A review on electrospun nanofibers for photocatalysis: Upcoming technology for energy and environmental remediation applications

Whang, 2018, Front cover: artificial photosynthesis: learning from nature (ChemPhotoChem 3/2018), ChemPhotoChem, 2, 105, 10.1002/cptc.201800046 Kudo, 2009, Heterogeneous photocatalyst materials for water splitting, Chem. Soc. Rev., 38, 253, 10.1039/B800489G Ciamician, 1912, The photochemistry of the future, Science (80-.)., 36, 385, 10.1126/science.36.926.385 Fujishima, 1972, Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode, Nature, 238, 37, 10.1038/238037a0 Kim, 1997, Study on secondary reaction and fate of hazardous chemicals by oxidants, Water Sci. Technol., 36, 325, 10.2166/wst.1997.0461 Echigo, 1996, Comparison between O3/VUV, O3/H2O2, VUV and O3 processes for the decomposition of organophosphoric acid triesters, Water Sci. Technol., 34, 81, 10.2166/wst.1996.0182 Vorontsov, 2004, Selectivity of photocatalytic oxidation of gaseous ethanol over pure and modified TiO2, J. Catal., 221, 102, 10.1016/j.jcat.2003.09.011 Hakki, 2013, Factors affecting the selectivity of the photocatalytic conversion of nitroaromatic compounds over TiO 2 to valuable nitrogen-containing organic compounds, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 15, 2992, 10.1039/c2cp44153e Hu, 1999, The effect of water treatment processes on the biological stability of potable water, Water Res., 33, 2587, 10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00482-5 Suri, 1993, Heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of hazardous organic contaminants in water, Water Environ. Res., 65, 665, 10.2175/WER.65.5.9 Liu, 2012, UV-and visible-light photocatalytic activity of simultaneously deposited and doped Ag/Ag (I)-TiO2 photocatalyst, J. Phys. Chem. C, 116, 17721, 10.1021/jp305774n Kanakaraju, 2014, Titanium dioxide photocatalysis for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment, Environ. Chem. Lett., 12, 27, 10.1007/s10311-013-0428-0 Chong, 2010, Recent developments in photocatalytic water treatment technology: a review, Water Res., 44, 2997, 10.1016/j.watres.2010.02.039 Pincella, 2014, A visible light-driven plasmonic photocatalyst, Light Sci. Appl., 3, e133, 10.1038/lsa.2014.14 Shang, 2019, LSPR-driven upconversion enhancement and photocatalytic H2 evolution for Er-Yb: TiO2/MoO3-x nano-semiconductor heterostructure, Ceram. Int., 45, 16625, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.05.203 Lv, 2020, Efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production using an NH4TiOF3/TiO2/g-C3N4 composite with a 3D camellia-like Z-scheme heterojunction structure, Ceram. Int., 46, 26689, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.07.141 Zhou, 2020, Fabrication of porous Cu supported Ni-P/CeO2 composite coatings for enhanced hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline solution, Ceram. Int., 46, 20871, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.05.133 Nazir, 2020, Is the H2 economy realizable in the foreseeable future? Part II: H2 storage, transportation, and distribution, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 45, 20693, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.05.241 Park, 2020, Optimal design of the distributed H2 production system with cost and safety considerations, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 45, 34316, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.01.165 Brooks, 2019, Electrospun bimetallic NiCr [email protected] nanofibers as an efficient catalyst for hydrogen generation from ammonia borane, Nanomaterials, 9, 10.3390/nano9081082 Barakat, 2016, Super effective Zn-Fe-doped TiO2 nanofibers as photocatalyst for ammonia borane hydrolysis, Int. J. Green Energy, 13, 642, 10.1080/15435075.2015.1004575 Hisatomi, 2014, Recent advances in semiconductors for photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical water splitting, Chem. Soc. Rev., 43, 7520, 10.1039/C3CS60378D Lewis, 2007, Toward cost-effective solar energy use, Science (80-.), 315, 798, 10.1126/science.1137014 Lee, 2016, Recent developments of zinc oxide based photocatalyst in water treatment technology: a review, Water Res., 88, 428, 10.1016/j.watres.2015.09.045 Liu, 2015, Metal-free efficient photocatalyst for stable visible water splitting via a two-electron pathway, Science (80-.)., 347, 970, 10.1126/science.aaa3145 Xiang, 2012, Graphene-based semiconductor photocatalysts, Chem. Soc. Rev., 41, 782, 10.1039/C1CS15172J Li, 2015, Engineering heterogeneous semiconductors for solar water splitting, J. Mater. Chem. A, 3, 2485, 10.1039/C4TA04461D Hoffmann, 1995, Environmental applications of semiconductor photocatalysis, Chem. Rev., 95, 69, 10.1021/cr00033a004 Aldana, 2001, Photochemical instability of CdSe nanocrystals coated by hydrophilic thiols, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123, 8844, 10.1021/ja016424q Fujishima, 2008, TiO2 photocatalysis and related surface phenomena, Surf. Sci. Rep., 63, 515, 10.1016/j.surfrep.2008.10.001 Liu, 2021, Enhancement of scattering and near field of TiO2–au nanohybrids using a silver resonator for efficient plasmonic photocatalysis, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 13, 34714, 10.1021/acsami.1c07410 Borges, 2016, Solar degradation of contaminants in water: tiO2 solar photocatalysis assisted by up-conversion luminescent materials, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 155, 194, 10.1016/j.solmat.2016.06.010 Rohj, 2021, Band gap reduction in ferroelectric BaTiO3 through heterovalent Cu-Te co-doping for visible-light photocatalysis, Front. Chem., 9, 10.3389/fchem.2021.682979 Bai, 2018, Synthesis of one-dimensional Bi5O7Br0. 5I0. 5 solid solution for effective real oilfield wastewater treatment via exciton photocatalytic process, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng., 91, 358, 10.1016/j.jtice.2018.05.045 Zhou, 2018, Defect-mediated electron–hole separation in semiconductor photocatalysis, Inorg. Chem. Front., 5, 1240, 10.1039/C8QI00122G Bai, 2018, Defect engineering in photocatalytic materials, Nano Energy, 53, 296, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.08.058 Emeline, 2021, Photoactive heterostructures: how they are made and explored, Catalysts, 11, 294, 10.3390/catal11020294 Bi, 2011, Facet effect of single-crystalline Ag3PO4 sub-microcrystals on photocatalytic properties, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 133, 6490, 10.1021/ja2002132 Chen, 2019, The role of polarization in photocatalysis, Angew. Chemie Int. Ed., 58, 10061, 10.1002/anie.201901361 Wang, 2016, Thorny TiO2 nanofibers: synthesis, enhanced photocatalytic activity and supercapacitance, J. Alloys Compd., 659, 138, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.10.233 Singh, 2013, Reusable electrospun mesoporous ZnO nanofiber mats for photocatalytic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon dyes in wastewater, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 394, 208, 10.1016/j.jcis.2012.12.006 Reddy, 2014, Carbon functionalized TiO2 nanofibers for high efficiency photocatalysis, Mater. Res. Express, 1, 15012, 10.1088/2053-1591/1/1/015012 Wongaree, 2016, Photocatalytic performance of electrospun CNT/TiO 2 nanofibers in a simulated air purifier under visible light irradiation, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 23, 21395, 10.1007/s11356-016-7348-z Ofori, 2015, A simple method of electrospun tungsten trioxide nanofibers with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity, Nano-Micro Lett., 7, 291, 10.1007/s40820-015-0042-8 Ma, 2014, Fabrication and photocatalytic properties of cationic and anionic S-doped TiO2 nanofibers by electrospinning, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 147, 49, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.08.004 Mu, 2011, High photocatalytic activity of ZnO− carbon nanofiber heteroarchitectures, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 3, 590, 10.1021/am101171a Kang, 2014, Visible light-or uv-activated carbon nanotube-TiO2 composite nanofibers for indoor BTEX purification, Asian J. Chem., 26, 1803, 10.14233/ajchem.2014.17361 Mondal, 2014, Photocatalytic degradation of naphthalene by electrospun mesoporous carbon-doped anatase TiO2 nanofiber mats, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 53, 18900, 10.1021/ie5025744 Chen, 2015, Multifunctional polyacrylonitrile-Z n O/A g electrospun nanofiber membranes with various Z n O morphologies for photocatalytic, UV-shielding, and antibacterial applications, J. Polym. Sci. Part B Polym. Phys., 53, 262, 10.1002/polb.23621 Galkina, 2015, Antibacterial and photochemical properties of cellulose nanofiber–titania nanocomposites loaded with two different types of antibiotic medicines, J. Mater. Chem. B, 3, 7125, 10.1039/C5TB01382H Lu, 2014, p-MoO3 nanostructures/n-TiO2 nanofiber heterojunctions: controlled fabrication and enhanced photocatalytic properties, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 6, 9004, 10.1021/am5021155 Zhang, 2011, Core/shell nanofibers of TiO 2@ carbon embedded by Ag nanoparticles with enhanced visible photocatalytic activity, J. Mater. Chem., 21, 17746, 10.1039/c1jm12965a Hong, 2012, Formation of TiO2 nano fibers on a micro-channeled Al2O3–ZrO2/TiO2 porous composite membrane for photocatalytic filtration, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 32, 657, 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2011.10.010 Liu, 2014, Flexible polyaniline-coated TiO2/SiO2 nanofiber membranes with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic degradation performance, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 424, 49, 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.03.009 Liu, 2015, Hierarchical architectures of ZnS–In2S3 solid solution onto TiO2 nanofibers with high visible-light photocatalytic activity, J. Alloys Compd., 624, 44, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.11.096 Hu, 2015, Preparation and characterization of flexible and thermally stable CuO nanocrystal-decorated SiO 2 nanofibers, J. Sol.-Gel. Sci. Technol., 76, 492, 10.1007/s10971-015-3799-9 Zhang, 2015, BiOCl nanosheet/Bi4Ti3O12 nanofiber heterostructures with enhanced photocatalytic activity, Catal. Commun., 58, 122, 10.1016/j.catcom.2014.09.021 Singh, 2016, Quantum dot sensitized electrospun mesoporous titanium dioxide hollow nanofibers for photocatalytic applications, RSC Adv., 6, 48109, 10.1039/C6RA04305D Liu, 2014, Function of NaOH hydrolysis in electrospinning ZnO nanofibers via using polylactide as templates, Mater. Sci. Eng. B, 187, 89, 10.1016/j.mseb.2014.05.004 Zhao, 2016, A novel efficient ZnO/Zn (OH) F nanofiber arrays-based versatile microfluidic system for the applications of photocatalysis and histidine-rich protein separation, Sens. Actuators B Chem., 229, 281, 10.1016/j.snb.2016.01.125 Wang, 2015, ZnO nanorod/nickel phthalocyanine hierarchical hetero-nanostructures with superior visible light photocatalytic properties assisted by H 2 O 2, RSC Adv., 5, 87233, 10.1039/C5RA15821D Zhang, 2016, Novel synthesis and photocatalytic performance of Ce1− xZrxO2/silica fiber, Appl. Surf. Sci., 382, 155, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.04.122 Liang, 2015, Synthesis of ZnFe2O4/TiO2 composite nanofibers with enhanced photoelectrochemical activity, Sci. Adv. Mater., 7, 295, 10.1166/sam.2015.2242 Bin Asif, 2015, Visible light functioning photocatalyst based on Al 2 O 3 doped Mn 3 O 4 nanomaterial for the degradation of organic toxin, Nanoscale Res. Lett., 10, 1 Galland, 2013, Cellulose nanofibers decorated with magnetic nanoparticles–synthesis, structure and use in magnetized high toughness membranes for a prototype loudspeaker, J. Mater. Chem. C, 1, 7963, 10.1039/c3tc31748j Dzenis, 2008, Structural nanocomposites, Fac. Publ. from Nebraska Cent. Mater. Nanosci., 83 Ren, 2016, A novel route towards well-dispersed short nanofibers and nanoparticles via electrospinning, RSC Adv., 6, 30139, 10.1039/C5RA26583E Tan, 2006, Mechanical characterization of nanofibers–a review, Compos. Sci. Technol., 66, 1102, 10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.10.003 Zhang, 2014, Polymer nanofibers with outstanding thermal conductivity and thermal stability: fundamental linkage between molecular characteristics and macroscopic thermal properties, J. Phys. Chem. C, 118, 21148, 10.1021/jp5051639 Lin, 2013, Nanofiber manufacture, properties, and applications, J. Nanomater., 2013, 10.1155/2013/368191 Manea, 2016, Recent advances of basic materials to obtain electrospun polymeric nanofibers for medical applications, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., 145, 32006, 10.1088/1757-899X/145/3/032006 Beachley, 2009, Effect of electrospinning parameters on the nanofiber diameter and length, Mater. Sci. Eng. C, 29, 663, 10.1016/j.msec.2008.10.037 Nayak, 2012, Recent advances in nanofibre fabrication techniques, Text. Res. J., 82, 129, 10.1177/0040517511424524 Moon, 2017, Syringeless electrospinning toward versatile fabrication of nanofiber web, Sci. Rep., 7, 1, 10.1038/srep41424 Nakielski, 2015, Hydrogel nanofilaments via core-shell electrospinning, PLoS ONE, 10, 10.1371/journal.pone.0129816 Reneker, 2008, Electrospinning jets and polymer nanofibers, Polymer (Guildf), 49, 2387, 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.02.002 Shao, 2015, Electrospun flexible coaxial nanoribbons endowed with tuned and simultaneous fluorescent color-electricity-magnetism trifunctionality, Sci. Rep., 5, 1, 10.1038/srep14052 Lin, 2005, Self-crimping bicomponent nanofibers electrospun from polyacrylonitrile and elastomeric polyurethane, Adv. Mater., 17, 2699, 10.1002/adma.200500901 De Jong, 2000, Carbon nanofibers: catalytic synthesis and applications, Catal. Rev., 42, 481, 10.1081/CR-100101954 Mirjalili, 2016, Review for application of electrospinning and electrospun nanofibers technology in textile industry, J. Nanostruct. Chem., 6, 207, 10.1007/s40097-016-0189-y Ding, 2009, Gas sensors based on electrospun nanofibers, Sensors, 9, 1609, 10.3390/s90301609 Thavasi, 2008, Electrospun nanofibers in energy and environmental applications, Energy Environ. Sci., 1, 205, 10.1039/b809074m Daniele, 2015, Microfluidic strategies for design and assembly of microfibers and nanofibers with tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications, Adv. Healthc. Mater., 4, 11, 10.1002/adhm.201400144 Teo, 2006, A review on electrospinning design and nanofibre assemblies, Nanotechnology, 17, R89, 10.1088/0957-4484/17/14/R01 Murugan, 2006, Nano-featured scaffolds for tissue engineering: a review of spinning methodologies, Tissue Eng., 12, 435, 10.1089/ten.2006.12.435 Khajavi, 2012, Electrospinning as a versatile method for fabricating coreshell, hollow and porous nanofibers, Sci. Iran., 19, 2029, 10.1016/j.scient.2012.10.037 Reneker, 1996, Nanometre diameter fibres of polymer, produced by electrospinning, Nanotechnology, 7, 216, 10.1088/0957-4484/7/3/009 Zhou, 2003, Fabrication and electrical characterization of polyaniline-based nanofibers with diameter below 30 nm, Appl. Phys. Lett., 83, 3800, 10.1063/1.1622108 Pillay, 2013, A review of the effect of processing variables on the fabrication of electrospun nanofibers for drug delivery applications, J. Nanomater., 2013, 10.1155/2013/789289 Bae, 2013, Fabrication of highly porous PMMA electrospun fibers and their application in the removal of phenol and iodine, J. Polym. Res., 20, 1, 10.1007/s10965-013-0158-9 Haider, 2013, Highly aligned narrow diameter chitosan electrospun nanofibers, J. Polym. Res., 20, 1, 10.1007/s10965-013-0105-9 Sharma, 2021, Electrospun PVP/TiO2 nanofibers for filtration and possible protection from various viruses like COVID-19, Technologies, 9, 89, 10.3390/technologies9040089 Pan, 2013, Electrospinning of nanofibers for photocatalyst, Curr. Org. Chem., 17, 1371, 10.2174/1385272811317130004 Linsebigler, 1995, Photocatalysis on TiO2 surfaces: principles, mechanisms, and selected results, Chem. Rev., 95, 735, 10.1021/cr00035a013 Moniz, 2015, Visible-light driven heterojunction photocatalysts for water splitting–a critical review, Energy Environ. Sci., 8, 731, 10.1039/C4EE03271C Guo, 2019, Fundamentals of TiO2 photocatalysis: concepts, mechanisms, and challenges, Adv. Mater., 31, 10.1002/adma.201901997 Tong, 2012, Nano-photocatalytic materials: possibilities and challenges, Adv. Mater., 24, 229, 10.1002/adma.201102752 Wang, 2019, Recent developments in heterogeneous photocatalysts for solar-driven overall water splitting, Chem. Soc. Rev., 48, 2109, 10.1039/C8CS00542G Wu, 2012, Electrospinning of ceramic nanofibers: fabrication, assembly and applications, J. Adv. Ceram., 1, 2, 10.1007/s40145-012-0002-4 Zhang, 2010, Photocatalytic and magnetic properties of the Fe-TiO2/SnO2 nanofiber via electrospinning, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 93, 605, 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03456.x Cheng, 2017, A stable and highly efficient visible-light photocatalyst of TiO 2 and heterogeneous carbon core–shell nanofibers, RSC Adv., 7, 15330, 10.1039/C7RA00546F Li, 2010, Diameter-dependent photocatalytic activity of electrospun TiO2 nanofiber, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 93, 2503, 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.03841.x Sabzehmeidani, 2021, Construction of efficient and stable ternary ZnFe2O4/Ag/AgBr Z-scheme photocatalyst based on ZnFe2O4 nanofibers under LED visible light, Mater. Res. Bull., 143, 10.1016/j.materresbull.2021.111449 Yi, 2020, Scalable fabrication of bimetal modified polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibrous membranes for photocatalytic degradation of dyes, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 559, 134, 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.10.018 Li, 2021, Directly electrospinning synthesized Z-scheme heterojunction TiO2@ Ag@ Cu2O nanofibers with enhanced photocatalytic degradation activity under solar light irradiation, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 9, 10.1016/j.jece.2021.106133 Chen, 2019, Electrospun CuWO4 nanofibers for visible light photocatalysis, Mater. Lett., 251, 23, 10.1016/j.matlet.2019.05.032 Li, 2020, Hollow SnO2 nanotubes decorated with ZnIn2S4 nanosheets for enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity, J. Alloys Compd., 843, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2020.155772 Lv, 2017, Organic salt induced electrospinning gradient effect: achievement of BiVO4 nanotubes with promoted photocatalytic performance, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 208, 14, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.02.058 Panthi, 2020, Ternary composite of Co-doped CdSe@ electrospun carbon nanofibers: a novel reusable visible light-driven photocatalyst with enhanced performance, Catalysts, 10, 348, 10.3390/catal10030348 Pantò, 2021, Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye by porous zinc oxide nanofibers prepared via electrospinning: when defects become merits, Appl. Surf. Sci., 557, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.149830 Zhang, 2021, Direct electrospinning preparation of Z-scheme mixed-crystal Bi 2 O 3/gC 3 N 4 composite photocatalysts with enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity, New J. Chem., 45, 14522, 10.1039/D1NJ02313F Wang, 2020, Facile fabrication of Mn2+-doped ZnO photocatalysts by electrospinning, R. Soc. Open Sci., 7, 10.1098/rsos.191050 Pant, 2014, Synthesis and photocatalytic activities of CdS/TiO2 nanoparticles supported on carbon nanofibers for high efficient adsorption and simultaneous decomposition of organic dyes, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 434, 159, 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.07.039 Wang, 2016, Synergistic effect of N-decorated and Mn 2+ doped ZnO nanofibers with enhanced photocatalytic activity, Sci. Rep., 6, 1 Pant, 2021, Ag3PO4-TiO2-Carbon nanofiber Composite: an efficient Visible-light photocatalyst obtained from eelectrospinning and hydrothermal methods, Sep. Purif. Technol., 276, 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119400 Li, 2012, Enhanced visible-light-driven photocatalysis of surface nitrided electrospun TiO 2 nanofibers, Nanoscale, 4, 801, 10.1039/C1NR11346A Zhang, 2009, Preparation of Necklace-Structured TiO2/SnO2 Hybrid Nanofibers and Their Photocatalytic Activity, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 92, 2463, 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2009.03223.x Cheng, 2017, Surface defects decorated zinc doped gallium oxynitride nanowires with high photocatalytic activity, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 209, 53, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.03.004 Xing, 2021, Electrospun Ceramic Nanofibers for Photocatalysis, Nanomaterials, 11, 10.3390/nano11123221 Lin, 2009, Enhanced photocatalysis of electrospun Ag− ZnO heterostructured nanofibers, Chem. Mater., 21, 3479, 10.1021/cm900225p Pant, 2020, Synthesis and characterization of ZnO-TiO2/carbon fiber composite with enhanced photocatalytic properties, Nanomaterials, 10, 1960, 10.3390/nano10101960 Duan, 2019, Electrospinning fabricating Au/TiO 2 network-like nanofibers as visible light activated photocatalyst, Sci. Rep., 9, 1, 10.1038/s41598-019-44422-w Liu, 2018, One-step synthesis heterostructured g-C3N4/TiO2 composite for rapid degradation of pollutants in utilizing visible light, Nanomaterials, 8, 842, 10.3390/nano8100842 Saha, 2021, Fabrication of electrospun nanofiber composite of g-C3N4 and Au nanoparticles as plasmonic photocatalyst, Surf. Interfaces, 26 Cheng, 2015, Enhanced photocatalytic activity in electrospun bismuth vanadate nanofibers with phase junction, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 7, 9638, 10.1021/acsami.5b01305 Li, 2011, Enhanced photocatalytic activity of electrospun TiO2 nanofibers with optimal anatase/rutile ratio, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 94, 3184, 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2011.04748.x Lin, 2010, Facile synthesis of heterostructured ZnO–ZnS nanocables and enhanced photocatalytic activity, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 93, 3384, 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.03855.x Lin, 2007, Morphological control of centimeter long aluminum-doped zinc oxide nanofibers prepared by electrospinning, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 90, 71, 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01366.x Mao, 2017, PAN supported Ag-AgBr@ Bi20TiO32 electrospun fiber mats with efficient visible light photocatalytic activity and antibacterial capability, Sep. Purif. Technol., 176, 277, 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.12.027 Chang, 2013, Fabrication of nanostructured hollow TiO2 nanofibers with enhanced photocatalytic activity by coaxial electrospinning, Mater. Res. Bull., 48, 2661, 10.1016/j.materresbull.2013.03.035 Sedghi, 2017, A one step electrospinning process for the preparation of polyaniline modified TiO2/polyacrylonitile nanocomposite with enhanced photocatalytic activity, J. Alloys Compd., 695, 1073, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.10.232 Chen, 2011, Increasing solar absorption for photocatalysis with black hydrogenated titanium dioxide nanocrystals, Science (80-.)., 331, 746, 10.1126/science.1200448 Sadeghzadeh-Attar, 2020, Photocatalytic degradation evaluation of N-Fe codoped aligned TiO 2 nanorods based on the effect of annealing temperature, J. Adv. Ceram., 9, 107, 10.1007/s40145-019-0353-1 Xu, 2015, Low-dimensional nanostructured photocatalysts, J. Adv. Ceram., 4, 159, 10.1007/s40145-015-0159-8 Wu, 2020, Enhancing visible-light driven photocatalytic performance of BiOBr by self-doping and in-situ deposition strategy: a synergistic effect between Bi5+ and metallic Bi, Sep. Purif. Technol., 253, 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117388 Chen, 2010, Semiconductor-based photocatalytic hydrogen generation, Chem. Rev., 110, 6503, 10.1021/cr1001645 Borgarello, 1982, Visible light induced water cleavage in colloidal solutions of chromium-doped titanium dioxide particles, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 104, 2996, 10.1021/ja00375a010 Jing, 2015, High photocatalytic activity of V-doped SrTiO3 porous nanofibers produced from a combined electrospinning and thermal diffusion process, Beilstein J. Nanotechnol., 6, 1281, 10.3762/bjnano.6.132 Jouypazadeh, 2021, Theoretical investigation of the water splitting photocatalytic properties of pristine, Nb and V doped, and Nb-V co-doped (1 1 1) TaON nanosheets, Appl. Surf. Sci., 541, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.148572 Shao, 2021, Electronic structure and enhanced photoelectrocatalytic performance of RuxZn1− xO/Ti electrodes, J. Adv. Ceram., 10, 1025, 10.1007/s40145-021-0486-x Shen, 2014, Preparation of doped TiO 2 nanofiber membranes through electrospinning and their application for photocatalytic degradation of malachite green, J. Mater. Sci., 49, 2303, 10.1007/s10853-013-7928-y Tsukamoto, 2012, Gold nanoparticles located at the interface of anatase/rutile TiO2 particles as active plasmonic photocatalysts for aerobic oxidation, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 134, 6309, 10.1021/ja2120647 Jain, 2008, Noble metals on the nanoscale: optical and photothermal properties and some applications in imaging, sensing, biology, and medicine, Acc. Chem. Res., 41, 1578, 10.1021/ar7002804 Wang, 2014, Nanogold plasmonic photocatalysis for organic synthesis and clean energy conversion, Chem. Soc. Rev., 43, 7188, 10.1039/C4CS00145A Fan, 2020, The role of photoluminescence induced by Yb3+/Yb2+ transformation in promoting the SPR effect in Pd/Ybn+/BiOBr photocatalyst system, Opt. Mater. (Amst)., 109, 10.1016/j.optmat.2020.110316 Gao, 2017, Plasmon enhancement on photocatalytic hydrogen production over the Z-scheme photosynthetic heterojunction system, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 210, 297, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.03.050 Zhuo, 2012, Upconversion and downconversion fluorescent graphene quantum dots: ultrasonic preparation and photocatalysis, ACS Nano, 6, 1059, 10.1021/nn2040395 Wang, 2011, Rare-earth ion doped up-conversion materials for photovoltaic applications, Adv. Mater., 23, 2675, 10.1002/adma.201100511 Gao, 2020, 980 nm NIR light driven overall water splitting over a combined CdS–RGO–NaYF 4–Yb 3+/Er 3+ photocatalyst, Catal. Sci. Technol., 10, 2389, 10.1039/D0CY00256A Xiang, 2021, High-entropy ceramics: present status, challenges, and a look forward, J. Adv. Ceram., 1 Li, 2021, Carbon-Supported High-Entropy Oxide Nanoparticles as Stable Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reactions, Adv. Funct. Mater. Chabalala, 2018, Cyclodextrin-based nanofibers and membranes: fabrication, properties and applications, 135 Kaur, 2014, The characterization of electrospun nanofibrous liquid filtration membranes, J. Mater. Sci., 49, 6143, 10.1007/s10853-014-8308-y Athanasekou, 2012, Very efficient composite titania membranes in hybrid ultrafiltration/photocatalysis water treatment processes, J. Memb. Sci., 392, 192, 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.12.028 Ma, 2010, Performing a microfiltration integrated with photocatalysis using an Ag-TiO2/HAP/Al2O3 composite membrane for water treatment: evaluating effectiveness for humic acid removal and anti-fouling properties, Water Res., 44, 6104, 10.1016/j.watres.2010.06.068 Zhang, 2008, TiO2 nanowire membrane for concurrent filtration and photocatalytic oxidation of humic acid in water, J. Memb. Sci., 313, 44, 10.1016/j.memsci.2007.12.045 Moustakas, 2014, Visible light active TiO2 photocatalytic filtration membranes with improved permeability and low energy consumption, Catal. Today, 224, 56, 10.1016/j.cattod.2013.10.063 Athanasekou, 2014, Prototype composite membranes of partially reduced graphene oxide/TiO2 for photocatalytic ultrafiltration water treatment under visible light, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 158, 361, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.04.012 Athanasekou, 2015, Ceramic photocatalytic membranes for water filtration under UV and visible light, Appl. Catal. B Environ., 178, 12, 10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.11.021 Nyamutswa, 2018, Proof of Concept for Light Conducting Membrane Substrate for UV-Activated Photocatalysis as an Alternative to Chemical Cleaning, Membranes (Basel), 8, 122, 10.3390/membranes8040122 Song, 2012, Natural organic matter removal and flux decline with PEG–TiO2-doped PVDF membranes by integration of ultrafiltration with photocatalysis, J. Memb. Sci., 405, 48, 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.02.063 Song, 2011, Nano gives the answer: breaking the bottleneck of internal concentration polarization with a nanofiber composite forward osmosis membrane for a high water production rate, Adv. Mater., 23, 3256, 10.1002/adma.201100510 Bai, 2015, Multi-functional CNT/ZnO/TiO2 nanocomposite membrane for concurrent filtration and photocatalytic degradation, Sep. Purif. Technol., 156, 922, 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.10.016 Müller, 2021, Preparation and performance assessment of low-pressure affinity membranes based on functionalized, electrospun polyacrylates for gold nanoparticle filtration, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 13, 15659, 10.1021/acsami.1c01217 Gao, 2014, Membrane surface modification with TiO2–graphene oxide for enhanced photocatalytic performance, J. Memb. Sci., 455, 349, 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.01.011 Mendret, 2013, Hydrophilic composite membranes for simultaneous separation and photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants, Sep. Purif. Technol., 111, 9, 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.03.030 Liu, 2014, MoO3-nanowire membrane and Bi2Mo3O12/MoO3 nano-heterostructural photocatalyst for wastewater treatment, Chem. Eng. J., 244, 382, 10.1016/j.cej.2014.01.070 Molinari, 2006, Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceuticals in water by using polycrystalline TiO2 and a nanofiltration membrane reactor, Catal. Today, 118, 205, 10.1016/j.cattod.2005.11.091 Lv, 2017, Photocatalytic nanofiltration membranes with self-cleaning property for wastewater treatment, Adv. Funct. Mater., 27, 10.1002/adfm.201700251 Safizadeh, 2015, Electrocatalysis developments for hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline solutions–a review, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 40, 256, 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.10.109 Yuan, 2020, A review on non-noble metal based electrocatalysis for the oxygen evolution reaction, Arab. J. Chem., 13, 4294, 10.1016/j.arabjc.2019.08.006 Tang, 2017, A review of nanocarbons in energy electrocatalysis: multifunctional substrates and highly active sites, J. Energy Chem., 26, 1077, 10.1016/j.jechem.2017.08.008 Tarasevich, 2013, Electrocatalysis and pH (a review, Russ. J. Electrochem., 49, 600, 10.1134/S102319351307015X Lu, 2019, Nanoporous noble metal-based alloys: a review on synthesis and applications to electrocatalysis and electrochemical sensing, Microchim. Acta, 186, 1, 10.1007/s00604-019-3772-3 Griese, 2008, A critical review of the electrocatalysis reported at C60 modified electrodes, Electroanal. Int. J. Devoted to Fundam. Pract. Asp. Electroanal., 20, 1507 Koper, 2004, Electrocatalysis on bimetallic and alloy surfaces, Surf. Sci., 548, 1, 10.1016/j.susc.2003.10.045 Zeradjanin, 2016, A critical review on hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis: re-exploring the volcano-relationship, Electroanalysis, 28, 2256, 10.1002/elan.201600270 Qiu, 2009, Critical review in adsorption kinetic models, J. Zhejiang Univ. A, 10, 716, 10.1631/jzus.A0820524 Maleki, 2016, Heavy metal adsorption from industrial wastewater by PAMAM/TiO2 nanohybrid: preparation, characterization and adsorption studies, J. Mol. Liq., 224, 95, 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.09.060 Huang, 2013, Preparation of amidoxime polyacrylonitrile chelating nanofibers and their application for adsorption of metal ions, Materials (Basel), 6, 969, 10.3390/ma6030969 F. Foroozmehr, S. Borhani, and S.A. Hosseini, “Removal of reactive dyes from wastewater using cyclodextrin functionalized polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous membranes,” 2016. Georgieva, 2015, Adsorption kinetics of Cr (VI) ions from aqueous solutions onto black rice husk ash, J. Mol. Liq., 208, 219, 10.1016/j.molliq.2015.04.047 Dąbrowski, 2005, Adsorption of phenolic compounds by activated carbon—A critical review, Chemosphere, 58, 1049, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.09.067 Huang, 2018, Bilayered antimicrobial nanofiber membranes for wound dressings via in situ cross-Linking polymerization and electrospinning, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 57, 17048, 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b03122 Kim, 2010, The use of nanoparticles in polymeric and ceramic membrane structures: review of manufacturing procedures and performance improvement for water treatment, Environ. Pollut., 158, 2335, 10.1016/j.envpol.2010.03.024 Yang, 2018, Behaviors and kinetics of toluene adsorption-desorption on activated carbons with varying pore structure, J. Environ. Sci., 67, 104, 10.1016/j.jes.2017.06.032 Seredych, 2009, Textural and chemical factors affecting adsorption capacity of activated carbon in highly efficient desulfurization of diesel fuel, Carbon N. Y., 47, 2491, 10.1016/j.carbon.2009.05.001 Zhang, 2018, Developing new adsorptive membrane by modification of support layer with iron oxide microspheres for arsenic removal, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 514, 760, 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.01.002 Balta, 2012, A new outlook on membrane enhancement with nanoparticles: the alternative of ZnO, J. Memb. Sci., 389, 155, 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.10.025 Koushkbaghi, 2018, Aminated-Fe3O4 nanoparticles filled chitosan/PVA/PES dual layers nanofibrous membrane for the removal of Cr (VI) and Pb (II) ions from aqueous solutions in adsorption and membrane processes, Chem. Eng. J., 337, 169, 10.1016/j.cej.2017.12.075 Ng, 2013, Polymeric membranes incorporated with metal/metal oxide nanoparticles: a comprehensive review, Desalination, 308, 15, 10.1016/j.desal.2010.11.033 Mudhoo, 2019, Endosulfan removal through bioremediation, photocatalytic degradation, adsorption and membrane separation processes: a review, Chem. Eng. J., 360, 912, 10.1016/j.cej.2018.12.055 Zhao, 2018, Nanomaterials for treating emerging contaminants in water by adsorption and photocatalysis: systematic review and bibliometric analysis, Sci. Total Environ., 627, 1253, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.006 Sudhaik, 2022, Copper sulfides based photocatalysts for degradation of environmental pollution hazards: a review on the recent catalyst design concepts and future perspectives, Surf. Interfaces, 33 Kumar, 2023, Construction of magnetically separable novel arrow down dual S-scheme ZnIn2S4/BiOCl/FeVO4 heterojunction for improved photocatalytic activity, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., 435, 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114326 Raizada, 2020, Engineering nanostructures of CuO-based photocatalysts for water treatment: current progress and future challenges, Arab. J. Chem., 13, 8424, 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.06.031 Raizada, 2019, Ag3PO4 modified phosphorus and sulphur co-doped graphitic carbon nitride as a direct Z-scheme photocatalyst for 2, 4-dimethyl phenol degradation, J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem., 374, 22, 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.01.015 Xu, 2022, A rising 2D star: novel MBenes with excellent performance in energy conversion and storage, Nano-Micro Lett., 15, 6, 10.1007/s40820-022-00976-5 Yitong Wang, 2023, Recent progress in MXene layers materials for supercapacitors: high-performance electrodes, SmartMat, 4 Li, 2023, Photocatalytic hydrogen under visible light by nitrogen-doped rutile titania graphitic carbon nitride composites: an experimental and theoretical study, Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater., 6, 83, 10.1007/s42114-023-00659-8 Li, 2021, A facile synthesis of high-crystalline g-C3N4 nanosheets with closed self-assembly strategy for enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution, J. Alloys Compd., 881, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2021.160551 Zhang, 2017, Nonlinear optical properties of metal nanoparticles: a review, RSC Adv., 7, 45129, 10.1039/C7RA07551K Zhang, 2022, Plasmon-enhanced photocatalytic overall water-splitting over Au nanoparticle-decorated CaNb2O6 electrospun nanofibers, J. Mater. Chem. A, 10, 20048, 10.1039/D2TA05332B Zhang, 2022, Molecular-level engineering of S-scheme heterojunction: the site-specific role for directional charge transfer, Chin. J. Struct. Chem., 41, 2206003 Li, 2022, S-Scheme photocatalyst TaON/Bi2WO6 nanofibers with oxygen vacancies for efficient abatement of antibiotics and Cr(VI): intermediate eco-toxicity analysis and mechanistic insights, Chin. J. Catal., 43, 2652, 10.1016/S1872-2067(22)64106-8 Lu, 2023, Electrospun semiconductor‐based nano‐heterostructures for photocatalytic energy conversion and environmental remediation: opportunities and challenges, Energy Environ. Mater., 6, e12338, 10.1002/eem2.12338