A pictorial review of conventional and new applications of duplex Doppler sonography in the pediatric abdomen

Zwiebel, 1992, Basic abdominal and pelvis duplex: instrumentation, anatomy, and vascular Doppler signatures, Semin Ultrasound CT MR, 13, 3 Middleton, 1991, Basic principles and instrumentation, 1 Burns, 1987, The physical principles of Doppler and spectral analysis, J Clin Ultrasound, 15, 567, 10.1002/jcu.1870150903 Merritt, 1991, Doppler US: the basics, Radiographics, 11, 109, 10.1148/radiographics.11.1.1996384 Taylor, 1978, Clinical evaluation of pulse-Doppler device linked to gray scale B-scan equipment, Radiology, 129, 745, 10.1148/129.3.745 Merritt, 1986, Doppler blood flow imaging: integrating flow with tissue data, Diagn Imaging, 11, 146 Quillin, 1993, Color Doppler US of children with acute lower abdominal pain, Radiographics, 13, 1281, 10.1148/radiographics.13.6.8290724 von Herbay, 2002, The use of colour-coded duplex sonography increases diagnostic accuracy of abdominal ultrasound, Ultraschall Med, 23, 168, 10.1055/s-2002-33157 Rubin, 1994, Power Doppler: a potentially useful alternative to mean-frequency based color Doppler sonography, Radiology, 190, 853, 10.1148/radiology.190.3.8115639 Nilsson, 1999, Power Doppler ultrasonography: alternative to computed tomography in abdominal trauma patients, J Ultrasound Med, 18, 669, 10.7863/jum.1999.18.10.669 Turetschek, 1996, Power Doppler versus color Doppler imaging in renal allograft evaluation, J Ultrasound Med, 15, 517, 10.7863/jum.1996.15.7.517 Grant, 2001, Sonographic contrast agents in vascular imaging, Semin Ultrasound CT MR, 22, 25, 10.1016/S0887-2171(01)90016-2 Hope-Simpson, 1999, Pulse-inversion Doppler: a new method for detecting nonlinear echoes from microbubble contrast agents, IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferrolec Freq Contr, 46, 372, 10.1109/58.753026 Burns, 1994, Power Doppler imaging combined with contrast enhancing harmonic Doppler: New method for small vessel imaging, Radiology, 193, S366 Albrecht, 2001, Phase-inversion sonography during the liver-specific late phase of contrast enhancement: improved detection of liver metastases, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 176, 1191, 10.2214/ajr.176.5.1761191 Ortega, 2001, Tissue harmonic imaging: is it a benefit for bile duct sonography?, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 176, 653, 10.2214/ajr.176.3.1760653 Albrecht, 2001, Phase-inversion sonography during the liver-specific late phase of contrast enhancement: improved detection of liver metastases, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 175, 1191, 10.2214/ajr.176.5.1761191 Rosenthal, 2001, Phase inversion tissue harmonic sonographic imaging: a clinical utility study, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 176, 1393, 10.2214/ajr.176.6.1761393 Hernanz-Schulman, 1993, State of the art: applications of Doppler sonography to extracranial pediatric diagnosis, Radiology, 189, 1, 10.1148/radiology.189.1.8372177 Riccabona, 2000, Echo-enhanced color Doppler sonography in children and adolescents, J Ultrasound Med, 19, 789, 10.7863/jum.2000.19.11.789 Deeg, 1992, Diagnosis of neonatal aortic thrombosis by colour coded Doppler sonography, Pediatr Radiol, 22, 62, 10.1007/BF02011611 Breviere, 1989, Treatment with urokinase of systemic arterial thrombosis in the newborn infant, Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss, 82, 771 Stringer, 1990, The value of Doppler sonography in the detection of major vessel thrombosis in the neonatal abdomen, Pediatr Radiol, 21, 30, 10.1007/BF02010810 Hibbert, 1997, The ultrasound appearances of neonatal renal vein thrombosis, Br J Radiol, 70, 1191, 10.1259/bjr.70.839.9536915 Laplante, 1993, Renal vein thrombosis in children: evidence of early flow recovery with Doppler US, Radiology, 189, 37, 10.1148/radiology.189.1.8372216 1993, Rapid diagnosis of neonatal renal vein thrombosis using color Doppler imaging, J Clin Ultrasound, 21, 468, 10.1002/jcu.1870210712 Grant, 1992, Color Doppler imaging of the hepatic vasculature, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 159, 943, 10.2214/ajr.159.5.1414804 Van′t Riet, 2000, Diagnosis and treatment of portal vein thrombosis following splenectomy, Br J Surg, 87, 1229, 10.1046/j.1365-2168.2000.01514.x Uno, 1997, Portal hypertension in children and young adults: sonographic and color Doppler findings, Abdom Imaging, 22, 72, 10.1007/s002619900143 De Gaetano, 1995, Cavernous transformation of the portal vein: patterns of intrahepatic and splanchnic collateral circulation detected with Doppler sonography, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 165, 1151, 10.2214/ajr.165.5.7572494 Lopez Barrio, 1996, Portal blood flow studied in children with portal hypertension using Doppler duplex echocardiography, An Esp Pediatr, 44, 92 Reference deleted by author.. Barakat, 2002, Doppler sonographic findings in children with idiopathic portal vein cavernous deformity and variceal hemorrhage, J Ultrasound Med, 21, 825, 10.7863/jum.2002.21.8.825 Kamatsuda, 1998, Color Doppler findings of gastrointestinal varices, Abdom Imaging, 23, 45, 10.1007/s002619900283 Cipolli, 1996, Duplex Doppler ultrasound and portal hypertension in children, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 23, 510, 10.1097/00005176-199611000-00033 Hasegawa, 2002, Living-related liver transplantation for biliary atresia associated with polysplenia syndrome, Pediatr Transplant, 6, 78, 10.1034/j.1399-3046.2002.1c045.x Kardorff, 1999, Prediction of survival in extrahepatic biliary atresia by hepatic duplex sonography, J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr, 28, 411, 10.1097/00005176-199904000-00012 Wanek, 1990, Portal venous velocity in biliary atresia, J Pediatr Surg, 25, 146, 10.1016/S0022-3468(05)80181-2 Bride, 1997, Hepatic artery resistance index can predict early death in children with biliary atresia, Liver Transpl Surg, 3, 604, 10.1002/lt.500030609 Asakura, 1998, Doppler ultrasonography in living-related liver transplantation, Transplant Proc, 30, 3190, 10.1016/S0041-1345(98)00989-0 Lomas, 1992, Duplex Doppler ultrasound for the detection of vascular occlusion following liver transplantation in children, Clin Radiol, 46, 38, 10.1016/S0009-9260(05)80032-7 Kok, 1998, Routine Doppler ultrasound for the detection of clinically unsuspected vascular complications in the early postoperative phase after orthotopic liver transplantation, Transpl Int, 11, 272, 10.1111/j.1432-2277.1998.tb00969.x Dravid, 1994, Arterial abnormalities following orthotopic liver transplantation: arteriographic findings and correlation with Doppler sonographic findings, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 163, 585, 10.2214/ajr.163.3.8079850 Wachsberg, 1998, Sonography of liver transplants, Ultrasound Q, 14, 76, 10.1097/00013644-199806000-00003 Maceneaney, 2000, The role of hepatic arterial Doppler ultrasound after liver transplantation: an “audit cycle” evaluation, Clin Radiol, 55, 517, 10.1053/crad.1999.0486 De Gaetano, 2000, Color Doppler sonography in the diagnosis and monitoring of arterial complications after liver transplantation, J Clin Ultrasound, 28, 373, 10.1002/1097-0096(200010)28:8<373::AID-JCU1>3.0.CO;2-B Salcedo, 1999, Arterial complications after liver transplantation: early and late forms, Gastroenterol Hepatol, 22, 381 Platt, 1997, Use of Doppler sonography for revealing hepatic artery stenosis in liver transplant recipients, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 168, 473, 10.2214/ajr.168.2.9016229 Dodd, 1994, 192, 657 Dodd, 1995, What is the tardus parvus spectral Doppler waveform, and what is its usefulness in the detection of hepatic or renal artery stenosis?, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 165, 1299, 10.2214/ajr.165.5.7572527 Marshall, 2002, Assessment of portal venous system patency in the liver transplant candidate: a prospective study comparing ultrasound, microbubble-enhanced colour Doppler ultrasound, with arteriography and surgery, Clin Radiol, 57, 377, 10.1053/crad.2001.0839 Kato, 2000, Liver transplantation with renoportal anastomosis after distal splenorenal shunt, Arch Surg, 135, 1401, 10.1001/archsurg.135.12.1401 Defrancq, 1993, Duplex ultrasonographic evaluation of liver transplants, Acta Radiol, 34, 478, 10.3109/02841859309175387 Platt, 1995, Hepatic artery resistance changes in portal vein thrombosis, Radiology, 196, 95, 10.1148/radiology.196.1.7784597 Tang, 2001, Analysis of portal venous waveform after living-related liver transplantation with pulsed Doppler ultrasound, Clin Transplant, 15, 380, 10.1034/j.1399-0012.2001.150603.x Lee, 1996, Extrahepatic portal vein stenosis in recipients of living-donor allografts: Doppler sonography, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 167, 85, 10.2214/ajr.167.1.8659427 Keller, 1989, Pseudoportal Doppler signal in the partially obstructed inferior vena cava, Radiology, 170, 475, 10.1148/radiology.170.2.2643143 Chawla, 1999, Duplex Doppler sonography in patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome, J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 14, 904, 10.1046/j.1440-1746.1999.01969.x Nghiem, 1996, Imaging of complications in liver transplantation, Radiographics, 16, 825, 10.1148/radiographics.16.4.8835974 Rossi, 1993, Upper inferior vena caval anastomotic stenosis in liver transplant recipients: Doppler US diagnosis, Radiology, 187, 387, 10.1148/radiology.187.2.8475278 Klein, 2001, A new approach to evaluating intestinal acute graft-versus-host disease by transabdominal sonography and colour Doppler imaging, Br J Haematol, 115, 929, 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.03221.x Erturk, 1999, Pseudoaneurysm of the abdominal aorta diagnosed by color duplex Doppler sonography, J Clin Ultrasound, 27, 202, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0096(199905)27:4<202::AID-JCU7>3.0.CO;2-E Alvarez, 1983, Portal hypertension in children. I: Clinical investigation and hemorrhage risk, J Pediatr, 103, 606, 10.1016/S0022-3476(83)80460-0 Alvarez, 1983, Portal hypertension in children. II: Results of surgical porto-systemic shunts, J Pediatr, 103, 703, 10.1016/S0022-3476(83)80461-2 Lafortune, 1987, Hemodynamic changes in portal circulation after portosystemic shunts: use of duplex sonography in 43 patients, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 149, 701, 10.2214/ajr.149.4.701 Hederström, 1990, Ultrasonography and Doppler duplex compared with angiography in follow-up of mesocaval shunt patency, Acta Radiol, 31, 341, 10.3109/02841859009172004 Patriquin, 1987, Surgical portosystemic shunts in children: assessment with duplex Doppler US, Radiology, 165, 25, 10.1148/radiology.165.1.3306787 Grant, 1990, Color Doppler imaging of portosystemic shunts, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 154, 393, 10.2214/ajr.154.2.2105035 Fraser, 1988, Duplex Doppler evaluation of mesocaval and mesoatrial shunt patency, J Clin Ultrasound, 16, 127, 10.1002/jcu.1870160212 Bolondi, 1988, Morphological and hemodynamic changes in the portal venous system after distas splenorenal shunt: an ultrasound and pulsed Doppler study, Hepatology, 8, 652, 10.1002/hep.1840080336 Holmin, 1982, The ultrasonic demonstration of portacaval and interposition mesocaval shunts, Br J Surg, 69, 673, 10.1002/bjs.1800691114 Ralls, 1990, Color Doppler sonography of portocaval shunts, J Clin Ultrasound, 18, 379, 10.1002/jcu.1870180502 Moriyasu, 1987, Ultrasonic Doppler duplex study of hemodynamic changes from portosystemic shunt operation, Ann Surg, 205, 151, 10.1097/00000658-198702000-00009 Watanabe, 2002, Scrotal imaging, Curr Opin Urol, 12, 149, 10.1097/00042307-200203000-00012 Tasci, 2001, Color doppler ultrasonography and spectral analysis of venous flow in diagnosis of varicocele, Eur Urol, 39, 316, 10.1159/000052460 Munden, 2000, Scrotal pathology in pediatrics with sonographic imaging, Curr Probl Diagn Radiol, 29, 185, 10.1016/S0363-0188(00)90013-6 Das, 1999, Intratesticular varicocele: evaluation using conventional and Doppler sonography, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 173, 1079, 10.2214/ajr.173.4.10511183 Sivit, 2001, When appendicitis is suspected in children, RadioGraphics, 21, 247, 10.1148/radiographics.21.1.g01ja17247 Quillin, 1992, Appendicitis in children: color Doppler sonography, Radiology, 184, 745, 10.1148/radiology.184.3.1509060 Birnbaum, 2000, Appendicitis at the millennium, Radiology, 215, 337, 10.1148/radiology.215.2.r00ma24337 Gutierrez, 1999, Doppler ultrasound accurately screens patients with appendicitis, Am Surg, 65, 1015, 10.1177/000313489906501103 LimHK, 1996, Appendicitis: usefulness of color Doppler US, Radiology, 201, 221, 10.1148/radiology.201.1.8816547 Del Pozo, 1999, Intussusception in children: current concepts in diagnosis and enema reduction, Radiographics, 19, 299, 10.1148/radiographics.19.2.g99mr14299 Hanquinet, 1998, Reliability of color Doppler and power Doppler sonography in the evaluation of intussuscepted bowel viability, Pediatr Surg Int, 13, 360, 10.1007/s003830050339 Kong, 1997, Factors related to detection of blood flow by color Doppler ultrasonography in intussusception, J Ultrasound Med, 16, 141, 10.7863/jum.1997.16.2.141 1994, Assessment of reducibility of ileocolic intussusception in children: usefulness of color Doppler sonography, Radiology, 191, 781, 10.1148/radiology.191.3.8184064 Hitzel, 2002, Color and power Doppler sonography versus DMSA scintigraphy in acute pyelonephritis and in prediction of renal scarring, J Nucl Med, 43, 27 Sakarya, 1998, The role of power Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis, Br J Urol, 81, 360, 10.1046/j.1464-410x.1998.00555.x Dacher, 1996, Power Doppler sonographic pattern of acute pyelonephritis in children: comparison with CT, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 166, 1451, 10.2214/ajr.166.6.8633462 Winters, 1996, Power Doppler sonographic evaluation of acute pyelonephritis in children, J Ultrasound Med, 15, 91, 10.7863/jum.1996.15.2.91 Huber, 2000, Contrast-enhanced power Doppler harmonic imaging: influence on visualization of renal vasculature, Ultrasound Med Biol, 26, 1109, 10.1016/S0301-5629(00)00247-7 Sehgal, 1998, Comparison of power Doppler and B-scan sonography for renal imaging using a sonographic contrast agent, J Ultrasound Med, 17, 751, 10.7863/jum.1998.17.12.751 Zubarev, 2001, Ultrasound of renal vessels, Eur Radiol, 11, 1902, 10.1007/s003300101012 Von Hervay, 2001, Abdominal three-dimensional power Doppler imaging, J Ultrasound Med, 20, 151, 10.7863/jum.2001.20.2.151 Lees, 2001, Ultrasound imaging in three and four dimensions, Semin Ultrasound CT MR, 22, 85, 10.1016/S0887-2171(01)90021-6 Hamper, 1994, Three-dimensional US: preliminary clinical experience, Radiology, 191, 397, 10.1148/radiology.191.2.8153312 Riccabona, 2002, Potential of modern sonographic techniques in paediatric uroradiology, Eur J Radiol, 43, 110, 10.1016/S0720-048X(02)00118-3