A review of losses arising during conservation of grass forage: Part 2, storage losses

Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research - Tập 45 - Trang 1-30 - 1990
M.B. McGechan1
1Scottish Centre of Agricultural Engineering, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0PH, UK

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

McGechan, M. B. Operational research study of forage conservation systems for cool, humid upland climates. Part 1, Description of model. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research (in press)

McGechan, 1989, A review of losses arising during conservation of grass forage: Part 1, Field losses, Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 44, 1, 10.1016/S0021-8634(89)80067-8

Rees, 1982, A discussion of sources of dry matter loss during the process of haymaking, Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 27, 469, 10.1016/0021-8634(82)90085-3

Honig, 1976, Schätzung der Verluste an Trockenmasse und Energie bei verschiedenen Konservierungsverfahren, KTBL Grunddaten der Futterwirtschaft. Manuscript Institute of Grassland Forage Research

Klinner, 1976, Mechanical and chemical field treatment of grass for conservation

Nelson, 1966, Spontaneous heating and nutrient retention of baled alfalfa hay during storage, Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 9, 509, 10.13031/2013.40018

Nelson, 1972, Spontaneous heating, gross energy retention and nutrient retention of high density alfalfa hay bales, Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 11, 575

Nelson, 1972, Spontaneous heating, gross energy retention and nutrient retention of high density alfalfa hay bales, Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 11, 607

Nelson, 1972, Storage characteristics and nutritive value of high density native hay bales, Transactions of the American Society and of Agricultural Engineers, 15, 201, 10.13031/2013.37867

Nelson, 1972, Storage characteristics and nutritive value of high density native hay bales, Transactions of the American Society and of Agricultural Engineers, 15, 210

Rotz, 1983, Preservation of baled high-moisture alfalfa hay

Rotz, 1986, Anhydrous ammonia injection into baled forage, Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 2, 64, 10.13031/2013.26711

Buckmaster, 1989, A model of alfalfa hay storage, Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 32, 30, 10.13031/2013.30958

Parke, 1973, A mathematical model to study forage conservation methods, Journal of the British Grassland Society, 33, 261, 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1978.tb00829.x

Parke, 1979, A simulation model to study forage conservation systems

McDonald, 1981

Clarke, 1974, Biochemical and physiological changes occurring during wilting and the early stages of ensilage

McDonald, 1967, Losses during ensilage, 76

McDonald, 1973, Energy changes during ensilage, Journal of the Science of Food and Ariculture, 24, 827, 10.1002/jsfa.2740240711

McDonald, 1968, Chemical changes and losses during the ensilage of wilted grass, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 19, 125, 10.1002/jsfa.2740190303

Neal, 1983, A model of the anaerobic phase of ensiling, Grass and Forage Science, 38, 121, 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1983.tb01630.x

Pitt, 1985, A quantitative model of the ensilage process in lactate silages, Grass and Forage Science, 40, 279, 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1985.tb01755.x

Leibensperger, 1987, A model of clostridial dominance in ensilage, Grass and Forage Science, 42, 297, 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1987.tb02118.x

Leibensperger, 1988

McDonald, 1964, Fermentation studies on inoculated herbages, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 15, 429, 10.1002/jsfa.2740150701

McDonald, 1965, Fermentation studies on red clover, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 15, 549, 10.1002/jsfa.2740160909

Henderson, 1972, Chemical changes and losses during the ensilage of wilted grass treated with formic acid, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 23, 1079, 10.1002/jsfa.2740230905

Henderson, 1975, The effect of delayed sealing of fermentation and losses during ensilage, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 26, 653, 10.1002/jsfa.2740260511

Lopez, 1970, Redistrbution of nitrogen in urea-treated and soy-bean meal-treated corn silage, Journal of Dairy Science, 53, 1215, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(70)86371-8

Lopez, 1970, Effect of nitrogen source, stage of maturity and fermentation time on pH and organic acid production in corn silage, Journal of Dairy Science, 53, 1225, 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(70)86372-X

Meiering, 1988, Fermentation kinetics and toxic gas production of silages, Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 31, 613, 10.13031/2013.30756

Henderson, 1971, Effect of formic acid on fermentation of grass of low dry matter content, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 26, 653, 10.1002/jsfa.2740260511

Wilkins, 1978, Ensiled forages and their utilization by ruminants, 403

Ohshima, 1979, Changes during ensilage in the nitrogenous components of fresh and additive treated ryegrass and lucerne, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 30, 97, 10.1002/jsfa.2740300202

Ohshima, 1978, A review of the changes in nitrogenous components of herbage during ensilage, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 29, 479, 10.1002/jsfa.2740290602

Murdoch, 1955, The effect of chopping, lacerating and wilting of herbage on the chemical composition of silage, Journal of the British Grassland Society, 10, 181, 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1955.tb00021.x

Murdoch, 1965, The effect of length of silage on its voluntary intake by cattle, Journal of British Grassland Society, 20, 54, 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1965.tb00396.x

Weise, 1968, Einfluss des Häckselns auf den Gärverlauf in Feuchtsilagen, Das wirtschafteigene Futter, 14, 294

Wieringa, 1959, Some factors affecting silage fermentation. II, Influence of degree of laceration and the bacterial flora from grass, Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science, 7, 237, 10.18174/njas.v7i3.17678

Weissbach, 1974, Method of anticipating the run of fermentation in silage making based on the chemical composition of green fodder, 663

ADAS, 1984, Silage

Woolford, 1978, The aerobic deterioration of silage, Agricultural Research Council Research Review, 4, 8

Bastiman, 1985, Losses at various stages of silage making, Research and Development in Agriculture, 2, 19

Mayne, 1986, The effect of harvesting system on nutrient losses during silage making. 2, In-silo losses, Grass and Forage Science, 41, 341, 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1986.tb01824.x

McDonald, 1962, Fermentation studies on wet herbage, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 13, 581, 10.1002/jsfa.2740131105

McDonald, 1966, The effect of temperature on ensilage, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 17, 476, 10.1002/jsfa.2740171009

Weise, 1975, Untersuchungen zur Quantifizierung des Lufteinflusses bei der Silierung, Archiv für Tierernährung, 25, 69, 10.1080/17450397509425609

Weise, 1977, Losses and stability of silage in dependence on the degree of air influence

Zimmer, 1967, Das Anwelken in seinem Einfluss auf die Nährstoffverluste, insbesondere die Bildung von Gärgasen

Zimmer, 1969, Biochemische Grundlagen der Einsauerung, 113

Zimmer, 1986

Ulvesli, 1965, Ensiling experiments at Stend Agricultural School 1955–61. Silage examination in the Hardaland district 1953–56, Meldinger fra Norges Landbrukschøg-skole, Vollebekk, 44, 1

Zimmer, 1967, Nährstoffverluste bei der Vergärung von Futterpflanzen. I. Der Einfluss der Siloform auf die Höhe der Verluste, Das wirtschaftseigene Futter, 13, 4

Rees, 1981, The aerobic deterioration of grass silage, and its effect on the water soluble carbohydrates and the associated heat production, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 33, 499, 10.1002/jsfa.2740330602

Henderson, 1979, Studies on the aerobic stability of commercial silage, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 30, 223, 10.1002/jsfa.2740300302

Crawshaw, 1979, Aerobic deterioration of silage in and out of the silo, Agricultural Development and Advisory Serivce, Quarterly Review, 43, 167

Ohyama, 1975, Factors influencing aerobic deterioration of silages and changes in chemical composition after opening silos, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 26, 1137, 10.1002/jsfa.2740260811

Crawshaw, 1978, The aerobic deterioration of grass silages, 4

Crawshaw, 1980, The effect of formic and propionic acids on the aerobic deterioration of grass silage in laboratory units, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 31, 685, 10.1002/jsfa.2740310712

Ohyama, 1980, The effect of some additives on the aerobic deterioration of silages, Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 26, 941, 10.1002/jsfa.2740260710

Pitt, 1986, Dry matter losses due to oxygen infitration in silos, Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 35, 193, 10.1016/S0021-8634(86)80056-7

Savoie, 1988, Optimisation of plastic covers for stack silos, Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 41, 65, 10.1016/0021-8634(88)90189-8

Buckmaster, 1988, A comprehensive model of forage changes in the silo

McGechan, 1989, Alternative models of air infiltration to silage clamps

Hoxey, 1988, Factors controlling the aerobic deterioration of silage

Courtin, 1989, A simulation model of the microbiological and chemical changes accompanying the initial stage of aerobic deterioration of silage, Grass and forage Science

Rees, 1983, Some physical properties that affect the rate of diffusion of oxygen into silage, Journal of Agricultural Science (Cambridge), 100, 601, 10.1017/S0021859600035358

Rees, 1983, Apparatus for obtaining an undisturbed core of silage for measuring the porosity and gas diffusion in the sample, Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 28, 107, 10.1016/0021-8634(83)90080-X

Bear, 1982

Parsons, 1988, A technique for measuring the permeability of silage at low pressure gradients, Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 40, 303, 10.1016/0021-8634(88)90143-6

Kleis, 1964, Permeabilities of silo wall sections, Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 7, 20, 10.13031/2013.40682

Lewallen, 1967, Oxygen permeability of concrete wall sections, Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 10, 114, 10.13031/2013.39608

Lewallen, 1967, Oxygen permeability of concrete wall sections, Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 10, 122

O'Dogherty, 1984, Chop length distributions from forage harvesters and a simulation model of chopping, Journal Agricultural Engineering Research, 30, 165, 10.1016/S0021-8634(84)80018-9

Freitag, 1985, Beitrag zum Bemessung und Bewerten von Prozessen der Grünfuttersilierung

Pitt, 1987, Theory of forage particle size distribution, Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 30, 1246, 10.13031/2013.30553

O'Dogherty, 1982, A review of research on forage chopping, Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 27, 267, 10.1016/0021-8634(82)90068-3

Gordon, 1986, The effects of silage harvesting system and supplementation of silage-based diets by protein and methionene hydroxy analogue on the performance of lactating cows, Grass and Forage Science, 41, 1, 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1986.tb01785.x

Gordon, 1986, The effect of silage harvesting systems and feeding on milk production, Grass and Forage Science, 41, 209, 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1986.tb01806.x

Ward, 1985, Power and chop length analysis for trailed forage harvesters, Energy in Agriculture, 4, 12, 10.1016/0167-5826(85)90003-8

Müller, 1977, Materials and processing characteristic of grasses and grass silages

Lewis, M. Personal communication, 1988

James, 1984, ‘Sitran’, silage transport model

Müller, 1969, Beitrag zu verfahrenstechnischen Grundlagen der Silagebereitung

McGechan, 1987, Losses during forage conservation—a review of available information for use in a forage conservation system model

Messer, 1977, The influence of the properties of grass silage in bulk density and horizontal pressure, Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 22, 55, 10.1016/0021-8634(77)90093-2

t'Hart, 1980, Physical properties of ensiled grass and corn, silo capacities and silage pressures in cylindrical tower silos, IMAG Research Report, 79

Pitt, 1983, Mathematical prediction of density and temperature in ensiled forage, Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 26, 1522, 10.13031/2013.34163

ADAS, 1985, Earth walled silage clamps, Leaflet, 840

Peel, 1986, Improving predictions of silage density

McRandal, 1980, Mechanical and physical properties of grasses, Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 23, 816, 10.13031/2013.34669

Svenson, 1966, Briketter och pelletor, 165

Wetterau, 1971, Silageherstellung, 219

Pitt, 1982, Design criteria for a forage plant fractionation press, Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 25, 18, 10.13031/2013.33468

Peters, 1977, Factors influencing the formation of effluent in forage ensiling, 1133

Weissbach, 1983, Anfall chemische Zusammemsetzung und Futterwert von Silosickersaft, Feldwirtschaft, 24, 78

McDonald, 1960, Studies on Ensilage, 24

Kirsch, 1955, Einsauerungsversuch in Eisenbetonsilos mit der Hochdruckpressvorrichtung System Schmidt DBP, Futterkonservierung, 1, 13

Pitt, 1987, Effluent production from silage with application to tower silos, Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 30, 1198, 10.13031/2013.30544

Pitt, 1987, Effluent production from silage with application to tower silos, Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers, 30, 1208

Corrall, 1982, Silage in milk production; a simulation model to study the economic impact of management decisions in the production and use of silage in a dairy enterprise

Mo, 1979, Methods of estimating ensiling losses, Acta Agriculture Scandinavica, 29, 49, 10.1080/00015127909435209

Messer, 1977, The influence of moisture content and chop length of forage maize on silage bulk density and the pressure on silo walls, Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 22, 175, 10.1016/0021-8634(77)90061-0

Heath, 1973

Zimmer, 1979, Efficient silage systems, 186

May-Brown, 1974, The respiration of drying grass leaves, Annual Report of Grassland Research Institute, 49

Castle, 1970, Silage and milk production: a comparison between grass silages made with and without formic acid, Journal of the British Grassland Society, 25, 65, 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1970.tb00606.x

McDonald, 1974, The ensilage process

Rees, D. V. H. Personal communication, 1985

McGechan, M. B. Operational research study of forage conservation systems for cool, humid upland climates. Part 2, Comparison of hay and silage sysems. Journal of Agricultural and Engineering Research (in press)

McGechan, M. B. A cost benefit study of alternative policies for making grass silage. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research (in press)