ekon. Fak. U Rijeci-Proc. Rij. Fac. Econ., 30, 247

Vollebergh, 2009, Identifying reduced-form relations with panel data: the case of pollution and income, J. Environ. Econ. Manag., 58, 27, 10.1016/j.jeem.2008.12.005

Vuta, 2018, Assessment of the circular economy’s impact in the EU economic growth, Amfiteatru Econ., 20, 248, 10.24818/EA/2018/48/248

Wang, 2013, Decoupling analysis of four selected countries: China, Russia, Japan, and the United States during 2000–2007, J. Ind. Ecol., 17, 618, 10.1111/jiec.12005

Wang, 2014, Estimation of resource productivity and efficiency: an extended evaluation of sustainability related to material flow, Sustainability, 6, 6070, 10.3390/su6096070

Wang, 2019, Measuring environmental efficiency through the lens of technology heterogeneity: a comparative study between China and the G20, Sustainability, 11, 461, 10.3390/su11020461

Wang, 2017, The driving forces of material use in China: an index decomposition analysis, Resour. Policy, 52, 336, 10.1016/j.resourpol.2017.04.011

Ward, 2016, Is decoupling gdp growth from environmental impact possible?, PLoS One, 11, 10.1371/journal.pone.0164733

Warr, 2011, Resource efficiency as a driver of growth: the case of Japan, Fuel Efficiency, 35

Warr, 2010, Energy use and economic development: A comparative analysis of useful work supply in Austria, Japan, the United Kingdom and the US during 100 years of economic growth, Ecol. Econ., 69, 1904, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2010.03.021

Warr, 2012, Useful work and information as drivers of economic growth, Ecol. Econ., 73, 93, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.09.006

Warr, 2008, Long term trends in resource exergy consumption and useful work supplies in the UK, 1900 to 2000, Ecol. Econ., 68, 126, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.02.019

Warr, 2010, Evidence of causality between the quantity and quality of energy consumption and economic growth, Energy, 35, 1688, 10.1016/j.energy.2009.12.017

Watari, 2019, Total material requirement for the global energy transition to 2050: A focus on transport and electricity, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 148, 91, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.05.015

Weinzettel, 2011, Structural decomposition analysis of raw material consumption: the case of the Czech Republic, J. Ind. Ecol., 15, 893, 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2011.00378.x

Weisz, 2006, The physical economy of the European Union: cross-country comparison and determinants of material consumption, Ecol. Econ., 58, 676, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.08.016

Wenzlik, 2015, What drives Austrian raw material consumption?: A structural decomposition analysis for the years 1995 to 2007, J. Ind. Ecol., 19, 814, 10.1111/jiec.12341

West, 2013, Material use and material efficiency in Latin America and the Caribbean, Ecol. Econ., 94, 19, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.06.015

West, 2018, Explanatory variables for national socio‐metabolic profiles and the question of forecasting national material flows in a globalized economy, J. Ind. Ecol., 22, 1451, 10.1111/jiec.12671

West, 2013

West, 2014, Patterns of change in material use and material efficiency in the successor states of the former Soviet Union, Ecol. Econ., 105, 211, 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.06.013

Wiedenhofer, 2020, A systematic review of the evidence on decoupling of economic growth, resource use and GHG emissions, part I: bibliometric and conceptual mapping, Environ. Res. Lett., 15, 10.1088/1748-9326/ab8429

Wiedmann, 2018, Environmental and social footprints of international trade, Nat. Geosci., 11, 314, 10.1038/s41561-018-0113-9

Wiedmann, 2015, The material footprint of nations, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 112, 6271, 10.1073/pnas.1220362110

Wood, 2019a, Beyond peak emission transfers: historical impacts of globalization and future impacts of climate policies on international emission transfers, Clim. Policy, 0, 1, 10.1080/14693062.2019.1619507

Wood, 2009, A material history of Australia: evolution of material intensity and drivers of change, J. Ind. Ecol., 13, 847, 10.1111/j.1530-9290.2009.00177.x

Wood, 2019b, Variation in trends of consumption based carbon accounts, Sci. Data, 6, 1, 10.1038/s41597-019-0102-x

Wood, 2018, Growth in environmental footprints and environmental impacts embodied in trade: resource efficiency indicators from EXIOBASE3, J. Ind. Ecol., 22, 553, 10.1111/jiec.12735

, 2012, 10.1596/978-0-8213-9551-6

, 2019a

, 2019b

Wu, 2019, Does economic recession reduce material use? Empirical evidence based on 157 economies worldwide, J. Clean. Prod., 214, 823, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.015

Xu, 2007, Material flows and economic growth in developing China, J. Ind. Ecol., 11, 121, 10.1162/jiec.2007.1105

Xu, 2014, Changes of energy-related GHG emissions in China: an empirical analysis from sectoral perspective, Appl. Energy, 132, 298, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.07.025

Yabar, 2012, Comparative assessment of the co-evolution of environmental indicator systems in Japan and China, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 61, 43, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.12.012

Yang, 2017, Study of the relationship between greenhouse gas emissions and the economic growth of Russia based on the environmental Kuznets curve, Appl. Energy, 193, 162, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.02.034

Yao, 2019, Renewable energy, carbon emission and economic growth: a revised environmental Kuznets curve perspective, J. Clean. Prod., 235, 1338, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.07.069

Yu, 2012, The influential factors of China’s regional energy intensity and its spatial linkages: 1988–2007, Energy Policy, 45, 583, 10.1016/j.enpol.2012.03.009

Yu, 2013, Eco-efficiency trends in China, 1978–2010: decoupling environmental pressure from economic growth, Ecol. Indic., 24, 177, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.06.007

Zaman, 2017, Energy-water-food nexus under financial constraint environment: good, the bad, and the ugly sustainability reforms in sub-Saharan African countries, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 24, 13358, 10.1007/s11356-017-8961-1

Zhao, 2017, Analysis of eco-efficiency based on material flow, J. Interdiscip. Math., 20, 649, 10.1080/09720502.2016.1259857