A systematic review of sustainable gold extraction from raw ores using alternative leaching reagents

Abols, 2008, 1 Adhikari, 2008, Recovery of precious metals by using chemically modified waste paper, New J. Chem., 32, 1634, 10.1039/b802946f Ahtiainen, 2019, Cyanide-free gold leaching in exceptionally mild chloride solutions, J. Clean. Prod., 234, 9, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.197 Amachi, 2008, Microbial contribution to global iodine cycling: volatilization, accumulation, reduction, oxidation, and sorption of iodine, Microbes Environ., 23, 269, 10.1264/jsme2.ME08548 Amankwah, 2005, A two-stage bacterial pretreatment process for double refractory gold ores, Miner. Eng., 18, 103, 10.1016/j.mineng.2004.05.009 Ambrós, 2020, Jigging: a review of fundamentals and future directions, Minerals, 10, 998, 10.3390/min10110998 Andrade, 2017, Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis applied to gold mining effluent treatment and reuse, Brazilian J. Chem. Eng., 34, 93, 10.1590/0104-6632.20170341s20150082 Aplan, 2003, Chapter 6 - Gravity Concentration, 188 Areas, W., 2020. BioHeap. https://www.westernareas.com.au/growth-projects/bio-heap (accessed 9.15.20). Aveston, 1958, 48. Adsorption of gold from cyanide solutions by anionic resins, J. Chem. Soc., 231, 10.1039/jr9580000231 Aylmore, 2016, Chapter 27 - alternative lixiviants to cyanide for leaching gold ores, in: adams, M.D.B.T.-G.O.P. (Second E. (Ed.), Elsevier, 447 Aylmore, 2001, Thiosulfate leaching of gold - a review, Miner. Eng., 14, 135, 10.1016/S0892-6875(00)00172-2 Bachiller, 2004, Cyanide recovery by ion exchange from gold ore waste effluents containing copper, Miner. Eng., 17, 767, 10.1016/j.mineng.2004.01.001 Barbosa, 1994, Leaching of Gold in the Thiocyanute Solutions, Inst. Min. Metall., 102, 105 Bazin, 2014, Size recovery curves of minerals in industrial spirals for processing iron oxide ores, Miner. Eng., 65, 115, 10.1016/j.mineng.2014.05.012 Beckman, 2004, BioLix - An alternative to cyanide for the extraction of precious metals from ore, Australas. Inst. Min. Metall. Publ. Ser., 107 Birich, 2019, Kinetic investigation and dissolution behavior of cyanide alternative gold leaching reagents, Sci. Rep., 9, 7191, 10.1038/s41598-019-43383-4 Bisceglie, 2017, Reduction of potassium cyanide usage in a consolidated industrial process for gold recovery from wastes and scraps, J. Clean. Prod., 142, 1810, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.11.103 Blumer, 2000, Mechanism, regulation, and ecological role of bacterial cyanide biosynthesis, Arch. Microbiol., 173, 170, 10.1007/s002039900127 Brehm, 2005, The role of microorganisms and biofilms in the breakdown and dissolution of quartz and glass, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 219, 117, 10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.10.017 Brennecke, 2001, Ionic liquids: innovative fluids for chemical processing, AIChE J, 47, 2384, 10.1002/aic.690471102 Brierley, 2013, Progress in bioleaching: part B: applications of microbial processes by the minerals industries, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 97, 7543, 10.1007/s00253-013-5095-3 Bulatovic, 2010, Flotation of gold ores, in: Handbook of Flotation Reagents: Chem., Theory and Practice. Elsevier Sci., 1 Bulatovic, 2007 Burford, 2003, Fungal involvement in bioweathering and biotransformation of rocks and minerals, Mineral. Mag., 67, 1127, 10.1180/0026461036760154 Celep, 2011, Optimization of some parameters of stirred mill for ultra-fine grinding of refractory Au/Ag ores, Powder Technol, 208, 121, 10.1016/j.powtec.2010.12.009 Chen, 2020, Research and application of a Knelson concentrator: a review, Miner. Eng., 152, 10.1016/j.mineng.2020.106339 Chen, 2020, The use of new modified activated carbon in thiosulfate solution: a green gold recovery technology, Sep. Purif. Technol., 230, 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115834 Choi, 2020, Sequential recovery of gold and copper from bioleached wastewater using ion exchange resins, Environ. Pollut., 266, 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115167 Choi, 2017, Microwave pretreatment for thiourea leaching for gold concentrate, Metals (Basel), 7, 404, 10.3390/met7100404 Ciftci, 2010, Effect of biooxidation conditions on cyanide consumption and gold recovery from a refractory gold concentrate, Hydrometallurgy, 104, 142, 10.1016/j.hydromet.2010.05.010 Clifford, 1983, The determinants of divalent/monovalent selectivity in anion exchangers, React. Polym. Ion Exch. Sorbents, 1, 77, 10.1016/0167-6989(83)90040-5 2017, Assessment of Member States’ performance regarding the implementation of the Extractive Waste Directive; appraisal of implementation gaps and their root causes, identification of proposals to improve the implementation of the Directive Corrans, 1991, Ultra fine milling for the recovery of refractory gold, Miner. Eng., 4, 763, 10.1016/0892-6875(91)90064-3 2019, Gold strike with thiosulphate. Resour. Mag, Issue 7 Cui, 2008, Metallurgical recovery of metals from electronic waste: a review, J. Hazard. Mater., 158, 228, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.02.001 Cutmore, 1997, Ore characterisation and sorting, Miner. Eng., 10, 421, 10.1016/S0892-6875(97)00018-6 Dadgar, 1990, Leaching and recovery of gold from black sand concentrate and electrochemical regeneration of bromine. Adv. Gold silver process Dadgar, A., Shin, C., 1990. Process for the recovery of gold. Dalm, 2017, Discriminating ore and waste in a porphyry copper deposit using short-wavelength infrared (SWIR) hyperspectral imagery, Miner. Eng., 105, 10, 10.1016/j.mineng.2016.12.013 Das, 2010, Recovery of precious metals through biosorption — A review, Hydrometallurgy, 103, 180, 10.1016/j.hydromet.2010.03.016 De Agreda, 2011, Supported liquid membranes technologies in metals removal from liquid effluents, Rev. Metal., 47, 146, 10.3989/revmetalmadrid.1062 Deventer, 2014 Edmonton, A., 2016. Iberian develops new enviro-friendly alternative to cyanide. Iber. Miner. Ltd. https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2016/07/26/1096036/0/en/Iberian-Develops-New-Enviro-Friendly-Alternative-to-Cyanide.html (accessed 1.26.21). Escobar, 2000, Arsenic precipitation in the bioleaching of enargite by Sulfolobus BC at 70  °C, Biotechnol. Lett., 22, 205, 10.1023/A:1005610226677 Fajardo, 2016, Gold Recovery process from primary and secondary resources using bioadsorbents, Intech i, 13 Faramarzi, 2020, Bioleaching of metals from wastes and low-grade sources by HCN-forming microorganisms, Hydrometallurgy, 191, 10.1016/j.hydromet.2019.105228 Ferron, 2003, Chloride as an alternative to cyanide for the extraction of gold-going full circle?, SGS Miner. Serv. - Tech. Pap Ferron, 2001, PlatsolTM treatment of the Northmet copper-Nickel-PGM Bulk Concentrate - Pilot plant results, Alta Nickel Cobalt 2001 Conference, Australia, 1 Ficeriová, 2007, Leaching of gold and silver from crushed Au-Ag wastes, Open Chem. Eng. J., 2, 6, 10.2174/1874123100802010006 Ficeriová, 2011, Leaching of gold, silver and accompanying metals from circuit boards (PCBs) waste, Acta. Montan. Slovaca, 16 Filmer, 1984, A comparison of cyanide, thiourea and chlorine as lixiviant for gold. Gold mining, Metall. Geol. Aust. Inst. Min. Metall. Fleming, 2000, A process for the simultaneous leaching and recovery of gold, platinum group metals and base metals from ores and concentrates, in: TN: TMS Annual Meeting. Nashville Fomchenko, 2010, Two-stage bacterial–chemical oxidation of refractory gold-bearing sulfidic concentrates, Hydrometallurgy, 101, 28, 10.1016/j.hydromet.2009.11.009 Ford, 1967, High temperature chemical processing via microwave absorption, J. Microw. Power, 2, 61, 10.1080/00222739.1967.11688647 Forrest, 2001, Optimisation of gold recovery by selective gold flotation for copper-gold-pyrite ores, Miner. Eng., 14, 227, 10.1016/S0892-6875(00)00178-3 Fote Heavy Machinery, 2021. Shaking Table. https://www.ftmmachinery.com/products/22-shaking-table.html (accessed 3.10.21). Fuerstanau, M.C., Miller, J.D., Kuhn, M.C., 1985. Chemistry of flotation. society of mining engineers. Gámez, 2019, Precious metals recovery from waste printed circuit boards using thiosulfate leaching and ion exchange resin, Hydrometallurgy, 186, 1, 10.1016/j.hydromet.2019.03.004 García, 2014, Purification techniques for the recovery of valuable compounds from acid mine drainage and cyanide tailings: application of green engineering principles, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 89, 803, 10.1002/jctb.4328 Garside, 2020, Gold - statistics & facts, Gold - Stat. Facts. Garside, M., 2019. Gold - statistics & facts. https://www.statista.com/topics/1204/gold/(accessed 11.16.20). Gökelma, 2016, A review on alternative gold recovery reagents to cyanide, J. Mater. Sci. Chem. Eng., 04, 8 Gomes, 2001, Gold recovery with ion exchange used resins, Sep. Purif. Technol., 24, 35, 10.1016/S1383-5866(00)00211-2 Grigg, 2014, The Pre-concentration of precious and base metal deposits using the inline pressure jig (IPJ); Higher feed grades and more metal, IMPC Grosse, 2003, Leaching and recovery of gold using ammoniacal thiosulfate leach liquors (a review), Hydrometallurgy, 69, 1, 10.1016/S0304-386X(02)00169-X Grosulak, 2017, Barrick thiosulfate leaching of double refractory ore. Doctoral thesis, University of Nevada Reno Group, J., 2017. Carbon-In-Leach. Gold Recover. https://www.jacobi.net/gold-recovery/carbon-in-leach/(accessed 1.26.21). Gupta, 2016 Habashi, F., 1999. Textbook of hydrometallurgy, 2 nd. ed. Metallurgie Extractive Quebec, Quebec. Habashi, 1969 Hendrix, 2005, Is there a green chemistry approach for leaching gold?, Pap. Sustain. Min., 2 Hilson, 2006, Alternatives to cyanide in the gold mining industry: what prospects for the future?, J. Clean. Prod., 14, 1158, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.09.005 Hosea, 1986, Accumulation of elemental gold on the alga Chlorella vulgaris, Inorganica Chim. Acta, 123, 161, 10.1016/S0020-1693(00)86339-2 Jeffrey, 2001, A kinetic study that compares the leaching of gold in the cyanide, thiosulfate, and chloride systems, Metall. Mater. Trans. B Process Metall. Mater. Process. Sci., 32, 979, 10.1007/s11663-001-0086-7 Kaksonen, 2014, The role of microorganisms in gold processing and recovery—A review, Hydrometallurgy, 142, 70, 10.1016/j.hydromet.2013.11.008 Khaing, 2019, Gold dissolution from ore with iodide-oxidising bacteria, Sci Rep, 9, 10.1038/s41598-019-41004-8 Knapp, 2014, Viable applications of sensor-based sorting for the processing of mineral resources, ChemBioEng Rev, 1, 10.1002/cben.201400011 Korte, 1995, From single-substance evaluation to ecological process concept: the dilemma of processing gold with cyanide, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 32, 96, 10.1006/eesa.1995.1091 Kotze, M., Green, B., Mackenzie, J., Virnig, M., 2016. Resin-in-pulp and resin-in-solution. pp. 561–583. 10.1016/B978-0-444-63658-4.00032-3. Kovalev, 2011, Gold-bearing arsenopyrite in eastern Kazakhstan gold-sulfide deposits, Russ. Geol. Geophys. - RUSS GEOL Geophys, 52, 178, 10.1016/j.rgg.2010.12.014 Kowalczuk, 2017, Selectivity and power of frothers in copper ore flotation, Fizykochem. Probl. Miner. - Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process., 53, 515 Kroll-Rabotin, 2013, Physical analysis and modeling of the Falcon concentrator for beneficiation of ultrafine particles, Int. J. Miner. Process., 121, 39, 10.1016/j.minpro.2013.02.009 Kuzugudenli, 1999, Alternates to gold recovery by cyanide leaching, Erc.Univ.Fen Bil. Derg, 15, 119 Kwak, 2010, Sequential process of sorption and incineration for recovery of gold from cyanide solutions: comparison of ion exchange resin, activated carbon and biosorbent, Chem. Eng. J., 165, 440, 10.1016/j.cej.2010.09.027 Lessard, 2014, Development of ore sorting and its impact on mineral processing economics, Miner. Eng., 65, 88, 10.1016/j.mineng.2014.05.019 Li, 2012, Thiocyanate hydrometallurgy for the recovery of gold.: part II: the leaching kinetics, Hydrometallurgy, 113 Li, 2013, Efficient adsorption of gold ions from aqueous systems with thioamide-group chelating nanofiber membranes, Chem. Eng. J., 229, 420, 10.1016/j.cej.2013.06.022 Liu, 2018, Thermodynamic analysis of ammoniacal thiosulphate leaching of gold catalysed by Co(III)/Co(II) using Eh-pH and speciation diagrams, Hydrometallurgy, 178, 240, 10.1016/j.hydromet.2018.05.014 Lumieux, 2013 Luo, 2006, Solvent extraction of gold from polysulfide solution, Hydrometallurgy, 82, 144, 10.1016/j.hydromet.2006.03.015 Marion, 2017, The potential for dense medium separation of mineral fines using a laboratory Falcon Concentrator, Miner. Eng., 105, 7, 10.1016/j.mineng.2016.12.008 Marsden, 2006 Melashvili, 2014, Study of Gold Leaching with Bromine and Bromide and the Influence of Sulphide Minerals on this Reaction, in: COM 2014 - Conference of Metallurgists Proceedings. Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Canada Mell, 2011, 2.73 - Ionic Liquids, in:, 999 Michaud, 2016, Gold jig & mineral processing jigs, Gold Jig Miner. Process. Jigs - Gold Extr. Gravity Conc. Michaud, D., 2015. Dense-heavy medium separation HMS /DMS Process. 911 Metall. https://www.911metallurgist.com/blog/dense-heavy-medium-separation-hms-dms (accessed 2.2.21). Michelis, 2013, Roasting and chlorine leaching of gold-bearing refractory concentrate: experimental and process analysis, Int. J. Min. Sci. Technol., 23, 709, 10.1016/j.ijmst.2013.08.015 2016, X-Leach: cyanide-free precious metals extraction, HM X-leach Mitchell, 1997, A review of gold partcile-size and recovery methods, Technic.Report Mitchell, 1997, The design, construction and testing of a simple shaking table for gold recovery: laboratory testing and field trials, Br. Geol. Survey Murthy, 2003, Extraction of gold from an Indian low-grade refractory gold ore through physical beneficiation and thiourea leaching, Hydrometallurgy, 68, 125, 10.1016/S0304-386X(02)00197-4 Nam, 2008, Use of chloride–hypochlorite leachants to recover gold from tailing, Int. J. Miner. Process., 86, 131, 10.1016/j.minpro.2007.12.003 Nanthakumar, 2007, Microwave pretreatment of a double refractory gold ore, Miner. Eng., 20, 1109, 10.1016/j.mineng.2007.04.003 Ndlovu, 2017, Mining and beneficiation waste production and utilization, waste prod. ed, CRC Press Neuvonen, 2013, Pretreatment processes in gold recovery by thiosulfate leaching, Master’s Thesis. Lappeenranta University of Technology Nielsen, 2017 Ogata, 2005, Mechanisms of gold recovery from aqueous solutions using a novel tannin gel adsorbent synthesized from natural condensed tannin, Water Res, 39, 4281, 10.1016/j.watres.2005.06.036 Oraby, 2009, Gold leaching in thiosulfate solutions and its environmental effects compared with cyanide. doctoral thesis, School of Eng. Computing Örgül, 2002, Reaction chemistry of gold leaching in thiourea solution for a Turkish gold ore, Hydrometallurgy, 67, 71, 10.1016/S0304-386X(02)00136-6 Pabby, 2004, Improved kinetics-based gold cyanide extraction with mixture of LIX79+TOPO utilizing hollow fiber membrane contactors, Chem. Eng. J., 100, 11, 10.1016/j.cej.2003.11.014 Pak, 2020, Research on chlorination leaching of pressure-oxidized refractory gold concentrate, Hydrometallurgy, 194, 10.1016/j.hydromet.2020.105325 Pangum, 1996, Pressure chloride leaching of a refractory gold ore, Miner. Eng., 9, 547, 10.1016/0892-6875(96)00042-8 Parajuli, 2008, Recovery of gold from hydrochloric acid by using lemon peel gel, Sep. Sci. Technol., 43, 2363, 10.1080/01496390802148472 Pesic, 1993, Reaction Mechanism of Gold Dissolution with Bromine, Metall. Mater. Trans., 24 Phiri, 2019, An experimental study of thee effect of temperature, pressure and flow rate on modified zadra gold elution process, Master thesis. Near East University Prasad, 1991, Modern trends in gold processing — Overview, Miner. Eng., 4, 1257, 10.1016/0892-6875(91)90171-Q Raiguel, 2020, Solvent Extraction of Gold(III) with Diethyl Carbonate, ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng., 8, 13713, 10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c04008 Reith, 2007, The geomicrobiology of gold, ISME J, 1, 567, 10.1038/ismej.2007.75 Rizki, 2019, Thiourea bioleaching for gold recycling from e-waste, Waste Manag, 84, 158, 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.11.021 Robinson, 1988, The extraction of gold from sulphidic concentrates by roasting and cyanidation, J. South African Inst. Min. Metall., 88, 117 Rod, 2008, Roasting - The neglected option, Soc. mining, Metall. Explor., 425 Salarirad, 2010, The effect of flotation reagents on cyanidation, loading capacity and sorption kinetics of gold onto activated carbon, Hydrometallurgy, 105, 47, 10.1016/j.hydromet.2010.07.009 Senanayake, 2012, Gold leaching by copper(II) in ammoniacal thiosulphate solutions in the presence of additives. Part I: a review of the effect of hard-soft and Lewis acid-base properties and interactions of ions, Hydrometallurgy, 115 2020, Pressure Oxidation, Press. Ambient Leaching. Shin, 2013, Evaluation of bioleaching factors on gold recovery from ore by cyanide-producing bacteria, Miner. Eng., 48, 20, 10.1016/j.mineng.2013.03.019 Snyders, 2015, Factors affecting the elution of Pt, Pd and Au cyanide from activated carbon, Miner. Eng., 80, 14, 10.1016/j.mineng.2015.06.013 Sousa, 2020, Assessment of separation efficiency in mineral processing using the ultimate upgrading concept - a holistic window to integrate mineral liberation data. Doctoral Thesis, Faculty of Eng. University of Porto Sousa, 2016, Thiosulphate leaching of the auriferous ores from Castromil Deposits: a case study, in: World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol. Int. J. Geol. Environ. Eng. Sousa, 2020, Pre-concentration at crushing sizes for low-grade ores processing – Ore macro texture characterization and liberation assessment, Miner. Eng., 147, 10.1016/j.mineng.2019.106156 Sousa, 2018, Bromine leaching as an alternative method for gold dissolution, Miner. Eng., 118, 16, 10.1016/j.mineng.2017.12.019 Sousa, 2017, Froth flotation of Aljustrel sulphide complex ore, Physicochem. Probl. Miner. Process., 53, 758 Suzuki, 2001, Microbial leaching of metals from sulfide minerals, Biotechnol. Adv., 19, 119, 10.1016/S0734-9750(01)00053-2 Taggart, 1945, Handbook of mineral dressing; ores and industrial minerals, John Wiley & Sons Inc Tahli, 2017, Desorption of gold and silver from activated carbon, Indones. Min. J., 20, 39 Ting, 1995, Gold uptake by Chlorella vulgaris, J. Appl. Phycol., 7, 97, 10.1007/BF00003557 TOMRA - Sorting Solutions, 2020. Sensor-based Ore sorting transforms the bottom line in gold mining [WWW Document]. URL https://www.tomra.com/en/sorting/mining/segments/non-ferrous-metal-sorting/gold (accessed 1.26.21). Trindade, 1994, Dissolution of gold in oxidized bromide solutions, Hydrometallurgy, 94, 527, 10.1007/978-94-011-1214-7_33 Tsuruta, 2004, Biosorption and recycling of gold using various microorganisms, J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., 50, 221, 10.2323/jgam.50.221 2014, Use Reduction Institute, Cyanide Compounds (TURA #1016) Ubaldini, 1998, An innovative thiourea gold leaching process, Hydrometallurgy, 48, 113, 10.1016/S0304-386X(97)00076-5 Vaughan, 2004, The process mineralogy of gold: the classification of ore types, J. Met., 56, 46 Ventura, 2018, Physical and thermal processing of waste printed circuit boards aiming for the recovery of gold and copper, J. Environ. Manag., 223, 297, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.06.019 Villalobos, 2014, Poly-thiosemicarbazide membrane for gold recovery, Sep. Purif. Technol., 136, 94, 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.08.027 Visser, 2003, Room-temperature ionic liquids: new solvents for f-element separations and associated solution chemistry, J. Solid State Chem., 171, 109, 10.1016/S0022-4596(02)00193-7 Von Ketelhodt, 2009, Sensor based sorting: new developments, in: Mintek 75th Anniversary Conference Wang, 2019, Eco-friendly leaching of gold from a carbonaceous gold concentrate in copper-citrate-thiosulfate solutions, Hydrometallurgy, 191 Wei, 2003, Room temperature ionic liquid as a novel medium for liquid/liquid extraction of metal ions, Anal. Chim. Acta, 488, 183, 10.1016/S0003-2670(03)00660-3 Wills, 1992, Mineral processing technology (5th edition), Pergamon P Wills, 2006 United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), 2010. Cyanide compounds hazard summary. https://www.epa.gov/technical-air-pollution-resources (accessed 3.10.21). Xu, B., Kong, W., Li, Q., Yang, Y., Jiang, T., Liu, X., 2017. A review of thiosulfate leaching of gold: focus on thiosulfate consumption and gold recovery from pregnant solution. Metals. doi: 10.3390/met7060222. Yannopoulos, 1991 Yeboah, 2019, Thiocyanate leaching of gold. Doctoral Thesis, The University of Br. Columbia Zhang, 2003, An electrochemical study of the dissolution of gold in thiosulfate solutions Part I: alkaline solutions, J. Appl. Electrochem., 33, 767, 10.1023/A:1025502303122 Zhao, 2012, 2.11 - Ionic Liquids, 213 Zhou, 2020, Bioleaching assisted foam fractionation for recovery of gold from the printed circuit boards of discarded cellphone, Waste Manag, 101, 200, 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.016 Zhou, 2004, Establishing the process mineralogy of gold ores, SGS Miner. - Tech. Bull, 3