A review article of the cardiovascular sequalae in esport athletes: A cause for concern?

Warman, 2017 2022 Jenny, 2017, Virtual(ly) Athletes: Where eSports Fit Within the Definition of “Sport”, Quest, 69, 1, 10.1080/00336297.2016.1144517 Oxford University Press, 2021 Rodgers, 1977 Guttmann, 1978 2020 2021 Wagner, 2006, On the Scientific Relevance of eSports, 437 Hamari, 2017, What is eSports and why do people watch it?, Internet Res, 27, 211, 10.1108/IntR-04-2016-0085 Crawford, 2009 Keiper, 2017, No reason to LoL at LoL: the addition of esports to intercollegiate athletic departments, J Study Sport Athletes Educ, 11, 143, 10.1080/19357397.2017.1316001 2019 2021 Zwibel, 2019, An Osteopathic Physician's Approach to the Esports Athlete, J Osteopath Med, 119, 756, 10.7556/jaoa.2019.125 DiFrancisco-Donoghue, 2019, Managing the health of the eSport athlete: an integrated health management model, BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med, 5, e000467, 10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000467 Rechichi, 2017, Video Game Vision Syndrome: A New Clinical Picture in Children?, J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus, 54, 346, 10.3928/01913913-20170510-01 Calvert, 2013, Electronic gaming and the obesity crisis, New Dir Child Adolesc Dev, 2013, 51, 10.1002/cad.20031 Vandewater, 2004, Linking obesity and activity level with children's television and video game use, J Adolesc, 27, 71 Han, 2012, Differential regional gray matter volumes in patients with on-line game addiction and professional gamers, J Psychiatr Res, 46, 507, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.01.004 2020 Schmidt, 2020, The Influence of Cortisol, Flow, and Anxiety on Performance in E-Sports: A Field Study, vol. 2020 Lee, 2004, A new case of fatal pulmonary thromboembolism associated with prolonged sitting at computer in Korea, Yonsei Med J, 45, 349, 10.3349/ymj.2004.45.2.349 Lee, 2015, Killed by Internet Addiction? A Real Possibility, Ann Acad Med Singapore, 44, 565, 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V44N12p565 Pujol, 2016, Video gaming in school children: How much is enough?, Ann Neurol, 80, 424, 10.1002/ana.24745 Bonnar, 2019, Sleep and performance in Eathletes: for the win!, Sleep Heal, 5, 647, 10.1016/j.sleh.2019.06.007 Sunbul, 2014, Acute sleep deprivation is associated with increased arterial stiffness in healthy young adults, Sleep Breath, 18, 215, 10.1007/s11325-013-0873-9 Wehrens, 2012, Heart rate variability and endothelial function after sleep deprivation and recovery sleep among male shift and non-shift workers, Scand J Work Environ Health, 38, 171, 10.5271/sjweh.3197 Calvin, 2014, Experimental sleep restriction causes endothelial dysfunction in healthy humans, J Am Heart Assoc, 3 Lopes-Vicente, 2017, Arterial stiffness and its association with clustering of metabolic syndrome risk factors, Diabetol Metab Syndr, 9, 87, 10.1186/s13098-017-0286-1 Hillebrand, 2013, Heart rate variability and first cardiovascular event in populations without known cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis and dose-response meta-regression, Eur Eur Pacing Arrhythm Card Electrophysiol J Work Groups Card Pacing Arrhythm Card Cell Electrophysiol Eur Soc Cardiol, 15, 742 Gottlieb, 2006, Association of usual sleep duration with hypertension: the Sleep Heart Health Study, Sleep, 29, 1009, 10.1093/sleep/29.8.1009 Meerlo, 2008, Restricted and disrupted sleep: effects on autonomic function, neuroendocrine stress systems and stress responsivity, Sleep Med Rev, 12, 197, 10.1016/j.smrv.2007.07.007 Wright, 2015, Influence of sleep deprivation and circadian misalignment on cortisol, inflammatory markers, and cytokine balance, Brain Behav Immun, 47, 24, 10.1016/j.bbi.2015.01.004 Cakici, 2015, Negative effects of acute sleep deprivation on left ventricular functions and cardiac repolarization in healthy young adults, Pacing Clin Electrophysiol, 38, 713, 10.1111/pace.12534 Chaput, 2011, Video game playing increases food intake in adolescents: a randomized crossover study, Am J Clin Nutr, 93, 1196, 10.3945/ajcn.110.008680 Siervo, 2018, Acute effects of video-game playing versus television viewing on stress markers and food intake in overweight and obese young men: A randomised controlled trial, Appetite, 120, 100, 10.1016/j.appet.2017.08.018 ValladÃo, 2020, Esport: Fortnite Acutely Increases Heart Rate of Young Men, Int J Exerc Sci, 13, 1217 Gwinup, 1983, Cardiovascular changes in video-game players. Cause for concern?, Postgrad Med, 74, 245, 10.1080/00325481.1983.11698546 Segal, 1991, Physiologic responses to playing a video game, Am J Dis Child, 145, 1034 Yeo, 2017, Analysis of Biosignals During Immersion in Computer Games, J Med Syst, 42, 3 Ivarsson, 2009, Playing a violent television game affects heart rate variability, Acta Paediatr, 98, 166, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.01096.x Priori, 2013, HRS/EHRA/APHRS expert consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of patients with inherited primary arrhythmia syndromes: document endorsed by HRS, EHRA, and APHRS in May 2013 and by ACCF, AHA, PACES, and AEPC in June 2013, Heart Rhythm, 10, 1932, 10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.05.014 Child, 2014, Effect of mental challenge induced by movie clips on action potential duration in normal human subjects independent of heart rate, Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol, 7, 518, 10.1161/CIRCEP.113.000909 Lawley, 2019, Syncope Due to Ventricular Arrhythmia Triggered by Electronic Gaming, N Engl J Med, 381, 1180, 10.1056/NEJMc1905537 Nash, 2020, Video game ventricular tachycardia: The “Fortnite” phenomenon, Hear Case Rep, 6 Lampert, 2002, Emotional and physical precipitants of ventricular arrhythmia, Circulation, 106, 1800, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000031733.51374.C1 Lampert, 2016, Mental Stress and Ventricular Arrhythmias, Curr Cardiol Rep, 18, 118, 10.1007/s11886-016-0798-6 Holden, 2018, Esports: Children, stimulants and video-gaming-induced inactivity, J Paediatr Child Health, 54, 830, 10.1111/jpc.13897 Gould, 2009, Sudden death and use of stimulant medications in youths, Am J Psychiatry, 166, 992, 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09040472 Sinha, 2016, Adult ADHD Medications and Their Cardiovascular Implications, Case Rep Cardiol, 2016 Biederman, 2006, A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of OROS methylphenidate in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Biol Psychiatry, 59, 829, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.09.011 Kaye, 2007, Methamphetamine and cardiovascular pathology: a review of the evidence, Addiction, 102, 1204, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01874.x Treweek, 2009, Drugs of abuse that mediate advanced glycation end product formation: a chemical link to disease pathology, Acc Chem Res, 42, 659, 10.1021/ar800247d Haning, 2007, Electrocardiographic abnormalities in methamphetamine abusers, Addiction, 102, 70, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01776.x Cohle, 2013, Fatal coronary artery intimal hyperplasia due to amphetamine use, Cardiovasc Pathol Off J Soc Cardiovasc Pathol, 22, e1, 10.1016/j.carpath.2012.07.007