Phân tích không gian về các mẫu phủ đất và tác động của chúng đến sự tồn tại của chim cạn trong bối cảnh biến đổi khí hậu đô thị

Alvey AA (2006) Promoting and preserving biodiversity in the urban forest. Urban For Urban Green 5(4):195–201 Anderson SH, Kelly D, Robertson AW, Ladley JJ, Innes JG (2006) S04-3 birds as pollinators and dispersers: a case study from New Zealand. Acta ZoologicaSinica 52(Suppl. 1):112–115 Anderson SH, Kelly D, Ladley JJ, Molloy S, Terry J (2011) Cascading effects of bird functional extinction reduce pollination and plant density. Science 331(6020):1068–1071 Andersson E, Barthel S, Borgström S, Colding J, Elmqvist T, Folke C, Gren Å (2014) Reconnecting cities to the biosphere: stewardship of green infrastructure and urban ecosystem services. Ambio 43(4):445–453 Andrén H (1995) Effects of landscape composition on predation rates at habitat edges. In: Hansson L, Fahrig L, Merriam G (eds) Mosaic landscapes and ecological processes. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 225–255 Baillie SM, Brunton DH (2011) Diversity, distribution and biogeographical origins of Plasmodium parasites from the New Zealand bellbird (Anthornis melanura). Parasitology 138(14):1843–1851 Baker A (1999) Food plants of Bellbird (Anthornismelanttra), Tūī (Prosthemaderanovaeseelandiae) and New Zealand Pigeon (Hemiphaganovaeseelattdiae) in Dunedin. Notornis 46:270–272 Balvanera P, Pfisterer AB, Buchmann N, He JS, Nakashizuka T, Raffaelli D, Schmid B (2006) Quantifying the evidence for biodiversity effects on ecosystem functioning and services. Ecol Lett 9(10):1146–1156 Barbaro L, Brockerhoff EG, Giffard B, van Halder I (2012) Edge and area effects on avian assemblages and insectivory in fragmented native forests. Landsc Ecol 27(10):1451–1463 Bashford A (2014) Global population: history, geopolitics, and life on earth. Columbia University Press, New York Bell R (1996) Seed Dispersal by kererū (Hemiphaganovaeseelandiae) Wenderholm Regional Park. MSc thesis, University of Auckland, New Zealand Bellard C, Leclerc C, Leroy B, Bakkenes M, Veloz S, Thuiller W, Courchamp F (2014) Vulnerability of biodiversity hotspots to global change. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 23(12):1376–1386 Botequilha-Leitão A, Miller J, Ahern J, McGarigal K (2006) Measuring landscapes: a planner’s handbook. Island Press, Washington Campbell KL (2006) A study of home ranges, movements, diet and habitat use of kererū (Hemiphaganovaeseelandiae) in the southeastern sector of Banks Peninsula, New Zealand. MSc thesis, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand. p 116 Chambers LE, Barnard P, Poloczanska ES, Hobday AJ, Keatley MR, Allsopp N, Underhill LG (2016) Southern Hemisphere biodiversity and global change: data gaps and strategies. Austral Ecol 42(1):20–30 Chauvenet AL, Ewen JG, Armstrong D, Pettorelli N (2013) Saving the hihi under climate change: a case for assisted colonization. J Appl Ecol 50(6):1330–1340 Christie JE (2014) Adapting to a changing climate: a proposed framework for the conservation of terrestrial native biodiversity in New Zealand. New Zealand Department of Conservation, Wellington Clarkson BD, Kirby CL (2016) Ecological restoration in urban environments in New Zealand. Ecol Manage Restor 17(3):180–190 Clarkson BD, Wehi PM, Brabyn LK (2007) A spatial analysis of indigenous cover patterns and implications for ecological restoration in urban centres, New Zealand. Urban Ecosyst 10(4):441–457 Clout MN, Hay JR (1989) The importance of birds as browsers, pollinators and seed dispersers in New Zealand forests. N Z J Ecol 12(suppl):27–33 Cook EA (2002) Landscape structure indices for assessing urban ecological networks. Landsc urban plan 58(2):269–280 Cooney R (2004) The precautionary principle in biodiversity conservation and natural resource management: an issues paper for policy-makers, researchers and practitioners (No. 2). IUCN Cowan PE, Chilvers BL, Efford MG, McElrea GJ (1997) Effects of possum browsing on northern rata, Orongorongo Valley, Wellington, New Zealand. J R Soc N Z 27(2):173–179 Craig J, Anderson S, Clout M, Creese B, Mitchell N, Ogden J, Ussher G (2000) Conservation issues in New Zealand. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 31(1):61–78 Cushman SA, McGarigal K, Neel MC (2008) Parsimony in landscape metrics: strength, universality, and consistency. Ecol Ind 8(5):691–703 Daehler CC (2003) Performance comparisons of co-occurring native and alien invasive plants: implications for conservation and restoration. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 34(1):183–211 Davies-Colley RJ, Payne GW, Van Elswijk M (2000) Microclimate gradients across a forest edge. N Z J Ecol 24:111–121 Davis CM, Meurk CD (2001) Protecting and restoring our natural heritage: a practical guide. Department of Conservation, Wellington Dijak WD, Thompson FR III (2000) Landscape and edge effects on the distribution of mammalian predators in Missouri. J wildl manage 64(1):209–216 Doody BJ, Sullivan JJ, Meurk CD, Stewart GH, Perkins HC (2010) Urban realities: the contribution of residential gardens to the conservation of urban forest remnants. Biodivers Conserv 19(5):1385–1400 Dramstad W, Olson JD, Forman RT (1996) Landscape ecology principles in landscape architecture and land-use planning. Island press, Washington DC Dymond JR, Shepherd JD, Newsome PF, Belliss S (2017) Estimating change in areas of indigenous vegetation cover in New Zealand from the New Zealand Land Cover Database (LCDB). N Z J Ecol 41(1):56–64 Elmqvist T, Fragkias M, Goodness J, Gu¨neralp B, Marcotullio PJ, McDonald RI, Parnell S, Schewenius M, Sendstad M, Seto KC, Wilkinson C (2013) Global urbanisation, biodiversity and ecosystem services: challenges and opportunities. Springer, Heidelberg Fernández-juricic E (2001) Avian spatial segregation at edges and interiors of urban parks in Madrid, Spain. Biodivers Conserv 10(8):1303–1316 Fleming CA (1975) The geological history of New Zealand and its biota. In: biogeography and ecology in New Zealand, Springer Netherlands, pp 1–86 Forman RTT (1995) Land mosaics: the ecology of landscapes and regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Forman RT, Collinge SK (1997) Nature conserved in changing landscapes with and without spatial planning. Landsc urban plan 37(1):129–135 Frank S, Walz U (2017) Landscape metrics. In: Burkhard B, Maes J (eds) Mapping ecosystem services. Pensoft Publishers, Sofia, pp 81–86 Given D, Meurk C (2000) Biodiversity of the urban environment: the importance of indigenous species and the role urban environments can play in their preservation. In: Stewart GH, Ignatieva ME (eds) Urban biodiversity and ecology as a basis for holistic planning and design: proceedings of a workshop held at Lincoln University, Christchurch: Wickliffe Press, 28–29 October 2000, p. 22–33 Gray ER, van Heezik Y (2016) Exotic trees can sustain native birds in urban woodlands. Urban Ecosyst 19(1):315–329 Grimm NB, Faeth SH, Golubiewski NE, Redman CL, Wu J, Bai X, Briggs JM (2008) Global change and the ecology of cities. Science 319(5864):756–760 Gustafson EJ (1998) Quantifying landscape spatial pattern: what is the state of the art? Ecosystems 1(2):143–156 Heller NE, Zavaleta ES (2009) Biodiversity management in the face of climate change: a review of 22 years of recommendations. Biol Cons 142(1):14–32 Howe L, Castro IC, Schoener ER, Hunter S, Barraclough RK, Alley MR (2012) Malaria parasites (Plasmodium spp.) infecting introduced, native and endemic New Zealand birds. Parasitol Res 110(2):913–923 Hutchison MAS (2009) Interactions between habitat fragmentation and invasions: factors driving exotic plant invasions in native forest remnants, West Coast, New Zealand. PhD thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch Innes J, Kelly D, Overton JM, Gillies C (2010) Predation and other factors currently limiting New Zealand forest birds. N Z J Ecol 34:86–114 Innes J, King C, Bartlam S, Forrester G, Howitt R (2015) Predator control improves nesting success in Waikato forest fragments. N Z J Ecol 39(2):245 Ives CD, Lentini PE, Threlfall CG, Ikin K, Shanahan DF, Garrard GE, Rowe R (2016) Cities are hotspots for threatened species. Glob Ecol Biogeogr 25(1):117–126 Jones GW, Douglass M (2008) Mega-urban regions in Pacific Asia: urban dynamics in a global era. NUS Press, singapore Jupiter S, Mangubhai S, Kingsford RT (2014) Conservation of biodiversity in the Pacific Islands of Oceania: challenges and opportunities. Pac Conservation Biol 20(2):206–220 Kelly D, Ladley JJ, Robertson AW, Anderson SH, Wotton DM, Wiser SK (2010) Mutualisms with the wreckage of an avifauna: the status of bird pollination and fruit-dispersal in New Zealand. N Z J Ecol 34(1):66–85 King CM, Hay JR, Smale MC, Leathwick JR, Beveridge AE (2015) Forests and Native Wildlife. In: The Drama of Conservation, Springer, Heidelberg, pp 19–42 Kühn I, Brandl R, Klotz S (2004) The flora of German cities is naturally species rich. Evol Ecol Res 6(5):749–764 Kupfer JA (2012) Landscape ecology and biogeography: rethinking landscape metrics in a post-FRAGSTATS landscape. Prog Phys Geogr 36(3):400–420 Landcare Research 2015. LCDB v4.1 - Land Cover Database version 4.1, Mainland New Zealand online. https://lris.scinfo.org.nz/layer/423-lcdb-v41-land-cover-database-version-41-mainland-new-zealand/ Lefcheck JS, Duffy JE (2015) Multitrophic functional diversity predicts ecosystem functioning in experimental assemblages of estuarine consumers. Ecology 96(11):2973–2983 Lepczyk CA, La Sorte FA, Aronson MF, Goddard MA, MacGregor-Fors I, Nilon CH, Warren PS (2017) Global patterns and drivers of urban bird diversity. In: Murgui E, Hedblom M (eds) Ecology and Conservation of Birds in Urban Environments. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 13–33 Linstone HA, Turoff M (2002) The Delphi method: techniques and applications. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Boston Mander CJ, Hay JR, Powlesland R (1998) Monitoring and management of kererū (Hemiphaganovaeseelandiae). New Zealand Department of Conservation, Wellington, p 44 McAlpine KG, Lamoureaux SL, Timmins SM, Wotton DM (2017) Native woody plant recruitment in lowland forests invaded by non-native ground cover weeds and mammals. N Z J Ecol 41(1):65 McDonald RI, Kareiva P, Forman RT (2008) The implications of current and future urbanization for global protected areas and biodiversity conservation. Biol Cons 141(6):1695–1703 McGarigal K. (2015). FRAGSTATS Help. http://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/documents/fragstats.help.4.2.pdf McGarigal K, Marks BJ (1995) FRAGSTATS: spatial pattern analysis program for quantifying landscape structure. USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland McGarigal K, Cushman SA, Ene E (2012) FRAGSTATS v4: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Categorical and Continuous Maps. Computer software program produced by the authors at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. http://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/fragstats.html McGlone M, Walker S (2011) Potential effects of climate change on New Zealand’s terrestrial biodiversity and policy recommendations for mitigation, adaptation and research. Sci Conserv 312:77 McKinney ML (2002) Urbanization, biodiversity, and conservation. Bioscience 52:883–890 Meurk CD, Hall GM (2006) Options for enhancing forest biodiversity across New Zealand’s managed landscapes based on ecosystem modelling and spatial design. N Z J Ecol 30(1):131–146 Meurk CD, Sullivan J, McWilliam W (2016) vegetation history and dynamics in New Zealand: future scenarios and improved trajectories: towards restoring natural patterns. In vegetation structure and function at multiple spatial, temporal and conceptual scales, Springer, Heidelberg, pp 517–528 Ministry for the Environment (2014) Climate change projections for the Wellington and Wairarapa region. Online accessed at: http://www.mfe.govt.nz/climate-change/how-climate-change-affects-nz/how-might-climate-change-affect-my-region/wellington Murcia C (1995) Edge effects in fragmented forests: implications for conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 10(2):58–62 Murgui E, Hedblom M (2017) Ecology and conservation of birds in urban environments. Springer, Heidelberg Myers N (1993) Biodiversity and the precautionary principle. Ambio 22(2/3):74–79 Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, Da Fonseca GA, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403(6772):853–858 Myint SW, Zheng B, Talen E, Fan C, Kaplan S, Middel A, Brazel A (2015) Does the spatial arrangement of urban landscape matter? Examples of urban warming and cooling in Phoenix and Las Vegas. Ecosyst Health Sustainability 1(4):1–15 Nassauer JI, Opdam P (2008) Design in science: extending the landscape ecology paradigm. Landsc Ecol 23(6):633–644 Neel MC, McGarigal K, Cushman SA (2004) Behavior of class-level landscape metrics across gradients of class aggregation and area. Landsc Ecol 19(4):435–455 Niebuhr CN (2016) Avian malaria transmission dynamics in New Zealand: investigating host and vector relationships along an elevational gradient, PhD thesis, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Norton BA, Evans KL, Warren PH (2016) Urban biodiversity and landscape ecology: patterns, processes and planning. Curr Landsc Ecol Rep 1(4):178–192 Pachauri RK, Allen MR, Barros VR, Broome J, Cramer W, Christ R, Dubash NK (2014) Climate change 2014: synthesis report. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, p 151 Parmesan C (2006) Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change. Ann Rev Ecol 37:637–669 Paton PW (1994) The effect of edge on avian nest success: how strong is the evidence? Conserv Biol 8(1):17–26 Payton IJ, Fenner M, Lee WG (2002) Keystone species: the concept and its relevance for conservation management in New Zealand. Department of Conservation, Wellington, p 29 Pedersen Zari M (2012) Ecosystem Services Analysis for the design of regenerative urban built environments: a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington Port Stephens Council (2002) Port Stephens Council Comprehensive Koala Plan of Management (CKPoM)–June 2002. Prepared by Port Stephens Council with the Australian Koala Foundation Powlesland RG, Moran LR, Wotton DM (2011) Satellite tracking of kererū (Hemiphaganovaeseelandiae) in Southland, New Zealand: impacts, movements and home range. N Z J Ecol 35(3):229–235 Rastandeh A, Pedersen Zari MK, Brown D, Vale R (2017) Utilising exotic flora in support of urban indigenous biodiversity: lessons for landscape architecture. Landsc Res. https://doi.org/10.1080/01426397.2017.1315063 Rhee J, Park S, Lu Z (2014) Relationship between land cover patterns and surface temperature in urban areas. GISci Remote Sens 51(5):521–536 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (1992) Un.Doc/CoNF.151/5/Rev.1 Rosenzweig C, Neofotis P (2013) Detection and attribution of anthropogenic climate change impacts. Wiley Interdiscip Rev 4(2):121–150 Rosenzweig C, Casassa G, Karoly DJ, Imeson A, Liu C, Menzel A, Hanson CE (2007) Assessment of observed changes and responses in natural and managed systems Climate change. In: Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP, van der Linden PJ, Hanson CE (eds) Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability, contribution of working group II to the fourth assessment, report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 79–131 Schindler S, von Wehrden H, Poirazidis K, Wrbka T, Kati V (2013) Multiscale performance of landscape metrics as indicators of species richness of plants, insects and vertebrates. Ecol Ind 31:41–48 Seto KC, Fragkias M (2005) Quantifying spatiotemporal patterns of urban land-use change in four cities of China with time series landscape metrics. Landsc Ecol 20(7):871–888 Sheppard CS, Burns B, Stanley M (2016) Future-proofing weed management for the effects of climate change: is New Zealand underestimating the risk of increased plant invasions? N Z J Ecol 40(3):398–405 Singh VS, Pandey DN, Chaudhry P (2010) Urban forests and open green spaces: lessons for Jaipur, Rajasthan India. Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board, Jaipur Spurr EB (2012) New Zealand garden bird survey-analysis of the first four years. N Z J Ecol 36(3):1 Stevens H (2006) Native birds in forest remnants. PhD thesis. School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Stewart GH, Ignatieva ME, Meurk CD, Earl RD (2004) The re-emergence of indigenous forest in an urban environment, Christchurch, New Zealand. Urban For Urban Green 2(3):149–158 Storch I, Woitke E, Krieger S (2005) Landscape-scale edge effect in predation risk in forest-farmland mosaics of central Europe. Landsc Ecol 20(8):927–940 Sullivan JJ, Meurk C, Whaley KJ, Simcock R (2009) Restoring native ecosystems in urban Auckland: urban soils, isolation, and weeds as impediments to forest establishment. N Z J Ecol 33(1):60–71 Tan PY, Jim CY (eds) (2017) Greening cities: forms and functions. Springer, Heidelberg Taylor S, Kumar L (2016) Global climate change impacts on pacific islands terrestrial biodiversity: a review. Trop Conserv Sci 9(1):203–223 Taylor S, Castro I, Griffiths R (2005) Hihi/stitchbird (Notiomystiscincta) recovery plan 2004–09 Threatened Species Recovery Plan 54. Department of Conservation, Wellington Temple SA (1986) Predicting impacts of habitat fragmentation on Forest birds: a comparison of two models. In: Verbe J, Morrison ML, Ralph CJ (eds) Modelling habitat relationships of terrestrial vertebrates. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, pp 301–304 Tennyson AJD, Martinson P (2006) Extinct birds of New Zealand. Te Papa Press, Wellington Towns DR, Daugherty CH (1994) Patterns of range contractions and extinctions in the New Zealand herpetofauna following human colonisation. N Z J zool 21(4):325–339 Turner MG (1989) Landscape ecology: the effect of pattern on process. Annu Rev Ecol Syst 20(1):171–197 Turner MG, Gardner RH, O’neill RV (2001) Landscape ecology in theory and practice. Springer, New York Urban MC (2015) Accelerating extinction risk from climate change. Science 348(6234):571–573 Uuemaa E, Mander Ü, Marja R (2013) Trends in the use of landscape spatial metrics as landscape indicators: a review. Ecol Ind 28:100–106 Walz U, Hoechstetter S, Drăguţ L, Blaschke T (2016) Integrating time and the third spatial dimension in landscape structure analysis. Landsc Res 41(3):279–293 Wang X, Blanchet FG, Koper N (2014) Measuring habitat fragmentation: an evaluation of landscape pattern metrics. Methods Ecol Evol 5(7):634–646 Wellington City Council (2015) Wellington urban growth plan. Wellington City Council, Wellington Williams PA (2011) Secondary succession through non-native dicotyledonous woody plants in New Zealand. N Z Nat Sci 36:73–91 Wiser SK, Allen RB (2006) What controls invasion of indigenous forests by alien plants? In: Allen RB, Lee WG (eds) Biological invasions in New Zealand. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 195–209 Wotton DM (2007) Consequences of dispersal failure: kereru and large seeds in New Zealand. PhD thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand Wotton DM, Kelly D (2012) Do larger frugivores move seeds further? Body size, seed dispersal distance, and a case study of a large, sedentary pigeon. J Biogeogr 39(11):1973–1983 Wotton DM, McAlpine KG (2013) Predicting native plant succession through woody weeds in New Zealand. Department of conservation Research and Development Series, 336, Wellington Wyman TE, Kelly D (2017) Quantifying seed dispersal by birds and possums in a lowland New Zealand forest. N Z J Ecol 41(1):47–55 Young A, Mitchell N (1994) Microclimate and vegetation edge effects in a fragmented podocarp-broadleaf forest in New Zealand. Biol Cons 67(1):63–72