A new stratospheric and tropospheric NO<sub>2</sub> retrieval algorithm for nadir-viewing satellite instruments: applications to OMI
Tóm tắt
Abstract. We describe a new algorithm for the retrieval of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) vertical columns from nadir-viewing satellite instruments. This algorithm (SP2) is the basis for the Version 2.1 OMI This algorithm (SP2) is the basis for the Version 2.1 Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) NO2 Standard Product and features a novel method for separating the stratospheric and tropospheric columns. NO2 Standard Product and features a novel method for separating the stratospheric and tropospheric columns. The approach estimates the stratospheric NO2 directly from satellite data without using stratospheric chemical transport models or assuming any global zonal wave pattern. Tropospheric NO2 columns are retrieved using air mass factors derived from high-resolution radiative transfer calculations and a monthly climatology of NO2 profile shapes. We also present details of how uncertainties in the retrieved columns are estimated. The sensitivity of the retrieval to assumptions made in the stratosphere–troposphere separation is discussed and shown to be small, in an absolute sense, for most regions. We compare daily and monthly mean global OMI NO2 retrievals using the SP2 algorithm with those of the original Version 1 Standard Product (SP1) and the Dutch DOMINO product. The SP2 retrievals yield significantly smaller summertime tropospheric columns than SP1, particularly in polluted regions, and are more consistent with validation studies. SP2 retrievals are also relatively free of modeling artifacts and negative tropospheric NO2 values. In a reanalysis of an INTEX-B validation study, we show that SP2 largely eliminates an ~20% discrepancy that existed between OMI and independent in situ springtime NO2 SP1 measurements.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Acarreta, J. R., deHaan, J. F., and Stammes, P.: Cloud pressure retrieval using the O2-O2 absorption band at 477 nm, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D05204, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003915, 2004.
Bass and Johnsten, World Meteorological Organization, 1975.
Beirle, S., Platt, U., von Glasow, R., Wenig, M., and Wagner, T.: Estimate of nitrogen oxide emissions from shipping by satellite remote sensing, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L18102, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020312, 2004.
Beirle, S., Kuhl, S., Pukite, J., and Wagner, T.: Retrieval of tropospheric column densities of NO2 from combined SCIAMACHY nadir/limb measurements, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 3, 283–299, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-3-283-2010, 2010.
Beirle, S., Boersma, K. F., Platt, U., Lawrence, M. G., and Wagner, T.: Megacity Emissions and Lifetimes of Nitrogen Oxides Probed from Space, Science, 333, 1737–1739, 2011.
Bey, I., Jacob, D. J., Yantosca, R. M., Logan, J. A., Field, B. D., Fiore, A. M., Li, Q., Liu, H., Mickley, L. J., and Schultz, M. G.: Global modeling of tropospheric chemistry with assimilated meteorology: Model description and evaluation, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 23073–23095, 2001.
Boersma, K. F., Bucsela, E. J., Brinksma, E. J., and Gleason, J. F.: NO2, in: OMI Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document, 4, OMI Trace Gas Algorithms, ATB-OMI-04, Version 2.0, 20 edited by: Chance, K., 13–36, NASA Distrib. Active Archive Cent., Greenbelt, MD, USA, August 2002.
Boersma, K. F., Eskes, H. J., and Brinksma, E. J.: Error analysis for tropospheric NO2 from space, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D04311, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003962, 2004.
Boersma, K. F., Eskes, H. J., Veefkind, J. P., Brinksma, E. J., van der A, R. J., Sneep, M., van den Oord, G. H. J., Levelt, P. F., Stammes, P., Gleason, J. F., and Bucsela, E. J.: Near-real time retrieval of tropospheric NO2 from OMI, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2103–2118, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-2103-2007, 2007.
Boersma, K. F., Jacob, D. J., Bucsela, E. J., Perring, A. E., Dirksen, R., van der A, R. J., Yantosca, R. M., Park, R. J., Wenig, M. O., Bertram, T. H., and Cohen, R. C.: Validation of OMI tropospheric NO2 observations during INTEX-B and application to constrain NOx emissions over the eastern United States and Mexico, Atmos. Environ., 42, 4480–4497, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.02.004, 2008.
Boersma, K. F., Eskes, H. J., Dirksen, R. J., van der A, R. J., Veefkind, J. P., Stammes, P., Huijnen, V., Kleipool, Q. L., Sneep, M., Claas, J., Leitão, J., Richter, A., Zhou, Y., and Brunner, D.: An improved tropospheric NO2 column retrieval algorithm for the Ozone Monitoring Instrument, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 1905–1928, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1905-2011, 2011.
Bovensmann, H., Burrows, J. P., Buchwitz, M., Frerick, J., Noel, S., Chance, K. V., and Goede, A. P. H.: SCIAMACHY: Mission objectives and measurement modes, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 127–150, 1999.
Brewer, A. W., McElroy, C. T., and Kerr, J. B.: Nitrogen dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere, Nature, 246, 129–133, https://doi.org/10.1038/246129a0, 1973.
Bucsela, E. J., Celarier, E. A., Wenig, M. O., Gleason, J. F., Veefkind, J. P., Boersma, K. F., and Brinksma, E. J.: Algorithm for NO2 vertical column retrieval from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44, 1245–1258, 2006.
Bucsela, E. J., Perring, A. E., Cohen, R. C., Boersma, K. F., Celarier, E. A., Gleason, J. F., Wenig, M. O., Bertram, T. H., Wooldridge, P. J., Dirksen, R., and Veefkind, J. P.: Comparison of tropospheric NO2 from in situ aircraft measurements with near-real-time and standard product data from OMI, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D16S31, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008838, 2008.
Burrows, J. P., Weber, M., Buchwitz, M., Rosanov, V. V., Ladstatter, A., Weissenmayer, A., Richter, A., DeBeek, R., Hoogen, R., Bramstedt, K., and Eichmann, K. U.: The Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME): Mission concept and first scientific results, J. Atmos. Sci., 56, 151–175, 1999.
Callies, J., Corpaccioli, E., Eisinger, M., Hahne, A., and Lefebvre, A.: GOME-2 – Metop's Second Generation Sensor for Operational Ozone Monitoring, ESA Bulletin, 102, 28–36, 2000.
Castellanos, P. and Boersma, K. F.: Reductions in nitrogen oxides over Europe driven by environmental policy and economic recession, Scientific Reports, 2, 265, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep00265, 2012.
Chance, K. V. and Spurr, R. J. D.: Ring effect studies: Rayleigh scattering, including molecular parameters for rotational Raman scattering, and the Fraunhofer spectrum, Appl. Optics, 36, 5224–5230, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.36.005224, 1997.
Choi, Y., Wang, Y., Zeng, T., Cunnold, D., Yang, E.-S., Martin, R. V., Chance, K., Thouret, V., and Edgerton, E.: Springtime transitions of NO2, \\chemCO, and O3 over North America: model evaluation and analysis, J. Geophys. Res. 113, D20311, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009632, 2008.
Davé, J. V.: Multiple scattering in a non-homogeneous, Rayleigh atmosphere, J. Atmos. Sci., 22, 273–279, 1965.
Dirksen, R. J., Dobber, R. M., Voors, R., and Levelt, P. F.: Prelaunch characterization of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument transfer function in the spectral domain, Appl. Optics, 45, 3972–3981, https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.45.003972, 2006.
Dirksen, R. J., Boersma, K. F., Eskes, H. J., Ionov, D. V., Bucsela, E. J., Levelt, P. F., and Kelder, H. M.: Evaluation of stratospheric NO2 retrieved from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument: Intercomparison, diurnal cycle, and trending J. Geophys. Res. 116, D08305, 2011https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014943, 2011.
Dobber, M. R., Kleipool, Q., Dirksen, R., Levelt, P. F., Jaross, G., Taylor, S., Kelly, T., Flynn, L., Leppelmeier, G., and Rozemeijer, N.: Validation of Ozone Monitoring Instrument level-1b data products, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15S06, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008665, 2008.
Douglass A. R., Stolarski, R. S., Strahan, S. E., and Connell, P. S.: Radicals and reservoirs in the GMI chemistry and transport model: Comparison to measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D16302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004632, 2004.
Duncan, B. N., Strahan, S. E., Yoshida, Y., Steenrod, S. D., and Livesey, N.: Model study of the cross-tropopause transport of biomass burning pollution, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3713–3736, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-3713-2007, 2007.
Finlayson-Pitts, B. J. and Pitts Jr., J. N.: Chemistry of the Upper and Lower Atmosphere, Academic Press, ISBN 012257060X, 1999.
Frost, G. J., McKeen, S. A., Trainer, M., Ryerson, T. B., Neuman, J. A., Roberts, J. M., Swanson, A., Holloway, J. S., Sueper, D. T., Fortin, T., Parrish, D. D., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Flocke, F., Peckham, S. E., Grell, G. A., Kowal, D., Cartwright, J., Auerbach, N., and Habermann, T.: Effecs of changing power plant NOx emissions on ozone in the eastern United States: Proof of concept, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D12306, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006354, 2006.
Hains, J. C., Boersma, K. F., Kroon, M., Dirksen, R. J., Cohen, R. C., Perring, A. E., Bucsela, E. J., Volten, H., Swart, D. P. J., Richter, A., Wittrock, F., Schoenhardt, A., Wagner, T., Ibrahim, O. W., Van Roozendael, M., Pinardi, G., Gleason, J. F., Veefkind, J. P., and Levelt, P. F.: Testing and improving OMI DOMINO tropospheric NO2 using observations from the DANDELIONS and INTEX-B validation campaigns, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D05301, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD012399, 2010.
Harder, J. W. and Brault, J. W.: Atmospheric measurements of water vapor in the 442-nm region, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 6245–6252, https://doi.org/10.1029/96JD01730, 1997.
Heckel, A., Kim, S.-W., Frost, G. J., Richter, A., Trainer, M., and Burrows, J. P.: Influence of low spatial resolution a priori data on tropospheric NO2 satellite retrievals, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 1805–1820, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1805-2011, 2011.
Hilboll, A., Richter, A., Rozanov, A., Hodnebrog, Ø., Heckel, A., Solberg, S., Stordal, F., and Burrows, J. P.: Improvements to the retrieval of tropospheric NO2 from satellite – stratospheric correction using SCIAMACHY limb/nadir matching and comparison to Oslo CTM2 simulations, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 565–584, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-565-2013, 2013.
Jaeglé, L., Steinberger, L., Martin, R. V., and Chance, K.: Global partitioning of NOx sources using satellite observations: Relative roles of fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning and soil emissions, Faraday Discuss., 130, 407–423, https://doi.org/10.1039/b502128f, 2005.
Kim, S.-W., Heckel, A., McKeen, S. A., Frost, G. J., Hsie, E.-Y., Trainer, M. K., Richter, A., Burrows, J. P., Peckham, S. E., and Grell, G. A.: Satellite-observed U.S. power plant NOx emission reductions and their impact on air quality. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L22812, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027749, 2006.
Kleipool Q. L., Dobber, M. R., de Haan, J. F., and Levelt, P. F.: Earth surface reflectance climatology from 3 years of OMI data, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D18308, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010290, 2008.
Koelemeijer, R. B. A.,. De Haan, J. F, and Stammes, P.: A database of spectral surface reflectivity in the range 335–772 nm derived from 5.5 years of GOME observations, J. Geophys. Res., 108, D24070, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002429, 2003.
Lamsal, L. N., Martin, R. V., van Donkelaar, A., Celarier, E. A., Bucsela, E. J., Boersma, K. F., Dirksen, R., Luo, C., and Wang, Y.: Indirect validation of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide retrieved from the OMI satellite instrument: Insight into the seasonal variation of nitrogen oxides at northern midlatitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D05302, https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JD013351, 2010.
Lamsal, L. N.: Evaluation of improved operational standard tropospheric NO2 retrievals from Ozone Monitoring Instrument using in situ and surface-based NO2 observations, in preparation, 2013.
Lin, J.-T., McElroy, M. B., and Boersma, K. F.: Constraint of anthropogenic NOx emissions in China from different sectors: a new methodology using multiple satellite retrievals, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 63–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-63-2010, 2010.
Leue, C., Wenig, M., Wagner, T., Klimm, O., Platt, U., and Jähne, B.: Quantitative analysis of NOx emissions from Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment satellite image suences, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 5493–5505, 2001.
Levelt, P. F., Hilsenrath, E., Leppelmeier, G. W., van den Oord, G. B. J., Bhartia, P. K., Tamminen, J., de Haan, J. F., and Veefkind ,J. P.: Science Objectives of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument, IEEE Trans Geo. Rem. Sens., 44, 1199–1208, https://doi.org/10.1109/TGRS.2006.872333, 2006.
Lin, J.-T., McElroy, M. B., and Boersma, K. F.: Constraint of anthropogenic NOx emissions in China from different sectors: a new methodology using multiple satellite retrievals, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 63–78, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-63-2010, 2010.
Martin, R. V., Chance, K., Jacob, D. J., Kurosu, T. P., Spurr, R. J. D., Bucsela, E., Gleason, J., Palmer, P. I., Bey, I., Fiore, A. M., Li, Q., Yantosca, R. M., and Koelmeijer, R. B. A.: An improved retrieval of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide from GOME, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4437, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001027, 2002a.
Martin, R. V., Jacob, D. J., Logan, J. A., Bey, I., Yantosca, R. M., Staudt, A. C., Li, Q., Fiore, A. M., Duncan, B. N., Liu, H., Ginoux, P., and Thouret, V.: Interpretation of TOMS observations of tropical tropospheric ozone with a global model and in situ observations, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4351, https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JD001480, 2002b.
Martin, R. V., Jacob, D. J., Chance, K., Kurosu, T. P., Palmer, P. I., and Evans, M. J.: Global inventory of nitrogen oxide emissions constrained by space-based observations of NO2 columns, J. Geophys. Res, 108, 4537, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003453, 2003.
Martin, R. V., Sioris, C. E., Chance, K. V., Ryerson, T. B., Bertram, T. H., Woolridge, P. J., Cohen, R. C., Neuman, J. A., Swanson, A., and Flocke, F. M.: Evaluation of space-based constraints on nitrogen oxide emissions with regional aircraft measurements over and downwind of eastern North America, J. Geophys. Res., 111, D15308, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006680, 2006.
Martin, R. V., Sauvage, B., Folkins, I., Sioris, C. E., Boone, C., Bernath, P., and Ziemke, J.: Space-based constraints on the production of nitric oxide by lightning, J. Geophys. Res., 112, D09309, https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007831, 2007.
Noxon, J. F.: Nitrogen dioxide in the stratosphere and troposphere measured by ground-based absorption spectroscopy, Science, 189, 4202, 547–549, 1975.
Palmer, P. I., Jacob, D. J., Chance, K., Martin, R. V., Spurr, R. J. D., Kurosu, T. P., Bey, I., Yantosca, R., and Fiore, A.: Air mass factor formulation for spectroscopic measurements from satellites: Application to formaldehyde retrievals from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 14539–14550, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000JD900772, 2001.
Platt, U.: Differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS), edited by: Sigrist, M. W., in: Air Monitoring by Spectrometric Techniques, volume 127 of Chemical Analysis Series, 27–84, John Wiley, New York, USA, 1994.
Platt, U. and Perner, D.: Measurements of atmospheric trace gases by long path differential UV/visible absorption spectroscopy, in: Optical and Laser Remote Sensing, edited by: Killinger, D. A. and Mooradien, A., 95–105, Springer Verlag, New York, USA, 1983.
Platt, U. and Stutz, J.: Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS), Principle and Applications, Springer Verlag Heidelberg, ISBN 3-340-21193-4, 2006.
Richter, A. and Burrows, J. P.: Tropospheric NO2 from GOME measurements, Adv. Space Res., 29, 1673–1683, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1177(02)00100-X, 2002.
Richter, A., Burrows, J. P., Nüß, H., Granier, C., and Niemeier, U.: Increase in tropospheric nitrogen dioxide over China observed from space, Nature, 437, 129–132, 2005.
Rienecker, M. M., Suarez, M. J., Todling, R., Bacmeister, J., Takacs, L., Liu, H. C., Gu, W., Sienkiewicz, M., Koster, R. D., Gelaro, R., Stajner, I., and Nielsen, J. E.: The GEOS-5 Data Assimilation System-Documentation of Versions 5.0.1, 5.1.0, and 5.2.0 Technical Report Series on Global Modeling and Data Assimilation, v27, 2008.
Russell, A. R., Valin, L. C., Bucsela, E. J., Wenig, M. O., and Cohen, R. C.: Space-based Constraints on Spatial and Temporal Patterns of NOx Emissions in California, 2005−2008, Environ. Sci. Technol., 44, 3608–3615, https://doi.org/10.1021/es903451j, 2010.
Russell, A. R., Perring, A. E., Valin, L. C., Bucsela, E. J., Browne, E. C., Wooldridge, P. J., and Cohen, R. C.: A high spatial resolution retrieval of NO2 column densities from OMI: method and evaluation, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8543–8554, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-8543-2011, 2011.
Schaub, D., Brunner, D., Boersma, K. F., Keller, J., Folini, D., Buchmann, B., Berresheim, H., and Staehelin, J.: SCIAMACHY tropospheric NO2 over Switzerland: estimates of NOx lifetimes and impact of the complex Alpine topography on the retrieval, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 5971–5987, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-5971-2007, 2007.
Schoeberl, M. R., Douglass, A. R., Hlsenrath, E., Bhartia, P. K., Beer, R., Waters, J. W., Gunson, M., Froidevaux, L., Gille, J., Barnett, J., Levelt, P. F., and Decola, P.: Overview of the EOS Aura Mission, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44, 1066–1074, 2006.
Schumann, U. and Huntrieser, H.: The global lightning-induced nitrogen oxides source, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 3823–3907, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-3823-2007, 2007.
Seinfeld, J. H. and Pandis, S. N.: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics: From air pollution to climate change, John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York, 234–330, 1998.
Sneep, M., De Haan, J., Stammes, P., Wang, P., Vanbauce, C., Joiner, J., Vasilkov, A. P., and Levelt, P. F.: Three way comparison between OMI/Aura and POLDER/PARASOL cloud pressure products, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D15S23, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008694, 2008.
Solomon, S. and Garcia, R. R.: On the distribution of long-lived tracers and chlorine species in the middle atmosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 11633-11644, 1984.
Stammes, P., Sneep, M., de Haan, J. F., Veefkind, J. P., Wang, P., and Levelt, P. F.: Effective cloud fractions from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument: Theoretical framework and validation, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D16S38, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008820, 2008.
Strahan, S. E., Duncan, B. N., and Hoor, P.: Observationally derived transport diagnostics for the lowermost stratosphere and their application to the GMI chemistry and transport model, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 2435–2445, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-7-2435-2007, 2007.
Thornton, J. A., Wooldridge, P. J., and Cohen, R. C.: Atmospheric NO2: In situ laser-induced fluorescence detection at parts per trillion mixing ratios, Anal. Chem., 72, 528–539, 2000.
Thornton, J. A., Wooldridge, P. J., Cohen, R. C., Williams, E. J., Hereid, D., Fehsenfeld, F. C., Stutz, J., and Alicke, B.: Comparisons of in situ and long path measurements of \\chemNO in urban plumes, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4496, https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003559, 2003.
Tie, X., Zhang, R., Brasseur, G., and Lei, W.: Global: NOx production by lightning, J. Atmos. Chem., 43, 61–74, 2002.
Valks, P. and Loyola, D.: Algorithm theoretical basis document for GOME-2 total column products of ozone, minor trace gases, and cloud properties. Technical Report, DLR/GOME-2/ATBD/01, Iss.1/C, http://www.wdc.dlr.de/sensors/gome2/DLR_GOME-2_ATBD_1C, 2008.
Valks, P., Pinardi, G., Richter, A., Lambert, J.-C., Hao, N., Loyola, D., Van Roozendael, M., and Emmadi, S.: Operational total and tropospheric NO2 column retrieval for GOME-2, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 1491–1514, https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-4-1491-2011, 2011.
Vandaele, A. C., Hermans, C., Simon, P. C., Carleer, M., Colin, R., Fally, S., Mérienne, M. F., Jenouvrier, A., and Coquart, B.: Measurements of the NO2 absorption cross-section from 42 000 cm−1 to 10 000 cm−1 (238–1000 nm) at 220 K and 294 K, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf., 59, 171–184, 1998.
Velders, G. J. M., Granier, C., Portmann, R. W., Pfeilsticker, K., Wenig, M., Wagner, T., Platt, U., Richter, A., and Burrows, J. P.: Global tropospheric NO2 column distributions: Comparing three-dimensional model calculations with GOME measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 12643–12660, 2001.
Wenig, M. O., Cede, A. M., Bucsela, E. J., Celarier, E. A., Boersma, K. F., Veefkind, J. P., Brinksma, E. J., Gleason, J. F., and Herman, J. R.: Validation of OMI tropospheric NO2 column densities using direct-sun mode Brewer measurements at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D16S45, https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008988, 2008.