A sequential process for hydrogen production based on continuous HDPE fast pyrolysis and in-line steam reforming

Plastics, Plastics Europe, Plastics – the Facts, 2014–15; An analysis of European plasticsproduction, demand and waste data. (2015).

Butler, 2011, Waste polyolefins to liquid fuels via pyrolysis: review of commercial state-of-the-art and recent laboratory research, Waste Biomass Valori., 2, 227, 10.1007/s12649-011-9067-5

Al-Salem, 2009, Recycling and recovery routes of plastic solid waste (PSW): a review, Waste Manage., 29, 2625, 10.1016/j.wasman.2009.06.004

Wong, 2015, Current state and future prospects of plastic waste as source of fuel: a review, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 50, 1167, 10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.063

Donaj, 2012, Pyrolysis of polyolefins for increasing the yield of monomers’ recovery, Waste Manage., 32, 840, 10.1016/j.wasman.2011.10.009

Yin, 2014, Simulation of an innovative reactor for waste plastics pyrolysis, Chem. Eng. J., 237, 229, 10.1016/j.cej.2013.09.114

Al-Salem, 2014, Techno-economic assessment of thermo-chemical treatment (TCT) units in the Greater London area, Chem. Eng. J., 248, 253, 10.1016/j.cej.2014.03.053

Al-Salem, 2010, The valorization of plastic solid waste (PSW) by primary to quaternary routes: from re-use to energy and chemicals, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 36, 103, 10.1016/j.pecs.2009.09.001

Wilk, 2013, Conversion of mixed plastic wastes in a dual fluidized bed steam gasifier, Fuel, 107, 787, 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.01.068

Arena, 2009, Tar removal during the fluidized bed gasification of plastic waste, Waste Manage., 29, 783, 10.1016/j.wasman.2008.05.010

Erkiaga, 2013, Syngas from steam gasification of polyethylene in a conical spouted bed reactor, Fuel, 109, 461, 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.03.022

Toledo, 2011, Catalytic air gasification of plastic waste (polypropylene) in a fluidized bed. Part II: effects of some operating variables on the quality of the raw gas produced using olivine as the in-bed material, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 50, 11815, 10.1021/ie200145p

Ahmed, 2011, Characteristics of syngas from co-gasification of polyethylene and woodchips, Appl. Energy, 88, 165, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.07.007

Alvarez, 2014, Hydrogen production from biomass and plastic mixtures by pyrolysis-gasification, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 39, 10883, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.04.189

Lopez, 2015, Effect of polyethylene co-feeding in the steam gasification of biomass in a conical spouted bed reactor, Fuel, 153, 393, 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.03.006

Pinto, 2003, Effect of experimental conditions on co-gasification of coal, biomass and plastics wastes with air/steam mixtures in a fluidized bed system, Fuel, 82, 1967, 10.1016/S0016-2361(03)00160-1

Friengfung, 2014, NiO/dolomite catalyzed steam/O2 gasification of different plastics and their mixtures, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 53, 1909, 10.1021/ie401893s

He, 2009, Syngas production from catalytic gasification of waste polyethylene: influence of temperature on gas yield and composition, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 34, 1342, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2008.12.023

Wu, 2009, Hydrogen production by steam gasification of polypropylene with various nickel catalysts, Appl. Catal. B, 87, 152, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2008.09.003

Wu, 2008, Effects of gasification temperature and catalyst ratio on hydrogen production from catalytic steam pyrolysis-gasification of polypropylene, Energy Fuels, 22, 4125, 10.1021/ef800574w

Wu, 2010, Pyrolysis-gasification of post-consumer municipal solid plastic waste for hydrogen production, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 35, 949, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.11.045

Czernik, 2006, Production of hydrogen from plastics by pyrolysis and catalytic steam reform, Energy Fuels, 20, 754, 10.1021/ef050354h

Namioka, 2011, Hydrogen-rich gas production from waste plastics by pyrolysis and low-temperature steam reforming over a ruthenium catalyst, Appl. Energy, 88, 2019, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2010.12.053

Park, 2010, Optimum operating conditions for a two-stage gasification process fueled by polypropylene by means of continuous reactor over ruthenium catalyst, Fuel Process. Technol., 91, 951, 10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.10.014

Elordi, 2011, Product yields and compositions in the continuous pyrolysis of high-density polyethylene in a conical spouted bed reactor, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 50, 6650, 10.1021/ie200186m

Remiro, 2013, Steam reforming of the bio-oil aqueous fraction in a fluidized bed reactor with in situ CO2 capture, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 52, 17087, 10.1021/ie4021705

Lan, 2010, Catalytic steam reforming of fast pyrolysis bio-oil in fixed bed and fluidized bed reactors, Chem. Eng. Technol., 33, 2021, 10.1002/ceat.201000169

Tsuji, 2009, Gasification of waste plastics by steam reforming in a fluidized bed, J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manage., 11, 144, 10.1007/s10163-008-0227-z

Erkiaga, 2015, HDPE pyrolysis-steam reforming in a tandem spouted bed-fixed bed reactor for H2 production, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 116, 34, 10.1016/j.jaap.2015.10.010

Lopez, 2015, Hydrogen production by high density polyethylene steam gasification and in-line volatile reforming, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 54, 9536, 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b02413

Olazar, 1993, Design factors of conical spouted beds and jet spouted beds, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 32, 1245, 10.1021/ie00018a034

Erkiaga, 2014, Influence of operating conditions on the steam gasification of biomass in a conical spouted bed reactor, Chem. Eng. J., 237, 259, 10.1016/j.cej.2013.10.018

Alvarez, 2015, Sewage sludge valorization by flash pyrolysis in a conical spouted bed reactor, Chem. Eng. J., 273, 173, 10.1016/j.cej.2015.03.047

Erkiaga, 2013, Steam gasification of biomass in a conical spouted bed reactor with olivine and g-alumina as primary catalysts, Fuel Process. Technol., 116, 292, 10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.07.008

Artetxe, 2012, Light olefins from HDPE cracking in a two-step thermal and catalytic process, Chem. Eng. J., 207–208, 27, 10.1016/j.cej.2012.06.105

Lopez, 2009, Influence of tire formulation on the products of continuous pyrolysis in a conical spouted bed reactor, Energy Fuels, 23, 5423, 10.1021/ef900582k

Lopez, 2010, Continuous pyrolysis of waste tyres in a conical spouted bed reactor, Fuel, 89, 1946, 10.1016/j.fuel.2010.03.029

Makibar, 2015, Performance of a conical spouted bed pilot plant for bio-oil production by poplar flash pyrolysis, Fuel Process. Technol., 137, 283, 10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.03.011

Kaminsky, 1995, Olefins from polyolefins and mixed plastics by pyrolysis, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 32, 19, 10.1016/0165-2370(94)00830-T

Artetxe, 2012, Production of light olefins from polyethylene in a two-step process: pyrolysis in a conical spouted bed and downstream high-temperature thermal cracking, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 51, 13915, 10.1021/ie300178e

Wang, 2012, Hydrogen-rich gas production by steam gasification of municipal solid waste (MSW) using NiO supported on modified dolomite, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 37, 6503, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.01.070

Li, 2012, Experimental study on catalytic steam gasification of municipal solid waste for bioenergy production in a combined fixed bed reactor, Biomass Bioenergy, 46, 174, 10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.08.026

Luo, 2012, Syngas production by catalytic steam gasification of municipal solid waste in fixed-bed reactor, Energy, 44, 391, 10.1016/j.energy.2012.06.016

Wu, 2009, Hydrogen production from the pyrolysis/gasification of polypropylene: influence of steam flow rate, carrier gas flow rate and gasification temperature, Energy Fuels, 23, 5055, 10.1021/ef900278w

Wu, 2009, Hydrogen production from the pyrolysis-gasification of polypropylene: influence of steam flow rate, carrier gas flow rate and gasification temperature, Energy Fuels, 23, 5055, 10.1021/ef900278w

Donatelli, 2010, High energy syngas production by waste tyres steam gasification in a rotary kiln pilot plant, experimental and numerical investigations, Fuel, 89, 2721, 10.1016/j.fuel.2010.03.040