A review of research on bullying and peer victimization in school: An ecological system analysis

Aggression and Violent Behavior - Tập 17 Số 4 - Trang 311-322 - 2012
Jun Sung Hong1, Dorothy L. Espelage2
1School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States.
2Department of Educational Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Abbotts, 2004, Is going to church good or bad for you? Denomination, attendance and mental health of children in West Scotland, Social Science & Medicine, 58, 645, 10.1016/S0277-9536(03)00283-1

Aceves, 2009, Seek help from teachers or fight back? Student perceptions of teachers' actions during conflicts and responses to peer victimization, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 145, 784

Anderson, 2001, Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, aggressive affect, physiological arousal, and prosocial behavior: A meta-analytic review of the scientific literature, Psychological Science, 12, 353, 10.1111/1467-9280.00366

Astor, 2001, Elementary and middle school students' perceptions of violence-prone school subcontexts, The Elementary School Journal, 101, 511, 10.1086/499685

Atlas, 2001, Observation of bullying in the classroom, The Journal of Educational Research, 92, 86, 10.1080/00220679809597580

Bacchini, 2009, Social experience and school bullying, Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 19, 17, 10.1002/casp.975

Baker, 1998, Are we missing the forest for the trees? Considering the social context of school violence, Journal of School Psychology, 36, 29, 10.1016/S0022-4405(97)00048-4

Baldry, 2003, Bullying in school and exposure to domestic violence, Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 713, 10.1016/S0145-2134(03)00114-5

Ballard, 1999, Bullying and school violence: A proposed prevention program, NASSP Bulletin, 83, 38, 10.1177/019263659908360707

Barboza, 2009, Individual characteristics and the multiple contexts of adolescent bullying: An ecological perspective, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 101, 10.1007/s10964-008-9271-1

Bauer, 2006, Childhood bullying involvement and exposure to intimate partner violence, Pediatrics, 118, 235, 10.1542/peds.2005-2509

Baumeister, 2008, Peer victimization in children with learning disabilities, Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 25, 11, 10.1007/s10560-007-0109-6

Bender, 2001, Resisting dominance? The study of a marginalized masculinity and its construction within high school walls

Beran, 2002, Children's reports of bullying and safety at school, Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 17, 1, 10.1177/082957350201700201

Birkett, 2009, LGB and questioning students in schools: The moderating effects of homophobic bullying and school climate on negative outcomes, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 989, 10.1007/s10964-008-9389-1

Bolger, 2001, Developmental pathways from child maltreatment to peer rejection, Child Development, 72, 549, 10.1111/1467-8624.00296

Bollmer, 2005, A friend in need: The role of friendship quality as a protective factor in peer victimization and bullying, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 20, 701, 10.1177/0886260504272897

Bond, 2004, Culture and aggression: From context to coercion, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 62, 10.1207/s15327957pspr0801_3

Bond, 2001, Does bullying cause emotional problems? A prospective study of young teenagers, British Medical Journal, 323, 480, 10.1136/bmj.323.7311.480

Bosworth, 1999, Factors associated with bullying behavior in middle school students, Journal of Early Adolescence, 19, 341, 10.1177/0272431699019003003

Boulton, 1999, Concurrent and longitudinal links between friendship and peer victimization: Implications for befriending intervention, Journal of Adolescence, 22, 461, 10.1006/jado.1999.0240

Breivik, 2006, Adolescent's adjustment in four post-divorce family structures: Single mother, stepfather, joint physical custody and single father families, Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 44, 99, 10.1300/J087v44n03_07

Bronfenbrenner, 1979

Bronfenbrenner, 1986, Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives, Developmental Psychology, 22, 723, 10.1037/0012-1649.22.6.723

Bronfenbrenner, 1994, Ecological models of human development, 1643

Brookmeyer, 2006, Schools, parents, and youth violence: A multilevel, ecological analysis, Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 35, 504, 10.1207/s15374424jccp3504_2

Card, 2008, Direct and indirect aggression during childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic review of gender differences, intercorrelations, and relations to maladjustment, Child Development, 79, 1185, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01184.x

Carlson, 2006, Poverty and youth violence exposure: Experiences in rural communities, Children and Schools, 28, 87, 10.1093/cs/28.2.87

Chauhan, 2009, The impact of neighborhood disadvantage and exposure to violence on self-report of antisocial behavior among girls in the juvenile justice system, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 401, 10.1007/s10964-008-9326-3

Chaux, 2009, Socio-economic, socio-political and socio-emotional variables explaining school bullying: A country-wide multilevel analysis, Aggressive Behavior, 35, 520, 10.1002/ab.20320

Corvo, 2010, Towards an integrated theory of relational violence: Is bullying a risk factor for domestic violence?, Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15, 181, 10.1016/j.avb.2009.12.001

Craig, 2000, Prospective teachers' attitudes toward bullying and victimization, School Psychology International, 21, 5, 10.1177/0143034300211001

Crick, 1999, Relational and physical forms of peer victimization in preschool, Developmental Psychology, 35, 376, 10.1037/0012-1649.35.2.376

Curtner-Smith, 2006, Mothers' parenting and young economically disadvantaged children's relational and overt bullying, Journal of Child and Family Studies, 15, 181, 10.1007/s10826-005-9016-7

David-Ferdon, 2007, Electronic media, violence, and adolescents: An emerging public and health problem, Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, S1, 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.020

Demaray, 2003, Perceptions of the frequency and importance of social support by students classified as victims, bullies and bully/victims in an urban middle school, School Psychology Review, 32, 471, 10.1080/02796015.2003.12086213

Dinkes, 2009

DuBois, 2002, Race and gender influences on adjustment in early adolescence: Investigation of an integrative model, Child Development, 73, 1573, 10.1111/1467-8624.00491

Due, 2009, Socioeconomic inequality in exposure to bullying during adolescence: A comparative, cross-sectional, multilevel study in 35 countries, American Journal of Public Health, 99, 907, 10.2105/AJPH.2008.139303

Duffy, 2008, Peer groups, social identity, and children's bullying behavior, Social Development, 18, 121, 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00484.x

Duncan, 1999, Maltreatment by parents and peers: The relationship between child abuse, bully victimization, and psychological distress, Child Maltreatment, 4, 45, 10.1177/1077559599004001005

Duncan, 2004, The impact of family relationships on school bullies and victim, 227

Ellison, 1996, Conservative Protestantism and the parental use of corporal punishment, Social Forces, 74, 1003, 10.1093/sf/74.3.1003

Erath, 2009, Who dislikes whom, and for whom does it matter: Predicting aggression in middle childhood, Social Development, 18, 577, 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2008.00497.x

Espelage, 2002

Espelage, 2000, Examining the social context of bullying behaviors in early adolescence, Journal of Counseling and Development, 78, 326, 10.1002/j.1556-6676.2000.tb01914.x

Espelage, 2001, Short-term stability and prospective correlates of bullying in middle-school students: An examination of potential demographic, psychosocial, and environmental influences, Violence and Victims, 16, 411, 10.1891/0886-6708.16.4.411

Espelage, 2003, Examination of peer group contextual effects on aggressive behavior during early adolescence, Child Development, 74, 205, 10.1111/1467-8624.00531

Espelage, 2008, School violence and bullying prevention: From research based explanations to empirically based solutions, 588

Espelage, 2004, Gender differences in bullying: Moving beyond mean level differences, 15

Espelage, 2003, Research on school bullying and victimization: What have we learned and where do we go from here?, School Psychology Review, 32, 365, 10.1080/02796015.2003.12086206

Fantuzzo, 1997, Resiliency partnership-directed research: Enhancing the social competencies of preschool victims of physical abuse by developing peer resources and community strengths, 463

Fekkes, 2005, Bullying: Who does what, when and where? Involvement of children, teachers and parents in bullying behavior, Health Education Research, 20, 81, 10.1093/her/cyg100

Finkelhor, 1985, The traumatic impact of child sexual abuse: A conceptualization, The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 55, 530, 10.1111/j.1939-0025.1985.tb02703.x

Flouri, 2003, The role of mother involvement and father involvement in adolescent bullying behavior, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 634, 10.1177/0886260503251129

Fosse, 2002, Childhood environment of adult psychiatric outpatients in Norway having been bullied in school, Child Abuse & Neglect, 26, 129, 10.1016/S0145-2134(01)00312-X

Furlong, 2003, Reaching an American consensus: Reactions to the special issue on school bullying, School Psychology Review, 32, 456, 10.1080/02796015.2003.12086212

Garandeau, 2006, From indirect aggression to invisible aggression: A conceptual view on bullying and peer group manipulation, Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11, 612, 10.1016/j.avb.2005.08.005

Garbarino, 2002

Georgiou, 2009, Personal and maternal parameters of peer violence at school, Journal of School Violence, 8, 100, 10.1080/15388220802073928

Gini, 2008, The role of bystanders in students' perception of bullying and sense of safety, Journal of School Psychology, 46, 617, 10.1016/j.jsp.2008.02.001

Glew, 2005, Bullying, psychosocial adjustment, and academic performance in elementary school, Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 159, 1026, 10.1001/archpedi.159.11.1026

Goldstein, 2008, Relational aggression at school: Associations with school safety and social climate, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37, 641, 10.1007/s10964-007-9192-4

Griffin, 2004, Childhood bullying: Current empirical findings and future directions for research, Aggression and Violent Behavior, 9, 379, 10.1016/S1359-1789(03)00033-8

Griffith, 2005, Obesity and bullying: Different effects for boys and girls, Archives of Disease in Childhood, 91, 121, 10.1136/adc.2005.072314

Halliday-Boykins, 2001, At both ends of the gun: Testing the relationship between community violence exposure and youth violent behavior, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29, 383, 10.1023/A:1010443302344

Hanish, 2000, The roles of ethnicity and school context in predicting children's victimization by peers, American Journal of Community Psychology, 28, 201, 10.1023/A:1005187201519

Hanlon, 2004

Haynie, 2001, Bullies, victims, and bully/victims: Distinct groups of at-risk youth, Journal of Early Adolescence, 21, 29, 10.1177/0272431601021001002

Hetherington, 2003, Risk and resilience in children coping with their parents' divorce and remarriage, 182

Hirschman, 1996, Studying immigrant adaptation from the 1990 population census: From generational comparisons to the process of “Becoming American”, 54

Holt, 2007, Perceived social support among bullies, victims, and bully–victims, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 984, 10.1007/s10964-006-9153-3

Hong, 2009, Feasibility of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program in low-income schools, Journal of School Violence, 8, 81, 10.1080/15388220802067953

Hong, 2011, Students' perceptions of unsafe schools: An ecological systems analysis, Journal of Child and Family Studies

Hoover, 1992, Bullying: Perceptions of adolescent victims in the Midwestern USA, School Psychology International, 13, 5, 10.1177/0143034392131001

Huesmann, 2003, Longitudinal relations between children's exposure to TV violence and their aggressive and violent behavior in young adulthood: 1977–1992, Developmental Psychology, 39, 201, 10.1037/0012-1649.39.2.201

Hugh-Jones, 1999, Self-reports of short- and long-term effects of bullying on children who stammer, British Journal of Educational Psychology, 69, 141, 10.1348/000709999157626

Humphrey, 2007, Peer victimization in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, Journal of Child Health Care, 11, 248, 10.1177/1367493507079571

Indicators of School Crime and Safety, 2007

Janssen, 2004, Associations between overweight and obesity with bullying behaviors in school-aged children, Pediatrics, 113, 1187, 10.1542/peds.113.5.1187

Juvonen, 2003, Bullying among young adolescents: The strong, the weak, and the troubled, Pediatrics, 112, 1231, 10.1542/peds.112.6.1231

Juvonen, 2001, Self-views versus peer perceptions of victim status among early adolescents, 105

Kaltiala-Heino, 1999, Bullying, depression, and suicidal ideation in Finnish adolescents: School survey, British Medical Journal, 319, 348, 10.1136/bmj.319.7206.348

Kasen, 2004, The effects of school climate on changes in aggressive and other behaviors related to bullying, 187

Kaukiainen, 2002, Learning difficulties, social intelligence, and self-concept: Connections to bully–victim problems, Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 43, 269, 10.1111/1467-9450.00295

Kennedy, 2004, Attachment theory: Implication for school psychology, Psychology in the Schools, 41, 247, 10.1002/pits.10153

Khoury-Kassabri, 2004, The contributions of community, family, and school variables to student victimization, American Journal of Community Psychology, 34, 187, 10.1007/s10464-004-7414-4

Klomek, 2007, Bullying, depression, and suicidality in adolescents, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 40, 10.1097/01.chi.0000242237.84925.18

Kosciw, 2004

Kukaswadia, A. A. (2009). Social consequences of obesity among Canadian youth. Unpublished master's thesis, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

Kumpulainen, 2001, Psychiatric disorders and the use of mental health services among children involved in bullying, Aggressive Behavior, 27, 102, 10.1002/ab.3

Kupermine, 1997, Perceived school climate and difficulties in the social adjustment of middle school students, Applied Developmental Science, 1, 76, 10.1207/s1532480xads0102_2

Lamden, 2002, Divorce: Crisis intervention and prevention with children of divorce and remarriage, 83

Leach, 2003, Learning to be violent: The role of the school in developing adolescent gendered behaviour, Compare, 33, 385, 10.1080/03057920302587

Lee, 2009, Personal and interpersonal correlates of bullying behaviors among Korean middle school students, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25, 152, 10.1177/0886260508329124

Leff, 2007, Bullying and peer victimization at school: Considerations and future directions, School Psychology Review, 36, 406, 10.1080/02796015.2007.12087931

Limber, 2006, Peer victimization: The nature and prevalence of bullying among children and youth

Marini, 2001, Peer harassment in individuals with developmental disabilities: Towards the development of a multi-dimensional bullying identification model, Developmental Disabilities Bulletin, 29, 170

McCloskey, 2003, The contribution of marital violence to adolescent aggression across different relationships, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 390, 10.1177/0886260503251179

McCloskey, 2001, The quality of peer relationships among children exposed to family violence, Development and Psychopathology, 13, 83, 10.1017/S0954579401001067

McConville, 2003, Aggressive attitudes predict aggressive behavior in middle school students, Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 11, 179, 10.1177/10634266030110030501

Merrell, 2008, How effective are school bullying intervention programs? A meta-analysis of intervention research, School Psychology Quarterly, 23, 26, 10.1037/1045-3830.23.1.26

Meyer, 2008, A feminist reframing of bullying and harassment: Transforming schools through critical pedagogy, McGill Journal of Education, 43, 33, 10.7202/019572ar

Meyer-Adams, 2008, School violence: Bullying behaviors and the psychosocial school environment in middle schools, Children and Schools, 30, 211, 10.1093/cs/30.4.211

Monks, 2009, Bullying in different contexts: Commonalities, differences and the role of theory, Aggressive and Violent Behavior, 14, 146, 10.1016/j.avb.2009.01.004

Mouttapa, 2004, Social network predictors of bullying and victimization, Adolescence, 39, 315

Nansel, 2003, Relationships between bullying and violence among US youth, Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 157, 348, 10.1001/archpedi.157.4.348

Nansel, 2001, Bullying behaviours among U.S. youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment, Journal of the American Medical Association, 16, 2094, 10.1001/jama.285.16.2094

National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, 2001

National Youth Violence Prevention Resource Center (n.d.). Bullying. Retrieved May 4, 2007, from http://www.safeyouth.org/scripts/teens/bullying.asp.

O'Connell, 1999, Peer involvement in bullying: Insights and challenges for intervention, Journal of Adolescence, 22, 437, 10.1006/jado.1999.0238

Olweus, 1992, Bullying among schoolchildren: Intervention and prevention, 100

Olweus, 1993

Orpinas, 2006

Orpinas, 2003, School bullying: Changing the problem by changing the school, School Psychology Review, 32, 431, 10.1080/02796015.2003.12086210

Peguero, 2009, Victimizing the children of immigrants: Latino and Asian American student victimization, Youth and Society, 41, 186, 10.1177/0044118X09333646

Pellegrini, 2002, Bullying, victimization, and sexual harassment during the transition to middle school, Educational Psychologist, 37, 151, 10.1207/S15326985EP3703_2

Pellegrini, 2000, A longitudinal study of bullying, victimization, and peer affiliation during the transition from primary school to middle school, American Educational Research Journal, 37, 699, 10.3102/00028312037003699

Pellegrini, 1999, School bullies, victims, and aggressive victims: Factors relating to group affiliation and victimization in early adolescence, Journal of Educational Psychology, 91, 216, 10.1037/0022-0663.91.2.216

Pellegrini, 2002, A longitudinal study of bullying, dominance, and victimization during the transition from primary school through secondary school, British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 20, 259, 10.1348/026151002166442

Pepler, 1993, A school-based anti-bullying intervention: Preliminary evaluation, 76

Peterson, 2006, Bullying and the gifted: Victims, perpetrators, prevalence, and effects, Gifted Child Quarterly, 50, 148, 10.1177/001698620605000206

Petts, R. J. (2009). Fathers' religious involvement and early childhood behavior (Fragile Families Working Paper 2009-22-FF). Muncie, IN: Author.

Phillips, 2007, Punking and bullying: Strategies in middle school, high school, and beyond, Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22, 158, 10.1177/0886260506295341

Poteat, 2008, Contextual and moderating effects of the peer group climate on use of homophobic epithets, School Psychology Review, 37, 188, 10.1080/02796015.2008.12087893

Price, 1989, Reactive and proactive aggression in childhood: Relations to peer status and social context dimensions, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 17, 455, 10.1007/BF00915038

Qin, 2008, The “model minority” and their discontent: Examining peer discrimination and harassment of Chinese American immigrant youth, New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 121, 27, 10.1002/cd.221

Rigby, 1997, What children tell us about bullying in schools, Children Australia, 22, 28, 10.1017/S1035077200008178

Rigby, 2005, Why do some children bully at school?, School Psychology International, 26, 147, 10.1177/0143034305052910

Rigby, 2003, Prospects of adolescent students collaborating with teachers in addressing issues of bullying and conflict in schools, Educational Psychologist, 23, 535, 10.1080/0144341032000123787

Rivers, 2001, The bullying of sexual minorities at school: Its nature and long-term correlates, Educational and Child Psychology, 18, 33, 10.53841/bpsecp.2001.18.1.32

Rodkin, 2003, Bullies and victims in the peer ecology: Four questions for psychologists and school professionals, School Psychology Review, 32, 384, 10.1080/02796015.2003.12086207

Roffey, 2000, Addressing bullying in schools: Organisational factors from policy to practice, Educational and Child Psychology, 17, 6, 10.53841/bpsecp.2000.17.1.6

Rose, 2011, Bullying perpetration and victimization in special education: A review of the literature, Remedial and Special Education, 32, 114, 10.1177/0741932510361247

Ross, 1996

Salmivalli, 1999, Participant role approach to school bullying: Implications for interventions, Journal of Adolescence, 22, 453, 10.1006/jado.1999.0239

Salmivalli, 2009, Bullying and the peer group: A review, Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15, 112, 10.1016/j.avb.2009.08.007

Salmivalli, 1997, Peer networks and bullying in school, Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 38, 305, 10.1111/1467-9450.00040

Salmivalli, 1996, Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group, Aggressive Behavior, 22, 1, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2337(1996)22:1<1::AID-AB1>3.0.CO;2-T

Sampson, 1993

Saylor, 2009, Perceived bullying and social support in students accessing special inclusion programming, Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 21, 69, 10.1007/s10882-008-9126-4

Schmidt, 2007, The protective role of friendships in overtly and relationally victimized boys and girls, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 53, 439, 10.1353/mpq.2007.0021

Schwartz, 1997, The early socialization of aggressive victims of bullying, Child Development, 68, 665, 10.2307/1132117

Schwartz, 1999, Early behavior problems as a predictor of later peer group victimization: Moderators and mediators in the pathways of social risk, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 27, 191, 10.1023/A:1021948206165

Seals, 2003, Bullying and victimization: Prevalence and relationship to gender, grade level, ethnicity, self-esteem, and depression, Adolescence, 38, 735

Shields, 2001, Parental maltreatment and emotional dysregulation as risk factors for bullying and victimization in middle childhood, Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30, 349, 10.1207/S15374424JCCP3003_7

Shute, 2008, Everyday victimization of adolescent girls by boys: Sexual harassment, bullying or aggression?, Sex Roles, 58, 477, 10.1007/s11199-007-9363-5

Skues, 2005, The influence of bullying behaviours on sense of school connectedness, motivation and self-esteem, Australian Journal of Guidance & Counseling, 15, 17, 10.1375/ajgc.15.1.17

Smith, 1999, What causes the age decline in reports of being bullied at school? Toward a developmental analysis of risks of being bullied, Educational Research, 41, 267, 10.1080/0013188990410303

Smith, 2004, The effectiveness of whole school antibullying programs: A synthesis of evaluation research, School Psychology Review, 33, 547, 10.1080/02796015.2004.12086267

Smith, 1999, Bullies, victims and bystanders: A method of in-school intervention and possible parental contributions, Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 30, 29, 10.1023/A:1022619025074

Smokowski, 2005, Bullying in school: An overview of types, effects, family characteristics, and intervention strategies, Children and Schools, 27, 101, 10.1093/cs/27.2.101

Smorti, 2003, Parents' definition of children's bullying in a five-country comparison, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34, 417, 10.1177/0022022103034004003

Spriggs, 2007, Adolescent bullying involvement and perceived family, peer and school relations: Commonalities and differences across race/ethnicity, Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 283, 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.04.009

Sutton, 1999, Social cognition and bullying: Social inadequacy or skilled manipulation?, British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17, 435, 10.1348/026151099165384

Swearer, 2008, Relational aggression: Not just a female issue, Journal of School Psychology, 46, 611, 10.1016/j.jsp.2008.08.001

Swearer, 2001, Bullying in school: An ecological framework, Journal of Emotional Abuse, 2, 7, 10.1300/J135v02n02_02

Swearer, 2004, Introduction: A social–ecological framework of bullying among youth, 1

Thompson, 1994, Bullying of children with special needs in mainstream schools, Support for Learning, 9, 103, 10.1111/j.1467-9604.1994.tb00168.x

Ttofi, 2008

Twemlow, 2004, The role of the bystander in the social architecture of bullying and violence in schools and communities

Twemlow, 1996, A clinical and interactionist perspective on the bully–victim–bystander relationship, Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 60, 296

Unnever, 2003, The culture of bullying in middle school, Journal of School Violence, 2, 5, 10.1300/J202v02n02_02

Varjas, 2009, Urban middle school students' perceptions of bullying, cyberbullying, and school safety, Journal of School Violence, 8, 159, 10.1080/15388220802074165

Vervoort, 2008, Bullying and victimization among adolescents: The role of ethnicity and ethnic composition of school class, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 1, 10.1007/s10964-008-9355-y

Waasdorp, 2009, Child and parent perceptions of relational aggression within urban predominantly African American children's friendships: Examining patterns of concordance, Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18, 731, 10.1007/s10826-009-9279-5

Walton, 2005, “Bullying widespread”: A critical analysis of research and public discourse on bullying, Journal of School Violence, 4, 91, 10.1300/J202v04n01_06

Wang, 2005, A structural model of substance use pathway among minority youth, American Journal of Health Behavior, 29, 531, 10.5993/AJHB.29.6.8

Whitted, 2005, Best practices for preventing or reducing bullying in schools, Children and Schools, 27, 167, 10.1093/cs/27.3.167

Wienke Totura, 2008, Bullying and victimization among boys and girls in middle school, Journal of Early Adolescence, 29, 571, 10.1177/0272431608324190

Williams, 2007, Prevalence and predictors of internet bullying, Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, S14, 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.08.018

Wong, 2004, School bullying and tackling strategies in Hong Kong, International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 48, 537, 10.1177/0306624X04263887

Woods, 2004, Direct and relational bullying among primary school children and academic achievement, Journal of School Psychology, 42, 135, 10.1016/j.jsp.2003.12.002

World Health Organization, 2002

Yodprang, 2009, Bullying among lower secondary school students in Pattani Province, Southern Thailand, Asian Social Science, 5, 46, 10.5539/ass.v5n4p46

You, 2008, Relations among school connectedness, hope, life satisfaction, and bully victimization, Psychology in the Schools, 45, 446, 10.1002/pits.20308

Young, 2004, Does school connectedness predict bullying? An analysis of perceptions among public middle school students, Dissertation Abstracts International Selection A: Humanities and Social Sciences, 64, 3959

Zhou, 2005, The multifaceted American experiences of the children of Asian immigrants: Lessons from segmented assimilation, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 28, 1119, 10.1080/01419870500224455

Zimmerman, 2005, Early cognitive stimulation, emotional support, and television watching as predictors of subsequent bullying among grade-school children, Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 159, 384, 10.1001/archpedi.159.4.384