A review of neosporosis and pathologic findings of Neospora caninum infection in wildlife

Al-Qassab, 2010, On the biological and genetic diversity in Neospora caninum, Diversity, 2, 411, 10.3390/d2030411

Almberg, 2009, A serological survey of infectious disease in Yellowstone National Park's canid community, PLoS ONE, 4, e7042, 10.1371/journal.pone.0007042

Almeria, 2013, Neospora caninum and wildlife, ISRN Parasitol, 2013, 1, 10.5402/2013/947347

Almeria, 2002, Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) are a natural intermediate host of Neospora caninum, Vet. Parasitol, 107, 287, 10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00162-0

Almeria, 2007, Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in non-carnivorous wildlife from Spain, Vet. Parasitol, 143, 21, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.07.027

Anderson, 2007, Neospora caninum antibodies detected in Midwestern white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) by Western blot and ELISA, Vet. Parasitol, 145, 152, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.11.012

Andre, 2010, Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in captive neotropical and exotic wild canids and felids, J. Parasitol, 96, 1007, 10.1645/GE-2502.1

Atkinson, 1999, Comparison of the biological characteristics of two isolates of Neospora caninum, Parasitology, 118, 363, 10.1017/S0031182098003898

Barber, 1996, Clinical aspects of 27 cases of neosporosis in dogs, Vet. Rec, 139, 439, 10.1136/vr.139.18.439

Barber, 1997, Prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in different canid populations, J. Parasitol, 83, 1056, 10.2307/3284361

Barling, 2000, Spatial associations among density of cattle, abundance of wild canids, and seroprevalence to Neospora caninum in a population of beef calves, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc, 217, 1361, 10.2460/javma.2000.217.1361

Barr, 1991, Neospora-like protozoal infections associated with bovine abortions, Vet. Pathol, 28, 110, 10.1177/030098589102800202

Barr, 1994, Experimental fetal and transplacental Neospora infection in the nonhuman primate, Lab. Invest, 71, 236

Barratt, 2008, The development and evaluation of a nested PCR assay for detection of Neospora caninum and Hammondia heydorni in feral mouse tissues, Mol. Cell. Probes, 22, 228, 10.1016/j.mcp.2008.03.001

Barratt, 2010, Importance of nonenteric protozoan infections in immunocompromised people, Clin. Microbiol. Rev, 23, 795, 10.1128/CMR.00001-10

Bartels, 1999, Risk factors for Neospora caninum-associated abortion storms in dairy herds in the Netherlands (1995 to 1997), Theriogenology, 52, 247, 10.1016/S0093-691X(99)00126-0

Bartels, 2007, Quantification of vertical and horizontal transmission of Neospora caninum infection in Dutch dairy herds, Vet. Parasitol, 148, 83, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.06.004

Bartley, 2013, Development of maternal and foetal immune responses in cattle following experimental challenge with Neospora caninum at day 210 of gestation, Vet. Res, 44, 91, 10.1186/1297-9716-44-91

Bartley, 2013, Detection of Neospora caninum in wild carnivorans in Great Britain, Vet. Parasitol, 192, 279, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.10.001

Bartova, 2006, Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum antibodies in wild boars in the Czech Republic, Vet. Parasitol, 142, 150, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.06.022

Bartova, 2010, Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in European brown hares in the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Austria, Vet. Parasitol, 171, 155, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.03.002

Basso, 2001, Prevalence of Neospora caninum infection in dogs from beef-cattle farms, dairy farms, and from urban areas of Argentina, J. Parasitol, 87, 906, 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[0906:PONCII]2.0.CO;2

Basso, 2009, Molecular comparison of Neospora caninum oocyst isolates from naturally infected dogs with cell culture-derived tachyzoites of the same isolates using nested polymerase chain reaction to amplify microsatellite markers, Vet. Parasitol, 160, 43, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.10.085

Basso, 2010, Microsatellite typing and avidity analysis suggest a common source of infection in herds with epidemic Neospora caninum-associated bovine abortion, Vet. Parasitol, 173, 24, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.06.009

Basso, 2014, Neospora caninum is a cause of perinatal mortality in axis deer (Axis axis), Vet. Parasitol, 199, 255, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.10.020

Belov, 2013, Marsupial immunology bounding ahead, Aust. J. Zool, 61, 24, 10.1071/ZO12111

Bevins, 2013, Neospora caninum exposure in overlapping populations of coyotes (Canis latrans) and feral swine (Sus scrofa), J. Wildl. Dis, 49, 1028, 10.7589/2013-02-034

Bien, 2010, In vitro isolation and identification of the first Neospora caninum isolate from European bison (Bison bonasus bonasus L.), Vet. Parasitol, 173, 200, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.06.038

Billinis, 2013, Wildlife diseases that pose a risk to small ruminants and their farmers, Small Ruminant Res, 110, 67, 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2012.11.005

Bjerkas, 1984, Unidentified cyst-forming sporozoon causing encephalomyelitis and myositis in dogs, Z. Parasitenkd, 70, 271, 10.1007/BF00942230

Bjorkman, 2010, Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in gray wolves in Scandinavia, Vet. Parasitol, 173, 139, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.06.006

Bottari, 2014, Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii: relationship between hepatic lesions, cytological and biochemical analysis of the cavitary liquid during the acute phase of the diseases in experimental models, Exp. Parasitol, 136, 68, 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.11.004

Boyd, 2005, Neosporosis in a young dog presenting with dermatitis and neuromuscular signs, J. Small Anim. Pract, 46, 85, 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2005.tb00298.x

Bregoli, 2006, Serological survey of Neospora caninum in free-ranging wild ruminants, Vet. Arhiv, 76, S111

Brown, 2007, The alimentary system, 272

Buchmann, 2014, Evolution of innate immunity: clues from invertebrates via fish to mammals, Front Immunol, 5, 459, 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00459

Buxton, 1997, Examination of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from Belgium for antibody to Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii, Vet. Rec, 141, 308, 10.1136/vr.141.12.308

Buxton, 2002, The comparative pathogenesis of neosporosis, Trends Parasitol, 18, 546, 10.1016/S1471-4922(02)02414-5

Cabaj, 2005, Antibodies to Neospora caninum in the blood of European bison (Bison bonasus bonasus L.) living in Poland, Vet. Parasitol, 128, 163, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.09.033

Candela, 2014, Pathogens of zoonotic and biological importance in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus): seroprevalence in an agro-system population in France, Res. Vet. Sci, 96, 254, 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.02.003

Canon-Franco, 2004, Detection of antibodies to Neospora caninum in two species of wild canids, Lycalopex gymnocercus and Cerdocyon thous from Brazil, Vet. Parasitol, 123, 275, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.06.004

Cantile, 2002, Necrotizing cerebellitis due to Neospora caninum infection in an old dog, J. Vet. Med. A Physiol. Pathol. Clin. Med, 49, 47, 10.1046/j.1439-0442.2002.00400.x

Cheadle, 1999, Seroprevalences of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in nondomestic felids from southern Africa, J. Zoo Wildl. Med, 30, 248

Cobadiova, 2013, First molecular detection of Neospora caninum in European brown bear (Ursus arctos), Vet. Parasitol, 197, 346, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.05.005

Collantes-Fernandez, 2002, Quantitative detection of Neospora caninum in bovine aborted fetuses and experimentally infected mice by real-time PCR, J. Clin. Microbiol, 40, 1194, 10.1128/JCM.40.4.1194-1198.2002

Collantes-Fernandez, 2008, Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Neospora caninum infection in different dog populations in Spain, Vet. Parasitol, 152, 148, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.12.005

Conrad, 1993, In vitro isolation and characterization of a Neospora sp. from aborted bovine foetuses, Parasitology, 106, 239, 10.1017/S0031182000075065

Costa, 2008, Chickens (Gallus domesticus) are natural intermediate hosts of Neospora caninum, Int. J. Parasitol, 38, 157, 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.10.008

Cronstedt-Fell, 2012, Neosporosis in a captive Parma wallaby (Macropus parma), J. Comp. Pathol, 146, 274, 10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.05.002

Cuddon, 1992, Neospora caninum infection in English Springer Spaniel littermates. Diagnostic evaluation and organism isolation, J. Vet. Intern. Med, 6, 325, 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1992.tb00364.x

de Oliveira, 2013, Quails are resistant to infection with Neospora caninum tachyzoites, Vet. Parasitol, 198, 209, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.08.009

Darwich, 2012, Presence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum DNA in the brain of wild birds, Vet. Parasitol, 183, 377, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.07.024

Davison, 2001, Experimental studies on the transmission of Neospora caninum between cattle, Res. Vet. Sci, 70, 163, 10.1053/rvsc.2001.0457

De Craeye, 2011, Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in wildlife: common parasites in Belgian foxes and Cervidae?, Vet. Parasitol, 178, 64, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.12.016

De Marez, 1999, Oral infection of calves with Neospora caninum oocysts from dogs: humoral and cellular immune responses, Int. J. Parasitol, 29, 1647, 10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00154-X

Dellarupe, 2014, Clinical outcome and vertical transmission variability among canine Neospora caninum isolates in a pregnant mouse model of infection, Parasitology, 141, 356, 10.1017/S0031182013001479

Dijkstra, 2001, Dogs shed Neospora caninum oocysts after ingestion of naturally infected bovine placenta but not after ingestion of colostrum spiked with Neospora caninum tachyzoites, Int. J. Parasitol, 31, 747, 10.1016/S0020-7519(01)00230-2

Dubey, 2003, Review of Neospora caninum and neosporosis in animals, Korean J. Parasitol, 41, 1, 10.3347/kjp.2003.41.1.1

Dubey, 2010

Dubey, 1996, A review of Neospora caninum and neosporosis, Vet. Parasitol, 67, 1, 10.1016/S0304-4017(96)01035-7

Dubey, 2000, Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) are highly susceptible to oral infection with Neospora caninum oocysts, Parasitol. Res, 86, 165, 10.1007/s004360050027

Dubey, 2006, Diagnosis of bovine neosporosis, Vet. Parasitol, 140, 1, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.03.035

Dubey, 2011, Neosporosis in animals–the last five years, Vet. Parasitol, 180, 90, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.031

Dubey, 2005, Prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in wild animals, J. Parasitol, 91, 1217, 10.1645/GE-576R.1

Dubey, 1988, Newly recognized fatal protozoan disease of dogs, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc, 192, 1269

Dubey, 1990, Neospora caninum-associated myocarditis and encephalitis in an aborted calf, J. Vet. Diagn. Invest, 2, 66, 10.1177/104063879000200113

Dubey, 1996, Fatal transplacental neosporosis in a deer (Cervus eldi siamensis), J. Parasitol, 82, 338, 10.2307/3284175

Dubey, 1999, High prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), Int. J. Parasitol, 29, 1709, 10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00142-3

Dubey, 2002, Redescription of Neospora caninum and its differentiation from related coccidia, Int. J. Parasitol, 32, 929, 10.1016/S0020-7519(02)00094-2

Dubey, 2003, Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, Sarcocystis neurona, and Sarcocystis canis-like infections in marine mammals, Vet. Parasitol, 116, 275, 10.1016/S0304-4017(03)00263-2

Dubey, 2004, Biologic, morphologic, and molecular characterisation of Neospora caninum isolates from littermate dogs, Int. J. Parasitol, 34, 1157, 10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.07.005

Dubey, 2005, Neonatal Neosproa caninum infections in dogs, Acta Parasitol, 50, 176

Dubey, 2006, Pathogenesis of bovine neosporosis, J. Comp. Pathol, 134, 267, 10.1016/j.jcpa.2005.11.004

Dubey, 2007, Epidemiology and control of neosporosis and Neospora caninum, Clin. Microbiol. Rev, 20, 323, 10.1128/CMR.00031-06

Dubey, 2008, Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus), Vet. Parasitol, 156, 310, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.06.011

Dubey, 2009, Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from Iowa and Minnesota using four serologic tests, Vet. Parasitol, 161, 330, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.01.002

Dubey, 2011, Gray wolf (Canis lupus) is a natural definitive host for Neospora caninum, Vet. Parasitol, 181, 382, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.018

Dubey, 2013, Congenital transmission of Neospora caninum in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), Vet. Parasitol, 196, 519, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.03.004

Dubey, 2014, Isolation of viable Neospora caninum from brains of wild gray wolves (Canis lupus), Vet. Parasitol, 201, 150, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.12.032

Dubey, 2014, Diagnosis and treatment of Neospora caninum–associated dermatitis in a red fox (Vulpes vulpes) with concurrent Toxoplasma gondii infection, J. Zoo Wildl. Med, 45, 454, 10.1638/2013-0277.1

Ellis, 1998, Comparison of the large subunit ribosomal DNA of Neospora and Toxoplasma and development of a new genetic marker for their differentiation based on the D2 domain, Mol. Cell. Probes, 12, 1, 10.1006/mcpr.1997.0143

Ellis, 1999, The genus Hammondia is paraphyletic, Parasitology, 118, 357, 10.1017/S0031182098003801

Ezio, 2003, Antibodies to Neospora caninum in European brown hare (Lepus europaeus), Vet. Parasitol, 115, 75, 10.1016/S0304-4017(03)00201-2

Ferroglio, 2001, Prevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in wild ruminants from the Italian Alps, Vet. Rec, 148, 754, 10.1136/vr.148.24.754

Ferroglio, 2003, Antibodies to Neospora caninum in wild animals from Kenya, East Africa, Vet. Parasitol, 118, 43, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.09.006

Ferroglio, 2007, Evidence of Neospora caninum DNA in wild rodents, Vet. Parasitol, 148, 346, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.06.031

Fournier, 2013, Modern clinical microbiology: new challenges and solutions, Nat. Rev. Microbiol, 11, 574, 10.1038/nrmicro3068

French, 1999, Mathematical models of Neospora caninum infection in dairy cattle: transmission and options for control, Int. J. Parasitol, 29, 1691, 10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00131-9

Fuehrer, 2010, Detection of Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Encephalitozoon cuniculi in the brains of common voles (Microtus arvalis) and water voles (Arvicola terrestris) by gene amplification techniques in western Austria (Vorarlberg), Parasitol. Res, 107, 469, 10.1007/s00436-010-1905-z

Fujii, 2007, Seroepidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in seals around Hokkaido, Japan, J. Vet. Med. Sci, 69, 393, 10.1292/jvms.69.393

Furuta, 2007, Neospora caninum infection in birds: experimental infections in chicken and embryonated eggs, Parasitology, 134, 1931, 10.1017/S0031182007003344

Gaffuri, 2006, Serosurvey of roe deer, chamois and domestic sheep in the central Italian Alps, J. Wildl. Dis, 42, 685, 10.7589/0090-3558-42.3.685

Garcia-Bocanegra, 2012, Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum antibodies in Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica hispanica), Vet. J., 191, 257, 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.11.011

Garosi, 2010, Necrotizing cerebellitis and cerebellar atrophy caused by Neospora caninum infection: magnetic resonance imaging and clinicopathologic findings in seven dogs, J. Vet. Intern. Med, 24, 571, 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2010.0485.x

Ghalmi, 2008, Detection of Neospora caninum in dog organs using real time PCR systems, Vet. Parasitol, 155, 161, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.04.007

Gibney, 2008, The extent of parasite-associated necrosis in the placenta and foetal tissues of cattle following Neospora caninum infection in early and late gestation correlates with foetal death, Int. J. Parasitol, 38, 579, 10.1016/j.ijpara.2007.09.015

Ginn, 2007, The skin and appendages, 711

Gondim, 2006, Neospora caninum in wildlife, Trends Parasitol, 22, 247, 10.1016/j.pt.2006.03.008

Gondim, 1999, Maintenance of Neospora caninum tachyzoites using Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), N. Z. Vet. J., 47, 36, 10.1080/00480169.1999.36107

Gondim, 2001, Isolation of Neospora caninum from the brain of a naturally infected dog, and production of encysted bradyzoites in gerbils, Vet. Parasitol, 101, 1, 10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00493-9

Gondim, 2004, Transmission of Neospora caninum between wild and domestic animals, J. Parasitol, 90, 1361, 10.1645/GE-341R

Gondim, 2004, Coyotes (Canis latrans) are definitive hosts of Neospora caninum, Int. J. Parasitol, 34, 159, 10.1016/j.ijpara.2004.01.001

Gondim, 2004, Variation of the internal transcribed spacer 1 sequence within individual strains and among different strains of Neospora caninum, J. Parasitol, 90, 119, 10.1645/GE-134R

Gondim, 2010, Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in sparrows (Passer domesticus) in the Northeast of Brazil, Vet. Parasitol, 168, 121, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.055

Goodswen, 2013, A review of the infection, genetics, and evolution of Neospora caninum: from the past to the present, Infect. Genet. Evol, 13, 133, 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.08.012

Gozdzik, 2010, Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in free living and farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Poland, Pol. J. Vet. Sci, 13, 117

Gutierrez-Exposito, 2012, Serological evidence of Besnoitia spp. infection in Canadian wild ruminants and strong cross-reaction between Besnoitia besnoiti and Besnoitia tarandi, Vet. Parasitol, 190, 19, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.06.017

Hamilton, 2005, Prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from around the UK, Vet. Parasitol, 130, 169, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.03.020

Helman, 1998, Neosporal abortion in Oklahoma cattle with emphasis on the distribution of brain lesions in aborted fetuses, J. Vet. Diagn. Invest, 10, 292, 10.1177/104063879801000314

Hemphill, 2006, Cellular and immunological basis of the host-parasite relationship during infection with Neospora caninum, Parasitology, 133, 261, 10.1017/S0031182006000485

Hobson, 2005, Risk factors associated with Neospora caninum abortion in Ontario Holstein dairy herds, Vet. Parasitol, 127, 177, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.09.025

Holmdahl, 1996, Rapid and sensitive identification of Neospora caninum by in vitro amplification of the internal transcribed spacer 1, Parasitology, 112, 177, 10.1017/S0031182000084742

Hornok, 2006, Canine neosporosis in Hungary: screening for seroconversion of household, herding and stray dogs, Vet. Parasitol, 137, 197, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.01.030

Huang, 2004, Finding of Neospora caninum in the wild brown rat (Rattus norvegicus), Vet. Res, 35, 283, 10.1051/vetres:2004010

Hughes, 2006, The prevalence of Neospora caninum and co-infection with Toxoplasma gondii by PCR analysis in naturally occurring mammal populations, Parasitology, 132, 29, 10.1017/S0031182005008784

Hughes, 2008, Neospora caninum: detection in wild rabbits and investigation of co-infection with Toxoplasma gondii by PCR analysis, Exp. Parasitol, 120, 255, 10.1016/j.exppara.2008.07.011

Hurkova, 2006, PCR detection of Neospora caninum, Toxoplasma gondii and Encephalitozoon cuniculi in brains of wild carnivores, Vet. Parasitol, 137, 150, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.01.005

Hurkova-Hofmannova, 2007, Multimammate rat (Mastomys natalensis), Tristram's jird (Meriones tristrami) and Wagner's gerbil (Gerbillus dasyurus) as laboratory models of acute neosporosis, Res. Vet. Sci, 82, 377, 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.10.004

Ibrahim, 2009, Short report: prevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in northern Egypt, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, 80, 263, 10.4269/ajtmh.2009.80.263

Innes, 2002, Immune responses to Neospora caninum and prospects for vaccination, Trends Parasitol, 18, 497, 10.1016/S1471-4922(02)02372-3

Innes, 2005, The host-parasite relationship in bovine neosporosis, Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol, 108, 29, 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.07.004

Jackson, 1995, Neospora caninum in an adult dog with progressive cerebellar signs, Prog. Vet. Neurol, 6, 124

Jakubek, 2007, Prevalence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in Hungarian red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), Vet. Parasitol, 144, 39, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.09.011

Jenkins, 2007, Neospora caninum detected in feral rodents, Vet. Parasitol, 143, 161, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.08.011

Kamga-Waladjo, 2009, Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in lion (Panthera leo) from Senegal, West Africa, Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv, 4, 346, 10.3923/ajava.2009.346.349

Kang, 2009, Characterization of tissue distribution and histopathological lesions in Neospora caninum experimentally infected gerbils, Parasitol. Res, 104, 1261, 10.1007/s00436-008-1322-8

Kim, 2000, In vitro isolation and characterization of bovine Neospora caninum in Korea, Vet. Parasitol, 90, 147, 10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00224-7

Kim, 2003, Seroprevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in dogs and raccoon dogs in Korea, Korean J. Parasitol, 41, 243, 10.3347/kjp.2003.41.4.243

King, 2010, Australian dingoes are definitive hosts of Neospora caninum, Int. J. Parasitol, 40, 945, 10.1016/j.ijpara.2010.01.008

King, 2011, Extensive production of Neospora caninum tissue cysts in a carnivorous marsupial succumbing to experimental neosporosis, Vet. Res, 42, 75, 10.1186/1297-9716-42-75

King, 2011, Implications of wild dog ecology on the sylvatic and domestic life cycle of Neospora caninum in Australia, Vet. J., 188, 24, 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.03.002

King, 2012, Oocysts and high seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dogs living in remote Aboriginal communities and wild dogs in Australia, Vet. Parasitol, 187, 85, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.12.027

Klevar, 2007, Natural killer cells act as early responders in an experimental infection with Neospora caninum in calves, Int. J. Parasitol, 37, 329, 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.11.002

La Perle, 2001, Cutaneous neosporosis in two adult dogs on chronic immunosuppressive therapy, J. Vet. Diagn. Invest, 13, 252, 10.1177/104063870101300312

Lemberger, 2005, Neospora caninum infection in a free-ranging raccoon (Procyon lotor) with concurrent canine distemper virus infection, J. Parasitol, 91, 960, 10.1645/GE-407R.1

Lindsay, 1989, Neospora caninum (Protozoa: apicomplexa) infections in mice, J. Parasitol, 75, 772, 10.2307/3283063

Lindsay, 1996, Prevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in coyotes (Canis latrans) and experimental infections of coyotes with Neospora caninum, J. Parasitol, 82, 657, 10.2307/3283798

Lindsay, 1999, Confirmation that the dog is a definitive host for Neospora caninum, Vet. Parasitol, 82, 327, 10.1016/S0304-4017(99)00054-0

Lindsay, 2001, Prevalence of agglutinating antibodies to Neospora caninum in raccoons, Procyon lotor, J. Parasitol, 87, 1197, 10.1645/0022-3395(2001)087[1197:POAATN]2.0.CO;2

Lindsay, 2002, Prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus, from the southeastern United States, J. Parasitol, 88, 415, 10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0415:POATNC]2.0.CO;2

Litman, 2010, The origins of vertebrate adaptive immunity, Nat. Rev. Immunol, 10, 543, 10.1038/nri2807

Lobato, 2006, Detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies to Neospora caninum in humans: high seropositivity rates in patients who are infected by human immunodeficiency virus or have neurological disorders, Clin. Vaccine Immunol, 13, 84, 10.1128/CVI.13.1.84-89.2006

Lorenzo, 2002, Neosporosis with cerebellar involvement in an adult dog, J. Small Anim. Pract, 43, 76, 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2002.tb00033.x

Malmasi, 2007, Serologic study of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in household dogs and dogs living in dairy and beef cattle farms in Tehran, Iran, Parasitol. Res, 100, 1143, 10.1007/s00436-006-0385-7

Malmsten, 2011, Prevalence of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in moose (Alces alces) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Sweden, Vet. Parasitol, 177, 275, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.11.051

Marco, 2008, High seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in the Pyrenees (NE Spain), Vet. Parasitol, 152, 321, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.01.003

Martino, 2004, Serological survey of selected pathogens of free-ranging foxes in southern Argentina, 1998–2001, Rev. Sci. Tech, 23, 801, 10.20506/rst.23.3.1521

Mattos, 2008, [Seroprevalence of antibodies anti-Neospora caninum and anti-Toxoplasma gondii in captive wild canids], Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet, 17, 267

Mayberry, 2014, Reproductive implications of exposure to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus ocydromus), J. Wildl. Dis, 50, 364, 10.7589/2013-03-064

McAllister, 1998, Dogs are definitive hosts of Neospora caninum, Int. J. Parasitol, 28, 1473, 10.1016/S0020-7519(98)00138-6

McGuire, 1999, Experimental inoculation of domestic pigeons (Columbia livia) and zebra finches (Poephila guttata) with Neospora caninum tachyzoites, Int. J. Parasitol, 29, 1525, 10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00103-4

McInnes, 2006, In vitro isolation and characterisation of the first canine Neospora caninum isolate in Australia, Vet. Parasitol, 137, 355, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.01.018

Medina-Esparza, 2013, Frequency of infection by Neospora caninum in wild rodents associated with dairy farms in Aguascalientes, Mexico, Vet. Parasitol, 191, 11, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.08.007

Meerburg, 2012, Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in brain tissue of feral rodents and insectivores caught on farms in the Netherlands, Vet. Parasitol, 184, 317, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.09.001

Millan, 2009, Disease threats to the endangered Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus), Vet. J., 182, 114, 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.04.005

Miller, 2002, Characterisation of the first Australian isolate of Neospora caninum from cattle, Aust. Vet. J., 80, 620, 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2002.tb10967.x

Miller, 2010, A protozoal-associated epizootic impacting marine wildlife: mass-mortality of southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) due to Sarcocystis neurona infection, Vet. Parasitol, 172, 183, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.05.019

Mineo, 2009, Pigeons (Columba livia) are a suitable experimental model for Neospora caninum infection in birds, Vet. Parasitol, 159, 149, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.10.024

Mineo, 2011, Survey for natural Neospora caninum infection in wild and captive birds, Vet. Parasitol, 182, 352, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.05.022

Molina-Lopez, 2012, High seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in the common raven (Corvus corax) in the Northeast of Spain, Res. Vet. Sci, 93, 300, 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.05.011

Mols-Vorstermans, 2013, Differential effects on survival, humoral immune responses and brain lesions in inbred BALB/C, CBA/CA, and C57BL/6 mice experimentally infected with Neospora caninum tachyzoites, ISRN Parasitol, 2013, 11, 10.5402/2013/830980

Monney, 2014, Vaccines against neosporosis: what can we learn from the past studies?, Exp. Parasitol, 140, 52, 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.02.015

Moore, 2002, Seroepidemiology of beef and dairy herds and fetal study of Neospora caninum in Argentina, Vet. Parasitol, 107, 303, 10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00129-2

Moskwa, 2014, Detection of antibodies to Neospora caninum in moose (Alces alces): the first report in Europe, Folia Parasitol. (Praha), 61, 34, 10.14411/fp.2014.014

Muller, 1996, Diagnosis of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii infection by PCR and DNA hybridization immunoassay, J. Clin. Microbiol, 34, 2850, 10.1128/JCM.34.11.2850-2852.1996

Muller, 2002, Application of real-time fluorescent PCR for quantitative assessment of Neospora caninum infections in organotypic slice cultures of rat central nervous system tissue, J. Clin. Microbiol, 40, 252, 10.1128/JCM.40.1.252-255.2002

Murphy, 2007, Study on the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum and molecular evidence of Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Encephalitozoon (Septata) intestinalis infections in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in rural Ireland, Vet. Parasitol, 146, 227, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2007.02.017

Myers, 2014, Serologic, trace element, and fecal parasite survey of free-ranging, female mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in Eastern Washington, USA, J. Wildl. Dis, 51, 125, 10.7589/2014-05-119

Nishimura, 2013, Tissue distribution of Neospora caninum in experimentally infected cattle, Clin. Vaccine Immunol, 20, 309, 10.1128/CVI.00556-12

Okeoma, 2005, Neospora caninum: quantification of DNA in the blood of naturally infected aborted and pregnant cows using real-time PCR, Exp. Parasitol, 110, 48, 10.1016/j.exppara.2005.01.008

Olamendi-Portugal, 2012, Serosurvey of antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in white-tailed deer from Northern Mexico, Vet. Parasitol, 189, 369, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.04.011

Ordeix, 2002, Cutaneous neosporosis during treatment of pemphigus foliaceus in a dog, J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc, 38, 415, 10.5326/0380415

Ortega-Mora, 2007

Otranto, 2003, Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of neosporosis in beef and dairy cattle in Italy, Vet. Parasitol, 118, 7, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.10.008

Ould-Amrouche, 1999, Estimation of Neospora caninum seroprevalence in dairy cattle from Normandy, France, Vet. Res, 30, 531

Panadero, 2010, Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in wild and domestic ruminants sharing pastures in Galicia (Northwest Spain), Res. Vet. Sci, 88, 111, 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.05.010

Peters, 2001, Neospora caninum infection associated with stillbirths in captive antelopes (Tragelaphus imberbis), Vet. Parasitol, 97, 153, 10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00401-0

Pipano, 2002, Susceptibility of Psammomys obesus and Meriones tristrami to tachyzoites of Neospora caninum, J. Parasitol, 88, 314, 10.1645/0022-3395(2002)088[0314:SOPOAM]2.0.CO;2

Qin, 2007, Serosurvey of infectious disease agents of carnivores in captive red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) in China, J. Zoo Wildl. Med, 38, 42, 10.1638/06-048.1

Ramamoorthy, 2005, Gerbil model of acute neosporosis, Vet. Parasitol, 127, 111, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.09.016

Regidor-Cerrillo, 2006, Multilocus microsatellite analysis reveals extensive genetic diversity in Neospora caninum, J. Parasitol, 92, 517, 10.1645/GE-713R.1

Regidor-Cerrillo, 2013, Genetic diversity and geographic population structure of bovine Neospora caninum determined by microsatellite genotyping analysis, PLoS ONE, 8, e72678, 10.1371/journal.pone.0072678

Regidor-Cerrillo, 2014, Neospora caninum infection during early pregnancy in cattle: how the isolate influences infection dynamics, clinical outcome and peripheral and local immune responses, Vet. Res, 45, 10, 10.1186/1297-9716-45-10

Reichel, 2007, Neosporosis and hammondiosis in dogs, J. Small Anim. Pract, 48, 308, 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2006.00236.x

Reichel, 2013, What is the global economic impact of Neospora caninum in cattle – the billion dollar question, Int. J. Parasitol, 43, 133, 10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.10.022

Reid, 2012, Comparative genomics of the apicomplexan parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum: coccidia differing in host range and transmission strategy, PLoS Pathog, 8, e1002567, 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002567

Risco-Castillo, 2014, Health impact evaluation of alternative management systems in vicuna (Vicugna vicugna mensalis) populations in Peru, Trop. Anim. Health Prod, 46, 641, 10.1007/s11250-014-0543-3

Rojo-Montejo, 2009, Isolation and characterization of a bovine isolate of Neospora caninum with low virulence, Vet. Parasitol, 159, 7, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.10.009

Ruehlmann, 1995, Canine neosporosis: a case report and literature review, J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc, 31, 174, 10.5326/15473317-31-2-174

Sangster, 2010, Neosporosis in an aborted southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) fetus, J. Zoo Wildl. Med, 41, 725, 10.1638/2009-0250.1

Santolaria, 2011, Different humoral mechanisms against Neospora caninum infection in purebreed and crossbreed beef/dairy cattle pregnancies, Vet. Parasitol, 178, 70, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.12.018

Sawada, 1998, Serological survey of antibody to Neospora caninum in Japanese dogs, J. Vet. Med. Sci, 60, 853, 10.1292/jvms.60.853

Schares, 2001, Serological evidence for naturally occurring transmission of Neospora caninum among foxes (Vulpes vulpes), Int. J. Parasitol, 31, 418, 10.1016/S0020-7519(01)00118-7

Schlafer, 2007, The female genital system, 514

Schwab, 2009, Association of BoLA DRB3 and DQA1 alleles with susceptibility to Neospora caninum and reproductive outcome in Quebec Holstein cattle, Vet. Parasitol, 165, 136, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.004

Sedlak, 2006, Seroprevalences of antibodies to Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in zoo animals, Vet. Parasitol, 136, 223, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.11.021

Silva, 2005, Evaluation of homologous, heterologous, and affinity conjugates for the serodiagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus), J. Parasitol, 91, 1212, 10.1645/GE-527R.1

Simpson, 1997, Foxes and neosporosis, Vet. Rec, 141, 503

Slapeta, 2013, Combined amplicon pyrosequencing assays reveal presence of the apicomplexan “type-N” (cf. Gemmocystis cylindrus) and Chromera velia on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia, PLoS ONE, 8, e76095, 10.1371/journal.pone.0076095

Slapeta, 2002, Dog shedding oocysts of Neospora caninum: PCR diagnosis and molecular phylogenetic approach, Vet. Parasitol, 109, 157, 10.1016/S0304-4017(02)00273-X

Slapeta, 2003, Evolutionary relationships among cyst-forming coccidia Sarcocystis spp. (Alveolata: Apicomplexa: Coccidea) in endemic African tree vipers and perspective for evolution of heteroxenous life cycle, Mol. Phylogenet. Evol, 27, 464, 10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00018-6

Sobrino, 2008, Neospora caninum antibodies in wild carnivores from Spain, Vet. Parasitol, 155, 190, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.05.009

Soldati, 2004, Meningoencephalomyelitis caused by Neospora caninum in a juvenile fallow deer (Dama dama), J. Vet. Med. A Physiol. Pathol. Clin. Med, 51, 280, 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2004.00646.x

Sommanustweechai, 2010, Systemic neosporosis in a white rhinoceros, J. Zoo Wildl. Med, 41, 165, 10.1638/2009-0048.1

Speer, 1999, Comparative ultrastructure of tachyzoites, bradyzoites, and tissue cysts of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii, Int. J. Parasitol, 29, 1509, 10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00132-0

Steinman, 2006, Low seroprevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in wild canids in Israel, Vet. Parasitol, 137, 155, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.12.022

Stieve, 2010, Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibody prevalence in Alaska wildlife, J. Wildl. Dis, 46, 348, 10.7589/0090-3558-46.2.348

Stuart, 2013, Investigating the role of wild carnivores in the epidemiology of bovine neosporosis, Parasitology, 140, 296, 10.1017/S0031182012001588

Sun, 2011, Tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing for the elucidation of microbial and functional gene diversity in any environment, 129

Thomasson, 2011, Prevalence and co-infection of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in Apodemus sylvaticus in an area relatively free of cats, Parasitology, 138, 1117, 10.1017/S0031182011000904

Thurmond, 1997, Effect of congenitally acquired Neospora caninum infection on risk of abortion and subsequent abortions in dairy cattle, Am. J. Vet. Res, 58, 1381, 10.2460/ajvr.1997.58.12.1381

Tiemann, 2005, Environmental effect on the occurrence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in pampas-deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus), Vet. Parasitol, 134, 73, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2005.07.015

Tiemann, 2005, Occurrence of anti-Neospora caninum antibodies in Brazilian cervids kept in captivity, Vet. Parasitol, 129, 341, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.12.016

Tranas, 1999, Serological evidence of human infection with the protozoan Neospora caninum, Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol, 6, 765, 10.1128/CDLI.6.5.765-767.1999

Trees, 2005, Endogenous and exogenous transplacental infection in Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii, Trends Parasitol, 21, 558, 10.1016/j.pt.2005.09.005

Truppel, 2010, Detection of Neospora caninum DNA in capybaras and phylogenetic analysis, Parasitol. Int, 59, 376, 10.1016/j.parint.2010.05.001

Uchida, 2003, Susceptibility of Djungarian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) to Neospora caninum infection, J. Vet. Med. Sci, 65, 401, 10.1292/jvms.65.401

van der Hage, 2002, Neospora caninum: myocarditis in a European pine marten, 217

Valadas, 2010, Prevalence of antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania infantum, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Sarcocystis neurona, and Neospora caninum in capybara, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, from Sao Paulo State, Brazil, J. Parasitol, 96, 521, 10.1645/GE-2368.1

Vianna, 2005, Isolation of Neospora caninum from naturally infected white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), Vet. Parasitol, 129, 253, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.02.031

Vitaliano, 2004, Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in captive maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) from southeastern and midwestern regions of Brazil, Vet. Parasitol, 122, 253, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.04.004

Wanha, 2005, Prevalence of antibodies against Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in dogs and foxes in Austria, Vet. Parasitol, 128, 189, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.11.027

Wapenaar, 2006, Neospora caninum-like oocysts observed in feces of free-ranging red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and coyotes (Canis latrans), J. Parasitol, 92, 1270, 10.1645/GE-913R.1

Wapenaar, 2007, Evaluation of four serological techniques to determine the seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and coyotes (Canis latrans) on Prince Edward Island, Canada, Vet. Parasitol, 145, 51, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.12.002

Weiss, 1999, The in vitro development of Neospora caninum bradyzoites, Int. J. Parasitol, 29, 1713, 10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00130-7

Wiengcharoen, 2012, Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in captive elephants (Elephaus maximus indicus) in Kanchanaburi Province, Thai. J. Vet. Med, 42, 235, 10.56808/2985-1130.2389

Williams, 2009, Endogenous and exogenous transplacental transmission of Neospora caninum – how the route of transmission impacts on epidemiology and control of disease, Parasitology, 136, 1895, 10.1017/S0031182009990588

Williams, 2002, Neosporosis in a white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) calf, J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc, 73, 38, 10.4102/jsava.v73i1.547

Wolfe, 2001, Red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Ireland as hosts for parasites of potential zoonotic and veterinary significance, Vet. Rec, 149, 759, 10.1136/vr.149.25.759

Woodroffe, 2012, Contact with domestic dogs increases pathogen exposure in endangered African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus), PLoS ONE, 7, e30099, 10.1371/journal.pone.0030099

Woods, 1994, Systemic neosporosis in a California black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus columbianus), J. Vet. Diagn. Invest, 6, 508, 10.1177/104063879400600425

Wouda, 1999, Seroepidemiological evidence for a relationship between Neospora caninum infections in dogs and cattle, Int. J. Parasitol, 29, 1677, 10.1016/S0020-7519(99)00105-8

Yai, 2003, Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in the South American opossum (Didelphis marsupialis) from the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil, J. Parasitol, 89, 870, 10.1645/GE-83R

Yai, 2008, Occurrence of Neospora caninum antibodies in capybaras (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris) from Sao Paulo State, Brazil, J. Parasitol, 94, 766, 10.1645/GE-1468.1

Yu, 2009, Detection of Neospora caninum from farm-bred young blue foxes (Alopex lagopus) in China, J. Vet. Med. Sci, 71, 113, 10.1292/jvms.71.113

Zanet, 2013, Encephalitozoon cuniculi, Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum infection in invasive Eastern cottontail rabbits Sylvilagus floridanus in Northwestern Italy, Vet. Parasitol, 197, 682, 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.05.014