A stalled revolution? Gender role attitudes in Australia, 1986–2005
Tóm tắt
This paper examines trends over time in attitudes to gender equality in Australia. We use data from repeated cross-sectional surveys in Australia to investigate trends in beliefs about men’s and women’s work and family roles between 1986 and 2005. We find that men are consistently more conservative than women, that younger cohorts tend to be less conservative than older cohorts, but those born between 1960 and 1980 are more egalitarian on some issues than those born after 1980. There is also evidence that the overall trend toward more egalitarian gender attitudes is most marked in Australia up until the mid-1990s with the trend flattening and in some cases, even reversing after this period. The paper concludes that there is currently a period of relative stability in gender attitudes in Australia, but with some tendency toward more conservative views.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Amato, P. R., & Booth, A. (1991). Consequences of parental divorce and marital unhappiness for adult well-being. Social Forces, 69(3), 895–914.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Australian social trends. Cat. No. 4102.0. Canberra.
Baxter, J. (2002). Patterns of change and stability in the gender division of household labour in Australia, 1986–1997. Journal of Sociology, 38(4), 399–424.
Baxter, J. (2005). To marry or not to marry: Marital status and the household division of labour. Journal of Family Issues, 26(3), 300–321.
Baxter, J., Hewitt, B., & Haynes, M. (2008). Life course transitions and housework: Marriage, parenthood and time on housework. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70(May), 259–272.
Bittman, M., England, P., Sayer, L., Folbre, N., & Matheson, G. (2003). When does gender trump money? Bargaining and time in household work. American Journal of Sociology, 109, 186–214.
Blunsdon, B., & Reed, K. (2005). Changes in attitudes to mothers working: Evidence from Australian surveys. Labour & Industry, 16(2), 15–27.
Braun, M., & Scott, J. (2009). Changing public views of gender roles in seven nations, 1988–2002. In M. Haller, R. Jowell, & T. W. Smith (Eds.), The international social survey programme 1984–2009: Charting the globe (pp. 358–377). Oxford: Routledge.
Brennan, D. (2007). Babies, budgets, and birthrates: Work/family policy in Australia 1996–2006. Social Politics, International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 14(1), 31–57.
Brewster, K. L., & Padavic, I. (2000). Change in gender-ideology, 1977–1996: The contributions of intracohort change and population turnover. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(2), 477–487.
Brooks, C., & Bolzendahl, C. (2004). The transformation of US gender role attitudes: Cohort replacement, social-structural change, and ideological learning. Social Science Research, 33(1), 106–133.
Campbell, I., Whitehouse, G., & Baxter, J. (2009). Australia. Casual employment, part-time employment and the resilience of the male-breadwinner model. In L. F. Vosko, M. Macdonald, & I. Campbell (Eds.), Gender and the contours of precarious employment (pp. 60–75). Abingdon: Routledge.
Ciabattari, T. (2001). Changes in men’s conservative gender ideologies, cohort and period influences. Gender and Society, 15(4), 574–591.
Craig, L. (2007). Contemporary motherhood: The impact of children on adult time. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Davis, N. J., & Robinson, R. V. (1991). Men’s and women’s consciousness of gender inequality, Austria, West Germany, Great Britain, and the United States. American Sociological Review, 56(1), 72–84.
De Vaus, D. (2004). Diversity and change in Australian families. Statistical profiles. Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies.
Dux, M., & Simic, Z. (2008). The great feminist denial. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.
Eisenstein, H. (1996). Inside agitators, Australian femocrats and the state. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.
Evans, M. D. R., & Kelley, J. (2002). Attitudes towards childcare in Australia. The Australian Economic Review, 35(2), 188–196.
Faludi, S. (1992). Backlash: The undeclared war against women. London: Chatto and Windus.
Gauthier, A., Smeeding, T., & Furstenberg, F. (2004). Are parents investing less time in children? Trends in selected industrialized countries. Population and Development Review, 30, 647–671.
Hewlett, S. (2002). Creating a life, what every woman needs to know about having a baby and a career. New York: Miramax.
Holtz, G. T. (1995). Welcome to the jungle, the why behind ‘Generation X’. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Inglehart, R., & Norris, P. (2003). Rising tide: Gender equality and cultural change around the world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kane, E. W. (1995). Education and beliefs about gender inequality. Social Problems, 42(1), 74–90.
Kane, E. W., & Sanchez, L. (1994). Family status and criticism of gender inequality at home and at work. Social Forces, 72(4), 1079–1102.
Lake, M. (1999). Getting equal. The history of Australian feminism. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.
Manne, A. (2005). Motherhood, how should we care for our children?. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.
Mason, K. O., & Lu, Y. H. (1988). Attitudes toward women’s familial roles, changes in the United States, 1977–1985. Gender and Society, 2(1), 39–57.
McDonald, P., Jones, F., Mitchell, D., & Baxter, J. (1999). Negotiating the life course, Wave 1 1997 [computer file]. Canberra: Australian Social Science Data Archive, The Australian National University.
Mitchell, D. (2005). Making families work. In S. Wilson, G. Meagher, R. Gibson, D. Denemark, & M. Western (Eds.), Australian social attitudes: The first report (pp. 30–41). Sydney: UNSW Press.
Morgan, S. P., & Waite, L. J. (1987). Parenthood and the attitudes of young adults. American Sociological Review, 52(4), 541–547.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2009). Society at a glance 2009—OECD social indicators. Available from www.oecd.org/els/social/indicators/SAG. Accessed 22 April 2010.
Rose, J., Baxter, J., & Hewitt, B. (2010). Time to balance: do gender, context and employment hours affect satisfaction with time pressure? Paper presented at 11th Australian Institute of Family Studies Conference, Melbourne, 7–9 July.
Sayer, L., Gauthier, A., & Furstenberg, F. (2004). Educational differences in parents’ time with children: Cross-national variations. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 1152–1169.
Scott, J. (2008). Changing gender role attitudes. In J. Scott, S. Dex, & H. Joshi (Eds.), Women and employment: Changing lives and new challenges (pp. 156–178). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Scott, J., Alwin, D. F., & Braun, M. (1996). Generational changes in gender-role attitudes, Britain in a cross-national perspective. Sociology, 30(3), 471–492.
Smock, P. (2000). Cohabitation in the United States: An appraisal of research themes, findings, and implications. Annual Reviews Sociology, 26, 1–20.
Thornton, A., Alwin, D. F., & Camburn, D. (1983). Causes and consequences of sex-role attitudes and attitude change. American Sociological Review, 48(2), 211–227.
Thornton, A., & Young-DeMarco, L. (2001). Four decades of trends in attitudes toward Family issues in the United States: The 1960s through the 1990s. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 63(4), 1009–1037.
Van Gellecum, Y., Western, M., & Baxter, J. (2008). Neoliberalism, gender inequality and the Australian labour market. Journal of Sociology, 44(1), 45–63.
Watson, N., & Wooden, M. (2002). The Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey, Wave 1 survey methodology. HILDA project technical paper series, NO. 1/02, May 2002.
Western, M., Baxter, J., & Chesters, J. (2007a). How are families managing? In D. Denemark, G. Meagher, S. Wilson, M. Western, & T. Phillips (Eds.), Australian social attitudes 2. Citizenship, work and aspirations (pp. 241–261). Sydney: UNSW Press.
Western, M., Baxter, J., Pakulski, J., Tranter, B., Western, J., & Van Egmond, M. (2005). Neoliberalism, inequality and politics national survey. Data file. Brisbane: The University of Queensland Social Research Centre.
Western, M., Baxter, J., Pakulski, J., et al. (2007b). Neoliberalism, inequality and politics, the changing face of Australia. Australian Journal of Social Issues, 42, 401–408.
Western, J. S., Boreham, P. R., Clegg, S., Emmison, J. M., & Marks, G. N. (1986). Social structure of Australia project, 1986. Canberra: Australian Social Science Data Archive.
Western, J. S., Emmison, J. M., Baxter, J., & Chant, D. (1993). Social structure of Australia project, 1993. St. Lucia: Data file held by School of Social Science, University of Queensland.
