A reappraisal of the Sibson‐Scholz fault zone model: The nature of the frictional to viscous (“brittle‐ductile”) transition along a long‐lived, crustal‐scale fault, Outer Hebrides, Scotland
Tóm tắt
The widely cited Sibson‐Scholz conceptual fault zone model suggests that seismically active, upper crustal brittle faults pass downward across a predominantly thermally controlled transition at 10–15 km depth into ductile shear zones in which deformation occurs by aseimic viscous creep. The crustal‐scale Outer Hebrides Fault Zone (OHFZ) in NW Scotland has been described as the type example of such a continental fault zone. It cuts Precambrian basement gneisses and is deeply exhumed, allowing direct study of the deformation products and processes that occur across a wide range of crustal depths. A number of fault rock assemblages are recognized to have formed during a long‐lived displacement history lasting in excess of 1000 Myr. During Caledonian movements that are recognized along much of the 190 km onshore fault trace, brittle, cataclasite‐bearing faults in the west of the OHFZ are unequivocally overprinted to the east by a younger fabric related to a network of ductile shear zones. Field observations and regional geochronological data demonstrate that there is no evidence for reheating of the fault zone due to thrust‐related crustal thickening or shear heating. Microstructural observations show that the onset of viscous deformation was related to a major influx of hydrous fluids. This led to retrogression, with the widespread development of new finegrained phyllosilicate‐bearing fault rocks (“phyllonites”), and the onset of fluid‐assisted, grain size‐sensitive diffusional creep in the most highly deformed and altered parts of the fault zone. Phyllonitic fault rocks also occur in older, more deeply exhumed parts of the fault zone, implying that phyllonitization had previously occurred at an earlier stage and that this process is possible over a wide temperature (depth) range within crustal‐scale faults. Our data provide an observational basis for recent theoretical and experimental studies which suggest that crustal‐scale faults containing interconnected networks of phyllosilicate‐bearing fault rocks will be characterized by long‐term relative weakness and shallow (∼5 km) frictional‐viscous transition zones. Similar processes acting at depth may provide an explanation for the apparent weakness of presently active structures such as the San Andreas Fault.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Binns P. E. R.McQuillin N.Kenolty The geology of the Sea of the HebridesRep. 73/14 44 Inst. Geol. Sci. HMSO London 1974.
Butler C. A. Basement fault reactivation: The kinematic evolution of the Outer Hebrides Fault Zone Scotland Ph.D. thesis Univ. of Durham Durham England 1995.
Coward M. P. The structural and metamorphic geology of South Uist Outer Hebrides Ph.D. thesis Univ. of London London England 1969.
Fettes D. J., 1992, Geology of the Outer Hebrides
Fowler C. M. R., 1990, The Solid Earth
Hippertt J. F., 1994, Direct observation of porosity in quartzite and phyllonite, Neues Jahrb. für Mineral., 166, 239
Imber J. Deformation and fluid‐rock interaction along the reactivated Outer Hebrides Fault Zone Scotland Ph.D. thesis Univ. of Durham Durham England 1998.
Maltman A., 1994, Continental Deformation, 143
Miyashiro A., 1994, Metamorphic Petrology
Schmid S. M., 1991, Controversies in Modern Geology: Evolution of Geological Theories in Sedimentology, Earth History and Tectonics, 339
Scholz C. H., 1990, The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting
Sibson R. H. The Outer Hebrides Thrust: Its structure mechanism and deformation environment Ph.D. thesis Univ. of London London England 1977.b.
Sibson R. H., 1982, Fault zone models, heat flow, and the depth distribution of earthquakes in the continental crust of the United States, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 72, 151
Snoke A. W., 1988, Fault‐Related Rocks: A Photographic Atlas
Strachan R. A., 2000, Geological History of Britain and Ireland, 52
Walker J. A study of the deformation environment of the Outer Hebrides Fault Zone Ph.D thesis Univ. of London London England 1990.
Walsh J. J., 2001, The Nature and Tectonic Significance of Fault Zone Weakening, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 157
Wintsch R. P., 1995, Fluid‐rock reaction weakening of fault zones, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 13021, 10.1029/94JB02622
Yardley B. W. D., 1989, An Introduction to Metamorphic Petrology