A shear-wave sonoelastography investigation of calf muscle pump biomechanics in patients with chronic venous disease and healthy controls

Allaert, 2012, Meta-analysis of the impact of the principal venoactive drugs agents on malleolar venous edema, Int. Angiol., 31, 310 Aryan, 2019, Sonoelastography for skin evaluation in sclerodermic patients, Int. J. Prev. Med., 10, 91, 10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_43_18 Beebe-Dimmer, 2005, The epidemiology of chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins, Ann. Epidemiol., 15, 175, 10.1016/j.annepidem.2004.05.015 Bermudez, 1998, Fasciotomy, chronic venous insufficiency, and the calf muscle pump, Arch. Surg., 133, 1356, 10.1001/archsurg.133.12.1356 Botanlioglu, 2013, Shear wave elastography properties of vastus lateralis and vastus medialis obliquus muscles in normal subjects and female patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome, Skeletal Radiol., 42, 659, 10.1007/s00256-012-1520-4 Bowers, 2007, The mechanics behind the image: foot and ankle pathology associated with gastrocnemius contracture, Semin. Muscoskel. Radiol., 11, 83, 10.1055/s-2007-984418 Caggiati, 2001, Fascial relationships of the short saphenous vein, J. Vasc. Surg., 34, 241, 10.1067/mva.2001.116972 Cetin, 2016, An evaluation of the lower extremity muscle strength of patients with chronic venous insufficiency, Phlebology, 31, 203, 10.1177/0268355515577323 Chino, 2016, Measurement of gastrocnemius muscle elasticity by shear wave elastography: association with passive ankle joint stiffness and sex differences, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 116, 823, 10.1007/s00421-016-3339-5 Chiu, 2020, Utility of sonoelastography for the evaluation of rotator cuff tendon and pertinent disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Eur. Radiol., 30, 6663, 10.1007/s00330-020-07059-2 Coleridge-Smith, 2006, Duplex ultrasound investigation of the veins in chronic venous disease of the lower limbs—UIP consensus document. Part I. Basic principles, Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg., 31, 83, 10.1016/j.ejvs.2005.07.019 Crisóstomo, 2014, The use of ultrasound in the evaluation of the efficacy of calf muscle pump function in primary chronic venous disease, Phlebology, 29, 247, 10.1177/0268355512471757 Dikici, 2017, Evaluation of the tibial nerve with shear-wave elastography: a potential sonographic method for the diagnosis of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, Radiology, 282, 494, 10.1148/radiol.2016160135 Dixy, 2003, Venous disease is associated with an impaired range of ankle movement, Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg., 25, 556, 10.1053/ejvs.2002.1885 Dubois, 2015, Reliable protocol for shear wave elastography of lower limb muscles at rest and during passive stretching, Ultrasound Med. Biol., 41, 2284, 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.04.020 Durmaz, 2021, Evaluation of perforating venous insufficiency with shear wave elastography: a preliminary study, J. Ultrasound, 24, 463, 10.1007/s40477-020-00527-x Eberhardt, 2005, Chronic venous insufficiency, Circulation, 111, 2398, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000164199.72440.08 Eklöf, 2004, Revision of the CEAP classification for chronic venous disorders: consensus statement, J. Vasc. Surg., 40, 1248, 10.1016/j.jvs.2004.09.027 Fortney, 1993, vol. 53, 505 Fuschi, 2021, Shear wave elastography in varicocele patients: prospective study to investigate correlation with semen parameters and histological findings, Int. J. Clin. Pract., 75, 10.1111/ijcp.13699 Gatz, 2020, Shear Wave Elastography (SWE) for the evaluation of patients with plantar fasciitis, Acad. Radiol., 27, 363, 10.1016/j.acra.2019.04.009 Gennisson, 2013, Ultrasound elastography: principles and techniques, Diagn. Interventional Imag., 94, 487, 10.1016/j.diii.2013.01.022 Hauer, 1999, Development of endoscopic dissection of perforating veins and fasciotomy for treatment of chronic venous insufficiency, Ann. Vasc. Surg., 13, 357, 10.1007/s100169900269 Ikezoe, 2011, Atrophy of the lower limbs in elderly women: is it related to walking ability?, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 111, 989, 10.1007/s00421-010-1728-8 Joaquim, 2018, Impact of venous ulcers on patients' quality of life: an integrative review, Rev. Bras. Enferm., 71, 2021, 10.1590/0034-7167-2017-0516 Kelly, 2018, Characterization of tissue stiffness of the infraspinatus, erector spinae, and gastrocnemius muscle using ultrasound shear wave elastography and superficial mechanical deformation, J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol., 38, 73, 10.1016/j.jelekin.2017.11.001 Kumka, 2012, Fascia: a morphological description and classification system based on a literature review, J. Can. Chiropr. Assoc., 56, 179 Luomala, 2014, Case study: could ultrasound and elastography visualized densified areas inside the deep fascia?, J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther., 18, 462, 10.1016/j.jbmt.2013.11.020 Maïsetti, 2012, Characterization of passive elastic properties of the human medial gastrocnemius muscle belly using supersonic shear imaging, J. Biomech., 45, 978, 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.01.009 Miyatani, 2004, The accuracy of volume estimates using ultrasound muscle thickness measurements in different muscle groups, Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 91, 264 Padberg, 2004, Structured exercise improves calf muscle pump function in chronic venous insufficiency: a randomized trial, J. Vasc. Surg., 39, 79, 10.1016/j.jvs.2003.09.036 Park, 2011, Application of real-time sonoelastography in musculoskeletal diseases related to physical medicine and rehabilitation, Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil., 90, 875, 10.1097/PHM.0b013e31821a6f8d Pereira, 2021, Association between heel-rise test performance and clinical severity of chronic venous insufficiency, J. Vasc. Surg.: Venous Lym. Disord., 9, 285 Schleip, 2012, What is ‘fascia’? A review of different nomenclatures, J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther., 16, 496, 10.1016/j.jbmt.2012.08.001 Schleip, 2005, Active fascial contractility: fascia may be able to contract in a smooth muscle-like manner and thereby influence musculoskeletal dynamics, Med. Hypotheses, 65, 273, 10.1016/j.mehy.2005.03.005 Stecco, 2016, Fascial disorders: implications for treatment, PM&R, 8, 161, 10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.06.006 Taylor, 2018, The hemodynamic effects of pregnancy on the lower extremity venous system, J. Vasc. Surg.: Venous Lym. Disord., 6, 246 Van Rij, 2008, Obesity and impaired venous function, Eur. J. Vasc. Endovasc. Surg., 35, 739, 10.1016/j.ejvs.2008.01.006 Yoshitake, 2016, The skin acts to maintain muscle shear modulus, Ultrasound Med. Biol., 42, 674, 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.11.022