A study note on the state-denoting 個 ge “GE” construction
Tóm tắt
This short paper investigates a colloquial construction in Mandarin Chinese in which a secondary predicate may be preceded by the enclitic ta (它 ta “it”) and the classifier 個 ge “GE.” The paper argues that ge heads a dependent clause, where the enclitic is the subject of the secondary predicate. Therefore, first, the classifier is not used as a counting unit in this numeral classifier language; and second, in addition to PRO, another form of the subject for a dependent clause is attested in secondary predicate construction in this language.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Bisang, Walter. 1999. Classifiers in East and Southeast Asian languages: Counting and beyond. In Numeral types and changes worldwide, ed. Jadranka Gvozdanović, 113–185. Berlin and New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Borer, Hagit. 1989. Anaphoric AGR. In The null subject parameter, ed. Jaeggli Osvaldo and Kenneth J. Safir, 69–109. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Borsley, Robert, and Kornfilt Jaklin. 2000. Mixed extended projections. In Syntax and semantics 32: The nature and function of syntactic categories, ed. Robert D. Borsley, 101–131. New York: Academic.
Bowers, John. 1993. The syntax of predication. Linguistic Inquiry 24(4): 591–656.
Bresnan, Joan. 1997. Mixed categories as head sharing constructions. In Proceedings of the LFG ‘97 Conference, ed. Miriam Butt and Tracy Holloway King. Available at http://cslipublications.stanford.edu/LFG/2. Accessed 3 December 2015.
Chao, Yuan Ren. 1968. A grammar of spoken Chinese. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
den Dikken, Marcel. 2006. Relators and linkers: The syntax of predication, predicate inversion, and copulas. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Ernst, Thomas. 1987. Durational adverhials and Chinese phrase structure. Journal of Chinese Language Teachers Association 22(2): 1–l 1.
Ernst, Thomas. 2002. The syntax of adjuncts. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Fu, Jingqi. 1994. On deriving Chinese derived nominals: Evidence for V-to-N raising. PhD dissertation. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts at Amherst.
Fu, Jingqi, Thomas Roeper, and Hagit Borer. 2001. The VP within process nominals: Evidence from adverbs and the VP anaphor do-so. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 19(3): 549–582.
Hooper, Joan, and Sandra Thompson. 1973. On the applicability of root transformations. Linguistic Inquiry 4(4): 465–497.
Hornstein, Norbert, and David Lightfoot. 1987. Predication and PRO. Language 63(1): 23–52.
Klavans, Judith L. 1985. The independence of syntax and phonology in cliticization. Language 61(1): 95–120.
Landau, Idan. 2015. A two-tiered theory of control. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Larson, Richard. 1991. Some issues in verb serialization. In Serial verbs: Grammatical, comparative and cognitive approaches, ed. Claire Lefebvre, 185–210. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Lee, Kum Young. 2009. Finite control in Korean. PhD dissertation. Iowa, IA: University of Iowa.
Li, Yafei. 1999. Cross-componential causativity. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 17(3): 445–497.
Lin, Jo-wang. 1994. Object non-referentials, definiteness effect and scope interpretation. In Proceedings of North Eastern Linguistic Society 24, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, ed. Merce Conzalez, 287–301. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts.
Lin, Jo-wang, and Niina Ning Zhang. 2006. The syntax of the non-referential TA ‘it’ in Mandarin Chinese. Language and Linguistics 7(4): 799–824.
Lin, Tzong-hong Jonah. 2001. Light verb syntax and the theory of phrase structure. PhD dissertation. Irvine, CA: University of California.
Lü, Shuxiang 吕叔湘. 1944. The application scope of ge and the deletion of yi before the unit word 个字的应用范围, 附论单位词前一字的脱落. Papers on Chinese grammar 《汉语语法论文集(增订本)》, 145-175. Beijing: The Commercial Press. 1990.
Ma, Qingzhu 马庆株. 1983. Constructions with double objects in modern Chinese 现代汉语的双宾语构造. Essays on Linguistics 语言学论丛 10: 166-196. Beijing: The Commercial Press.
Moens, Marc, and Mark Steedman. 1988. Temporal ontology and temporal reference. Computational Linguistics 14(2): 15–28.
Myers, James. 2000. Rules vs. analogy in Mandarin classifier selection. Language and linguistics 1(2): 187–209.
Ramchand, Gillian Catriona. 2008. Verb meaning and the lexicon: A first phase syntax. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Shao, Jingmin 邵敬敏. 1984. An analysis of the verb + ge + adjective structure 动 + 个 + 形结构分析. Chinese Language Learning 汉语学习 2: 50-54.
Shu, Chih-hsiang. 2012. Towards a morphosyntactic analysis of Mandarin mood/aspect marker ge. Language and Linguistics 13(4): 663–692.
Szabolcsi, Anna. 2009. Overt nominative subjects in infinitival complements: Data, diagnostics, and preliminary analyses. In NYU Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 2: Papers in Syntax, ed. Irwin Patricia and Maldonado Violeta Vasquéz Rojas. New York: NYU.
Teng, Shou-hsin. 1975. Predicate movements in Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 3(1): 60–75.
Williams, Edwin. 1985. PRO and subject of NP. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 3(3): 297–315.
Wu, Xiu-Zhi Zoe. 2004. Grammaticalization and language change in Chinese: A formal view. London: Routledge.
Wu, Yicheng, and Stephen Matthews. 2010. How different are expletive and referential pronouns? A parsing perspective. Lingua 120(7): 1805–1820.
Zhang, Niina Ning. 2015. Functional head properties of the degree word hen in Mandarin Chinese. Lingua 153: 14–41.
Zhang, Qingwen 张庆文. 2009. The grammatical status of ge in the V+ge+XP construction V+个+XP 结构中个的语法地位. Modern Foreign Languages 现代外语 32(1): 13-22.