A simple unified theory for flow in the canopy and roughness sublayer

Ayotte KW, Finnigan JJ, Raupach MR (1999) A second-order closure for neutrally stratified vegetative canopies. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 90:189–216

Baldocchi D, Finnigan J, Wilson K, Paw UKT, Falge E (2000) On measuring net ecosystem carbon exchange over tall vegetation on complex terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 96:257–291

Belcher SE, Jerram N, Hunt JCR (2003) Adjustment of a turbulent boundary layer to a canopy of roughness elements. J Fluid Mech 488:369–398

Bohm M, Finnigan JJ, Raupach MR (2000) Dispersive fluxes and canopy flows: Just how important are they? In: Proceedings of the 24th conference on agricultural and forest meteorology. Amer Meteorol Soc Davis CA pp 106–107

Brunet Y, Irvine IR (2000) The control of coherent eddies in vegetation canopies: Streamwise structure spacing, canopy shear scale and atmopsheric stability. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 94:139–163

Cellier P, Brunet Y (1992) Flux–gradient relationships above tall plant canopies. Agric For Meteorol 58:93–117

Chen F, Schwerdtfeger P (1989) Flux–gradient relationships for momentum and heat over a rough natural surface. Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc 115:335–352

Cionco RM (1965) A mathematical model for air flow in a vegetative canopy. J Appl Meteorol 4:517–522

Cowan IR (1968) Mass, heat and momentum exchange between stands of plants and their atmospheric environment. Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc 94:523–544

Finnigan JJ (1985) Turbulent transport in flexible canopies. In: Hutchison BA, Hicks BB (eds) The forest-atmosphere interaction. Reidel, Dordrecht, The Netherlanbs, pp 443–480

Finnigan JJ (2000) Turbulence in plant canopies. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 32:519–571

Finnigan J (2004) Advection and modelling. In: Lee X, Massman W, Law B (eds): Handbook of micrometeorology. A guide for surface flux measurement and analysis, vol 29 of Atmospheric and oceanographic sciences library. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Chapt. 10, pp 209–244

Finnigan JJ, Brunet Y (1995) Turbulent airflow in forests on flat and hilly terrain. In: Coutt MP, Grace J (eds): Wind and trees. Cambridge University Press, UK, pp 3–40

Finnigan JJ, Leuning R (2000) Long term measurements-coordinate systems and averaging. In: Proceedings of the international workshop for advanced flux network and flux evaluation pp 51–56

Finnigan JJ, Clement R, Malhi Y, Leuning R, Cleugh HA (2003) A re-evaluation of long-term flux measurement techniques. Part I: Averaging and coordinate rotation. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 107:1–48

Finnigan JJ, Belcher SE (2004) Flow over a hill covered with a plant canopy. Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc 130:1–29

Finnigan JJ, Shaw RH (2000) A wind tunnel study of air flow in waving-wheat: An EOF analysis of the structure of the large-eddy motion. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 96:211–255

Garratt JR (1980) Surface influence on vertical profiles in the atmospheric near-surface layer. Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc 106:803–819

Garratt JR (1983) Surface influence upon vertical profiles in the nocturnal boundary layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 26:69–80

Garratt JR (1992) The atmospheric boundary layer. Cambridge University Press, UK, 316 pp

Graefe J (2004) Roughness layer corrections with emphasis on SVAT model applications. Agric For Meteorol 124:237–251

Hoerner SF (ed) (1965) Fluid-dynamic drag: practical information on aerodynamic drag and hydrodynamic resistance, Chapt. II–VI, pp 2-1–6–20

Högström U (1996) Review of some basic characteristics of the atmospheric surface layer. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 78:215–246

Inoue E (1963) On the turbulent structure of airflow within crop canopies. J Meteorol Soc Japan 41:317–326

Jackson PS (1981) On the displacement height in the logarithmic velocity profile. J Fluid Mech 111:15–25

Kader BA, Yaglom AM (1990) Mean field and fluctuating moments in unstably stratified turbulent boundary layers. J Fluid Mech 212:637–662

Katul GG, Albertson JD (1998) An investigation of higher-order closure models for a forested canopy. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 89:47–74

Katul G, Hsieh C-I, Kuhn G, Ellsworth D, Nie D (1997) Turbulent eddy motion at the forest- atmosphere interface. J Geophys Res 102(D12):13409–13421

Katul GG, Mahrt L, Poggi D, Sanz C (2004) One- and two-equation models for canopy turbulence. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 113:81–109

Lee X (2003) Fetch and footprint of turbulent fluxes over vegetative stands with elevated sources. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 107:561–579

Leuning R, Cleugh HA, Zegelin SJ, Hughes D (2005) Carbon and water fluxes over a temperate Eucalyptus forest and a tropical wet/dry savanna in Australia: measurements and comparison with MODIS remote sensing estimates. Agric For Meteorol 129:151–173

Mölder M, Grelle A, Lindroth A, Halldin S (1999) Flux-profile relationships over a boreal forest—roughness sublayer corrections. Agric For Meteorol 98–99:645–658

Nieuwstadt FTM (1984) The turbulent structure of the stable, nocturnal boundary layer. J Atmos Sci 41:2202–2216

Physick WL, Garratt JR (1995) Incorporation of a high-roughness lower boundary into a mesoscale model for studies of dry deposition over complex terrain. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 74:55–71

Poggi D, Katul GG, Albertson JD (2004a) A note on the contribution of dispersive fluxes to momentum transfer within canopies. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 111:615–621

Poggi D, Porporato A, Ridolfi L, Albertson JD, Katul GG (2004b) The effect of vegetation density on canopy sub-layer influence. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 111:565–587

Rannik Ü, Markkanen T, Raittila J, Hari P, Vesala T (2003) Turbulence statistics inside and over forest: Influence on footprint prediction. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 109:163–189

Raupach MR (1989) A practical Lagrangian method for relating scalar concentrations to source distributions in vegetation canopies. Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc 115:609–632

Raupach MR (1992) Drag and drag partition on rough surfaces. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 60:375–395

Raupach MR (1994) Simplified expressions for vegetation roughness length and zero-plane displacement as functions of canopy height and area index. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 71:211–216

Raupach MR, Thom AS (1981) Turbulence in and above plant canopies. Annu Rev Fluid Mech 13:97–129

Raupach MR, Shaw RH (1982) Averaging procedures for flow within vegetation canopies. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 22:79–90

Raupach MR, Finnigan JJ, Brunet Y (1996) Coherent eddies and turbulence in vegetation canopies: The mixing layer analogy. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 78:351–382

Seginer I (1974) Aerodynamic roughness of vegetated surfaces. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 5:383–393

Shaw RH, Den Hartog G, Neumann HH (1988) Influence of foliar density and thermal stability in profiles of Reynolds stress and turbulence intensity in a deciduous forest. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 45:391–409

Shaw RH, Finnigan JJ, Patton EG, Fitzmaurice L (2006) Eddy structure near the plant interface. In: Proceedings of the 17th symposium on boundary layers and turbulenceAmer Meteorol Soc, San Diego, CA, J2.1

Simpson IJ, Thurtell GW, Neumann HH, Den Hartog G, Edwards GC (1998) The validity of similarity theory in the roughness sublayer above forests. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 87:69–99

Tennekes H, Lumley JL (1972) A first course in turbulence, Chapt. 1&2. The MIT Press. pp 1–58

Thom AS, Stewart JB, Oliver HR, Gash JHC (1975) Comparison of aerodynamic and energy budget estimates of fluxes over a pine forest. Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc 101:93–105

Wesson K, Katul GG, Siqueira M (2003) Quantifying organization of atmospheric turbulent eddy motion using non-linear time series analysis. Boundary-Layer Meteorol 106:507–525

Wilson NR, Shaw RH (1977) A higher order closure model for canopy flow. J Appl Meteorol 16: 1198–1205