A prospective investigation of rumination and executive control in predicting overgeneral autobiographical memory in adolescence
Tóm tắt
The CaR-FA-X model (Williams et al., 2007), or capture and rumination (CaR), functional avoidance (FA), and impaired executive control (X), is a model of overgeneral autobiographical memory (OGM). Two mechanisms of the model, rumination and executive control, were examined in isolation and in interaction in order to investigate OGM over time. Across two time points, six months apart, a total of 149 adolescents (13–16 years) completed the minimal-instruction autobiographical memory test, a measure of executive control with both emotional and nonemotional stimuli, and measures of brooding rumination and reflective pondering. The results showed that executive control for emotional information was negatively associated with OGM, but only when reflective pondering levels were high. Therefore, in the context of higher levels of reflective pondering, greater switch costs (i.e., lower executive control) when processing emotional information predicted a decrease in OGM over time.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Addis, D. R., Wong, A. T., & Schacter, D. L. (2008). Age-related changes in the episodic simulation of future events. Psychological Science, 19, 33–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02043.x
Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park: Sage.
Altamirano, L. J, Miyake, A., & Whitmer, A. J. (2010). When mental inflexibility facilitates executive control: Beneficial side effects of ruminative tendencies on goal maintenance. Psychological Science, 21, 1377–1382. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797610381505
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Ansari, T. L., Derakshan N., & Richards, A. (2008). Effects of anxiety on task switching: Evidence from the mixed antisaccade task. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioural Neuroscience, 8, 229–238. doi:https://doi.org/10.3758/CABN.8.3.229
Arditte, K. A., & Joormann, J. (2011) Emotion regulation in depression: Reflection predicts recovery from a major depressive episode. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 35, 536–543. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-011-9389-4
Balazs, J., Miklosi, M., Kereszteny, A., Hoven, C. W., Carli, V., Wasserman, C., … Wassterman, D. (2013). Adolescent subthreshold depression and anxiety: Psychopathology, functional impairment and increased suicide risk. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54, 670–677. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12016
Basner, M., Dinges, D. F., Mollicone, D. J., Savelev, I., Ecker, A. J., Di Antonio, A., … Sutton, J. P. (2014). Psychological and behavioral changes during confinement in a 520-day simulated interplanetary mission to Mars. PLoS ONE, 9, e93298. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093298
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., Ball, R., & Ranieri, W. F. (1996). Comparison of Beck Depression Inventories-IA and -II in psychiatric outpatients. Journal of Personality Assessment, 67, 588–597. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6703_13
Brittlebank, A. D., Scott, J., Williams, J. M. G., & Ferrier, I. N.(1993). Autobiographical memory in depression: State or trait marker? British Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 118–121. doi:https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.162.1.118
Brown, A. D., Addis, D. R., Romano, T. A., Marmar, C. R., Bryant, R. A., Hirst, W., & Schacter, D. L. (2014). Episodic and semantic components of autobiographical memories and imagined future events in post-traumatic stress disorder. Memory, 22, 595–604. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2013.807842
Burgess, P. W. (1997). Theory and methodology in executive function research. In P. Rabbitt (Ed.), Methodology of frontal and executive function (pp. 81–116). East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press Ltd.
Burwell, R. A., & Shirk, S. R. (2007). Subtypes of rumination in adolescence: Association between brooding, reflection, depressive symptoms and coping. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 36, 56–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3601_6
Chun, M. M., Golomb, J. D., & Turk-Browne, N. B. (2011). A taxonomy of external and internal attention. Annual Review of Psychology, 62, 73–101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100427
Cisler, J. M., & Koster, E. H. W. (2010). Mechanisms of attentional biases towards threat in the anxiety disorders: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 203–216. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.003
Conway, M. A., & Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000). The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. Psychological Review, 107, 261–288. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.107.2.261
Cox, S., Funasaki, K., Smith, L., & Mezulis, A. H. (2012). A prospective study of brooding and reflection as moderators of the relationship between stress and depressive symptoms in adolescence. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36, 290–299. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-011-9373-z
de Decker, A., Hermans, D., Raes, F., & Eelen, P. (2003). Autobiographical memory specificity and trauma in inpatient adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 3, 22–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1207/15374420360533031
De Lissnyder, E., Koster, E. H., Everaert, J., Schacht, R., Van den Abeele, D., & De Raedt, R. (2012). Internal cognitive control in clinical depression: General but no emotion specific impairments. Psychiatry Research, 199, 124–130. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2012.04.019
De Lissnyder, E., Koster, E. H. W., & De Raedt, R. (2012). Emotional interference in working memory is related to rumination. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36, 348–357. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-011-9352-4
De Lissnyder, E., Koster, E. H. W., Derakshan, N., & De Raedt, R. (2010). The association between depressive symptoms and executive control impairments in response to emotional and non-emotional information. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 264–280. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930903378354
De Lissnyder, E., Koster, E. H. W., Goubert, L., Onraedt, T., Vanderhasselt, MA., & De Raedt, R. (2012). Cognitive control moderates the association between stress and rumination. Journal of Behavioural Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 43, 519–525. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.07.004
Debeer, E., Raes, F., & Hermans, D. (2009). Associations between components of rumination and autobiographical memory specificity as measured by a Minimal Instructions Autobiographical Memory Test. Memory, 17, 892–903. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210903376243
Dekker, M. C., Ferdinand, R. F., van Lang, N. D., Bongers, I. L., van der Ende, J., & Verhulst, F. C. (2007). Developmental trajectories of depressive symptoms from early childhood to late adolescence: Gender differences and adult outcome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 657–666. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01742.x
Devitt, A. L., Addis, D. R., & Schacter, D. L. (2017). Episodic and semantic content of memory and imagination: A multilevel analysis. Memory and Cognition, 45, 1078–1094. doi:https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-017-0716-1.
Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135–168. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
Driscoll, K. A. (2004). Children’s response styles and risk for depression and anxiety: Developmental and sex differences. Unpublished dissertation, Florida State University.
Ellis, H. C., & Ashbrook, P. W. (1988). Resource allocation model of the effects of depressed mood states on memory. In K. Fiedler & J. Forgas (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and social behaviour (pp. 25–43). Toronto: Hogrefe.
Gathercole, S. E., Pickering, S. J., Ambridge, B., & Wearing, H. (2004). The structure of working memory from 4 to 15 years of age. Developmental Psychology, 40, 177–190. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.40.2.177
Gibb, B. E., Grassia, M., Stone, L. B., Uhrlass, D. J., & McGeary, J. E. (2012). Brooding rumination and risk for depression disorders in children of depressed mothers. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 317–326. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-011-9554-y
Griffith, J. W., Sumner, J. A., Debeer, E., Raes, F., Hermans, D., Mineka, S., … Craske, M. G. (2009). An item response theory/confirmatory factor analysis of the Autobiographical Memory Test. Memory, 17, 609–623. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09658210902939348
Hayes, A.F. (2012). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modelling [White paper]. Retrieved from www.afhayes.com/ public/process2012.pdf
Henry, L. A., & Bettenay, C., (2010). The assessment of executive functioning in children. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 15, 110–119. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3588.2010.00557.x
Heron, J., Crane, C., Gunnell, D., Lewis, G., Evans, J., & Williams, J. M. G. (2012). 40,000 memories in young teenagers: Psychometric properties of the Autobiographical Memory Test in a UK cohort study. Memory, 20, 300–320. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2012.656846
Hilt, L., Leitzke, B., & Pollak, S. D. (2014). Cognitive control and rumination in youth: The importance of emotion. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 5, 302–313. doi:https://doi.org/10.5127/jep.038113
Hitchcock, C., Nixon, R. D. V., & Weber, N. (2014a). A longitudinal examination of overgeneral memory and psychopathology in children following recent trauma exposure. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 28, 531–538. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.3027
Hitchcock, C., Nixon, R. D. V., & Weber, N. (2014b). A review of overgeneral memory in child psychopathology. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53, 170–193. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12034
Hobbs, G. & Vignoles, A. (2010). Is children’s free school meal ‘eligibility’ a good proxy for family income? British Educational Research Journal, 36 (4), 673–690. https://doi.org/10.1080/01411920903083111.
Holmes, A. J., & Pizzagalli, D. A (2007). Task feedback effects on conflict monitoring and executive control: Relationship to subclinical measures of depression. Emotion, 7, 68–76. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.7.1.68
Irish, M., & Piguet, O. (2013). The pivotal role of semantic memory in remembering the past and imagining the future. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 7, 27. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00027
Jones, R., Heim, D., Hunter, S. C., & Ellaway, A. (2014). The relative influence of neighbourhood incivilities, cognitive social capital, club membership and individual characteristics on positive mental health. Health and Place, 28, 187–193. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.04.006
Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2010). Emotion regulation in depression: Relation to cognitive inhibition. Cognition and Emotion, 24, 281–298. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930903407948
Kaviani, H., Rahimi, M., Rahimi-Darabad, P., & Naghavi, H. R. (2011). Overgeneral memory retrieval and ineffective problem-solving in depressed patients with suicidal ideation: Implications for therapy. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 11, 413–423.
Kessler, R.C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Merikangas, K.R., & Walters, E.E. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 593–602. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593
Kleim, B., & Ehlers, A. (2008). Reduced autobiographical memory specificity predicts depression and posttraumatic stress disorder after recent trauma. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 231–242. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.76.2.231
Koster, E. H. W., De Lissnyder, E., Derakhshan, N., & De Raedt, R (2011). Understanding depressive rumination from a cognitive science perspective: The impaired disengagement hypothesis. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 138–145. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.08.005
Kuyken, W., & Dalgleish, T. (2011). Overgeneral autobiographical memory in adolescents at risk for depression. Memory, 19, 241–250. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2011.554421
Lanteigne, D. M. (2012). Patterns among emotional experience, arousal, and expression in adolescence. Unpublished Manuscript. Retrieved from https://qspace.library.queensu.ca/bitstream/1974/6694/1/Lanteigne_Dianna_M_201108_MSc.pdf
Leyman, L., De Raedt, R., Schacht, R., & Koster, E. H. W. (2007). Attentional biases for angry faces in unipolar depression. Psychological Medicine, 37, 393–402. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329170600910X
Lundqvist, D., Flykt, A., & Öhman, A. (1998). The Karolinska Directed Emotional Faces (KDEF). Department of Neurosciences, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm.
Mackinger, H. F, Pachinger, M. M, Leibetseder, M. M., & Fartacek, R. R. (2000). Autobiographical memories in women remitted from major depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 331–334. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.109.2.331
March, J. S., Parker, J. D., Sullivan, K., Stallings, K., & Conners, C. K. (1997). The Multidimensional Anxiety Scale for Children (MASC): Factor structure, reliability, and validity. American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 554–564. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199704000-00019
Miyake, A., Freidman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “frontal lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49–100. doi:https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
Moore, S. A., & Zoellner, L. A. (2007). Overgeneral autobiographical memory and traumatic events: An evaluative review. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 419–437. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.3.419
Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Ollendick, T., King, N., & Bogie, N. (2002). Three traditional and three new childhood anxiety questionnaires: Their reliability and validity in a normal adolescent sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 753–772. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00056-0
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 569–582. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.569
Osman, A., Kopper, B. A., Guttierez, P. M., Barrios, F., & Bagge, C. L. (2004). Reliability and validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Psychological Assessment, 16, 120–132. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.16.2.120
Park, R. J., Goodyer, I. M., & Teasdale, J. D. (2004). Effects of induced rumination and distraction on mood and overgeneral autobiographical memory in adolescent Major Depressive Disorder and controls. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 996–1006. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.t01-1-00291.x
Rabbitt, P. (1997). Introduction: Methodologies and models in the study of executive function. In P. Rabbitt (Ed.), Methodology of frontal and executive function (pp. 1–38). East Sussex: Psychology Press.
Raes, F., Hermans, D., de Decker, A., Eelen, P., & Williams, J. M. G. (2003). Autobiographical memory specificity and affect regulation: An experimental approach. Emotion, 3, 201–206. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.3.2.201
Raes, F., Verstraeten, K., Bijttebier, P., Vasey, M. W., & Dalgleish, T. (2010). Inhibitory control mediates the relationship between depressed mood and overgeneral memory recall in children. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 39, 276–281. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410903532684
Rawal, A., & Rice, F. (2012a). Examining overgeneral autobiographical memory as a risk factor for adolescent depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 51, 518–527. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2012.02.025
Rawal, A., & Rice, F. (2012b). A longitudinal study of processes predicting the specificity of autobiographical memory in the adolescent offspring of depressed parents. Memory, 20, 518–526. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2012.683011
Roberts, A.C. (1998). Introduction. In A. C. Roberts, T. W. Robbins, & L. Weiskrantz (Eds.), The prefrontal cortex: Executive and cognitive functions (pp. 1–8). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Romero, N., Vazquez, C., & Sanchez, A. (2014). Rumination and specificity of autobiographical memory in dysphoria. Memory, 22, 646–654. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2013.811254
Rood, L., Roelofs, J., Bogels, S. M., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schouten, E. (2009). The influence of emotion-focused rumination and distraction on depressive symptoms in non-clinical youth: A meta analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review. 29, 607–616. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.07.001
Schoofs, H., Hermans, D., & Raes, F. (2012). Effect of self-discrepancy on specificity of autobiographical memory retrieval. Memory, 20, 63–72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2011.637934
School Meals Data set. (2013). The Scottish Government school meal survey. Retrieved from http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Statistics/Browse/School-Education/SchoolMealsDatasets/schmeals2013.
Shah, P., & Miyake, A. (1999). Models of working memory: An introduction. In: Miyake, A., Shah, P. (Eds.). Models of Working Memory: Mechanisms of Active Maintenance and Executive Control (pp. 1–27). Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.
Smets, J., Griffith, J. W., Wessel, I., Walschaerts, D., & Raes, F. (2013). Depressive symptoms moderate the effects of a self-discrepancy induction on overgeneral autobiographical memory. Memory, 21, 751–761. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2012.756039
Stewart, T. M., Hunter, S. C., & Rhodes, S. M. (2017). A narrative synthesis of the applicability of the CaR-FA-X model in child and adolescent populations: A systematic review. Memory, 1–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2016.1275699
Sumner, J. A. (2012). The mechanisms underlying overgeneral autobiographical memory: An evaluative review of evidence for the CaR-FA-X model. Clinical Psychology Review, 32, 34–48. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2011.10.003
Sumner, J. A., Griffith, J. W., & Mineka, S. (2010). Overgeneral autobiographical memory as a predictor of the course of depression: A meta-analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 614–625. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.013
Sumner, J. A., Griffith, J. W., & Mineka, S. (2011). Examining the mechanisms of overgeneral autobiographical memory: Capture and rumination, and impaired executive control. Memory, 19, 169–183. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2010.541467
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed). New York: Allyn & Bacon.
Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003). Rumination reconsidered: A psychometric analysis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 247–259. doi:https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023910315561
Valentino, K., Bridgett, D. J., Hayden, L. C., & Nuttall, A. K. (2012). Abuse, depressive symptoms, executive functioning, and overgeneral memory among a psychiatric sample of children and adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 41, 491–498. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2012.660689
Valentino, K., Toth, S. L., & Cicchetti, D. (2009). Autobiographical memory functioning among abused, neglected and non-maltreated children: The overgeneral memory effect. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 1029–1038. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02072.x
van Vreeswijk, M. F., & de Wilde, E. J. (2004). Autobiographical memory specificity, psychopathology, depressed mood, and the use of the Autobiographical Memory Test: A meta-analysis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 731–743. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00194-3
Wechsler, D. (2004). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fourth UK edition. London: Harcourt Assessment.
Williams, J. M. G. (1996). Depression and the specificity of autobiographical memory. In D. C. Rubin (Ed.), Remembering our past: Studies in autobiographical memory (pp. 244–267). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Williams, J. M. G., Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Hermans, D., Raes, F., Watkins, E., & Dalgleish, T. (2007). Autobiographical memory specificity and emotional disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 133, 122–148. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.122
Williams, J. M. G., & Broadbent, K. (1986). Autobiographical memory in suicide attempters. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 144–149. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.95.2.144
Williams, J. M. G., & Dritschel, B. (1992). Categoric and extended autobiographical memories. In Conway M. A., Rubin D. C., Spinnler H., & Wagenaar W. A. (Eds.), Theoretical perspectives on autobiographical memory (pp. 391–410). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
Wisco, B. E., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2010). Interpretation bias and depressive symptoms: The role of self-relevance. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 1113–1122. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2010.08.004