A multifunctional alternative lawn where warm-season grass and cold-season flowers coexist
Tóm tắt
Lawns provide green infrastructure and ecosystem services for anthropized areas. They have a strong impact on the environment in terms of inputs (water and fertilizers) and maintenance. The use of warm-season grasses, such as Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., provides a cost-effective and sustainable lawn in the dry summers of the Mediterranean. In winter, Bermudagrass is dormant and brown, which instead of being a problem could be an opportunity for biodiversity through the coexistence of flowering species. This study assesses the possibility of growing autumn-to-spring-flowering bulbs and forbs with Bermudagrass, to provide ecosystem services in urban areas. Eight geophytes and 18 forbs were incorporated into a mature turf of hybrid Bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis cv. “Tifway”. At the same time, a commercial flowering mix was sown in the same conditions. Two different soil preparations, scalping and turf flaming, and two different nitrogen doses, 50 and 150 kg ha−1, were carried out before sowing and transplanting. The flowering plants were counted. All the bulbs and six of the 18 forbs were able to grow and flower in the first and second years. The commercial mix was in full bloom from April until the cutting time for the hybrid Bermudagrass, at the end of May. Adding the flowering species did not affect the healthy growth of the warm-season grass. The fertilization dose had no effect, while turf flaming led to a wider spread of Bellis perennis L. and Crocus spp. Several flower-visiting insects were observed in the spring.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ahrné K, Bengtsson J, Elmqvist T (2009) Bumblebees (Bombus spp.) along a gradient of increasing urbanization. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005574
Aldous DE, Hunter A, Martin PM, Nektarios PA, McAuliffe KW (2014) Management of sports turf and amenity grasslands. In: Dixon GR, Aldous DE (eds) Horticulture: plants for people and places, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 731–761
ASA-SSSA (1996) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1 and 3. Physical and Chemical Methods, 2nd edn. Madison, Wisconsin
Beard JB (1973) Turfgrass: science and culture. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs
Beard JB, Green RL (1994) The role of turfgrasses in environmental protection and their benefits to humans. J Environ Qual 23(3):452–460
Beard JB, Johns D (1985) The comparative heat dissipation from three typical urban surfaces: asphalt, concrete and bermudagrass turf. Texas turfgrass Res-1985. Texas Agricultural Experiment Station PR-4329, College Station, pp 125–133
Benvenuti S (2018) Propagazione della specie orticole. In: Pardossi A, Prosdocimi Gianquinto G, Santamaria P, Incrocci L (eds) Orticoltura, principi e pratica. Edagricole, Bologna, pp 74–79
Benvenuti S, Bretzel F (2017) Agro-biodiversity restoration using wildflowers: what is the appropriate weed management for their long-term sustainability? Ecol Eng 102:519–526
Benvenuti S, Macchia M (2006) Germination ecology of wildflower species native to the Mediterranean environment selected for landscape restoration. Agric Med 136:167–180
Benvenuti S, Macchia M, Miele S (2001) Light, temperature and burial depth effects on Rumex obtusifolius seed germination and emergence. Weed Res 41(2):177–186
Bertoncini AP, Machon N, Pavoine S, Muratet A (2012) Local gardening practices shape urban lawn floristic communities. Landscape Urban Plan 105(1–2):53–61
Bolund P, Hunhamma S (1999) Ecosystem services in urban areas. Ecol Econ 29:293–301
Bretzel F, Vannucchi F, Romano D, Malorgio F, Benvenuti S, Pezzarossa B (2016) Wildflowers: from conserving biodiversity to urban greening—a review. Urban For Urban Green 20:428–436
Christians N (2004) Fundamentals of turfgrass management. Wiley, Hoboken, p 359
Cornelissen JHC, Lavorel S, Garnier E, Diaz S, Buchmann N, Gurvich DE, Reich PB, ter Steege H, Morgan HD, van der Heijden MGA, Pausas JG (2003) A handbook of protocols for standardised and easy measurement of plant functional traits worldwide. Aust J Bot 51(4):335–380
Croce P, De Luca A, Mocioni M, Volterrani M, Beard JB (2004) Adaptability of warm season turfgrass species and cultivars in a Mediterranean climate. Acta Hortic 61:365–368
Double R (1996) Turfgrasses, their management and use in the southern zone. Texas A&M University Press, Texas
Doyi M, Ito M, Auld BA (2006) Growth and reproduction of Hypochoeris radicata L. Weed Biol Manag 6(1):18–24
Dunnett N, Hitchmough J (2004) The dynamic landscape: design, ecology and management of naturalistic urban planting. Taylor & Francis, London
Gavrilidis AA, Niță MR, Onose DA, Badiu DL, Năstase II (2019) Methodological framework for urban sprawl control through sustainable planning of urban green infrastructure. Ecol Indic 96:67–78
Giolo S, Macolino M, Barolo E, Rimi F (2013) Stolons reserves and spring green-up of seeded bermudagrass cultivars in a transition zone environment. HortScience 48(6):780–784
González-Chang M, Tiwari S, Sharma S, Wratten SD (2019) Habitat management for pest management: limitations and prospects. Ann Entomol Soc Am 112(4):302–317
Horák J (2016) Threatened or harmful? Opportunism across spatial scales apparently leads to success during extralimital colonisation. Insect Conserv Diver 9(4):351–357
Hoyle H, Hitchmough J, Jorgensen A (2017) All about the ‘wow factor’? The relationships between aesthetics, restorative effect and perceived biodiversity in designed urban planting. Landsc Urban Plan 164:109–123
Hoyle H, Norton B, Dunnett N, Richards JP, Russell JM, Warren P (2018) Plant species or flower colour diversity? Identifying the drivers of public and invertebrate response to designed annual meadows. Landsc Urban Plan 180:103–113
Ignatieva M (2017) Lawn alternatives in Sweden—from theory to practice. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Department of Urban and Rural Development. Division of Landscape Architecture. ISBN (Printed version) 978-91-85735-39-6 ISBN (Electronic version) 978-91-85735-40-2
Ignatieva M, Hedblom M (2018) An alternative urban green carpet. Science 362(6411):148–149
Ignatieva M, Ahrné K, Wissman J, Eriksson T, Tidåker P, Hedblom M, Kätterer T, Marstorp H, Berg P, Eriksson T, Bengtsson J (2015) Lawn as a cultural and ecological phenomenon: a conceptual framework for transdisciplinary research. Urban For Urban Green 14(2):383–387
Jenkins S (1994) The Lawn: a history of American obsession. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington
Law QD, Bigelow CA, Patton AJ (2016) Selecting turfgrasses and mowing practices that reduce mowing requirements. Crop Sci 56(6):3318–3327
Lindemann-Matthies P, Brieger H (2016) Does urban gardening increase aesthetic quality of urban areas? A case study from Germany. Urban For Urban Green 17:33–41
Macolino S, Serena M, Leinauer B, Ziliotto U (2010) Preliminary finding on the correlation between water-soluble carbohydrate content in stolons and first year green-up of seeded bermudagrass cultivars. HortTechnology 20:758–763
Magni S, Gaetani M, Grossi N, Caturegli L, La Bella S, Leto C, Virga G, Tuttolomondo T, Lulli F, Volterrani M (2014) Bermudagrass adaptation in the Mediterranean climate: phenotypic traits of 44 accessions. Adv Hort Sci 28(1):29–34
Matteson KC, Langellotto GA (2010) Determinates of inner city butterfly and bee species richness. Urban Ecosyst 13:333–347
Mirabile M, Bretzel F, Gaetani M, Lulli F, Volterrani M (2016) Improving aesthetic and diversity of bermudagrass lawn in its dormancy period. Urban For Urban Green 18:190–197
Nilon CH (2011) Urban biodiversity and the importance of management and conservation. Landsc Ecol Eng 7(1):45–52
NTEP, National Turfgrass Evaluation Program (2012) National turfgrass evaluation program, Beltsville, MD. https://www.ntep.org. Accessed 20 Jul 2018
Ockinger E, Dannestam A, Smith HG (2009) The importance of fragmentation and habitat quality of urban grasslands for butterfly diversity. Landsc Urban Plan 93(1):31–37
Pignatti S, Guarino R, La Rosa M (2017) Flora d'Italia. Edagricole, Bologna
Pompeiano A, Volpi I, Volterrani M, Guglielminetti L (2013) N source affects freeze tolerance in bermudagrass and zoysiagrass. Acta Agric Scand B Soil Plant Sci 63:341–351
Qian Y, Follett RF, Kimble JM (2010) Soil organic carbon input from urban turf-grasses. Soil Sci Soc Am J 74:366–371
Raffaelli M, Martelloni L, Frasconi C, Fontanelli M, Peruzzi A (2013) Development of machines for flaming weed control on hard surfaces. Appl Eng Agr 29:663–673
Ranal MA, Santana DGD, Ferreira WR, Mendes-Rodrigues C (2009) Calculating germination measurements and organizing spreadsheets. Braz J Bot 32(4):849–855
Rashed A, Sherratt TN (2006) Mimicry in hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae): a field test of the competitive mimicry hypothesis. Behav Ecol 18(2):337–344
Richardson MD, McCalla J, Buxton T, Lulli F (2015) Incorporating early spring bulbs into dormant warm-season turf grasses. HortTechnology 25(2):228–232
Robinson SL, Lundholm JT (2012) Ecosystem services provided by urban spontaneous vegetation. Urban Ecosyst 15(3):545–557
Scarici E, Ruggeri R, Provenzano ME, Rossini F (2018) Germination and performance of seven native wildflowers in the Mediterranean landscape plantings. Ital J Agron 13:163–171
Stamp NE (1984) Self-burial behaviour of Erodium cicutarium seeds. J Ecol 72:611–620
Volterrani M, Magni S (2004) Species and growing media for sports turfs in Mediterranean area. Acta Hortic 661:359–364
Volterrani M, Pompeiano A, Magni S, Guglielminetti L (2012) Carbohydrate content, characterization and localization in bermudagrass stolons during establishment. Acta Agric Scand B Soil Plant Sci 62:62–69
Warwick SI, Briggs D (1979) The genecology of lawn weeds. III. Cultivation experiments with Achillea millefolium L., Bellis perennis L., Plantago lanceolata L., Plantago major L. and Prunella vulgaris L. collected from lawns and contrasting grassland habitats. New Phytol 83:509–536
Zirkle G, Rattan L, Augustin B (2011) Modelling carbon sequestration in home lawns. Hortic Sci 46:808–814