A multi-national comparison of antipsychotic drug use in children and adolescents, 2005–2012
Tóm tắt
Over the last decades, an increase in antipsychotic (AP) prescribing and a shift from first-generation antipsychotics (FGA) to second-generation antipsychotics (SGA) among youth have been reported. However, most AP prescriptions for youth are off-label, and there are worrying long-term safety data in youth. The objective of this study was to assess multinational trends in AP use among children and adolescents. A repeated cross-sectional design was applied to cohorts from varied sources from Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US) for calendar years 2005/2006–2012. The annual prevalence of AP use was assessed, stratified by age group, sex and subclass (FGA/SGA). The prevalence of AP use increased from 0.78 to 1.03% in the Netherlands’ data, from 0.26 to 0.48% in the Danish cohort, from 0.23 to 0.32% in the German cohort, and from 0.1 to 0.14% in the UK cohort. In the US cohort, AP use decreased from 0.94 to 0.79%. In the US cohort, nearly all ATP dispensings were for SGA, while among the European cohorts the proportion of SGA dispensings grew to nearly 75% of all AP dispensings. With the exception of the Netherlands, AP use prevalence was highest in 15–19 year-olds. So, from 2005/6 to 2012, AP use prevalence increased in all youth cohorts from European countries and decreased in the US cohort. SGA were favoured in all countries’ cohorts.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Verdoux H, Tournier M, Begaud B. Antipsychotic prescribing trends: a review of pharmaco-epidemiological studies. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2010;121(1):4–10.
Malone RP, Sheikh R, Zito JM. Novel antipsychotic medications in the treatment of children and adolescents. Psychiatr Serv. 1999;50(2):171–4.
Glazer WM. Extrapyramidal side effects, tardive dyskinesia, and the concept of atypicality. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61(Suppl 3):16–21.
Stafford MR, Mayo-Wilson E, Loucas CE, James A, Hollis C, Birchwood M, Kendall T. Efficacy and safety of pharmacological and psychological interventions for the treatment of psychosis and schizophrenia in children, adolescents and young adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(2):e0117166.
Liu HY, Potter MP, Woodworth KY, Yorks DM, Petty CR, Wozniak JR, Faraone SV, Biederman J. Pharmacologic treatments for pediatric bipolar disorder: a review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2011;50(8):749–62.
Troost PW, Lahuis BE, Steenhuis MP, Ketelaars CE, Buitelaar JK, van Engeland H, Scahill L, Minderaa RB, Hoekstra PJ. Long-term effects of risperidone in children with autism spectrum disorders: a placebo discontinuation study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2005;44(11):1137–44.
Hollis C, Pennant M, Cuenca J, Glazebrook C, Kendall T, Whittington C, Stockton S, Larsson L, Bunton P, Dobson S, Groom M, Hedderly T, Heyman I, Jackson GM, Jackson S, Murphy T, Rickards H, Robertson M, Stern J. Clinical effectiveness and patient perspectives of different treatment strategies for tics in children and adolescents with Tourette syndrome: a systematic review and qualitative analysis. Health Technol Assess. 2016;20(4):1–450.
Pringsheim T, Hirsch L, Gardner D, Gorman DA. The pharmacological management of oppositional behaviour, conduct problems, and aggression in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Part 2: antipsychotics and traditional mood stabilizers. Can J Psychiatry. 2015;60(2):52–61.
Loy JH, Merry SN, Hetrick SE, Stasiak K. Atypical antipsychotics for disruptive behaviour disorders in children and youths. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;9:CD008559.
de Bildt A, Mulder EJ, Scheers T, Minderaa RB, Tobi H. Pervasive developmental disorder, behavior problems, and psychotropic drug use in children and adolescents with mental retardation. Pediatrics. 2006;118(6):e1860–6.
Ben Amor L. Antipsychotics in pediatric and adolescent patients: a review of comparative safety data. J Affect Disord. 2012;138(Suppl):S22–30.
Olfson M. Epidemiologic and clinical perspectives on antipsychotic treatment of children and adolescents. Can J Psychiatry. 2012;57(12):715–6.
Olfson M, King M, Schoenbaum M. Treatment of young people with antipsychotic medications in the United States. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015;72(9):867–74.
Kalverdijk LJ, Tobi H, van den Berg PB, Buiskool J, Wagenaar L, Minderaa RB, de Jong-van den Berg LT. Use of antipsychotic drugs among Dutch youths between 1997 and 2005. Psychiatr Serv. 2008;59(5):554–60.
Patten SB, Waheed W, Bresee L. A review of pharmacoepidemiologic studies of antipsychotic use in children and adolescents. Can J Psychiatry. 2012;57(12):717–21.
Bachmann CJ, Lempp T, Glaeske G, Hoffmann F. Antipsychotic prescription in children and adolescents: an analysis of data from a German statutory health insurance company from 2005 to 2012. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2014;111(3):25–34.
Burcu M, Zito JM, Ibe A, Safer DJ. Atypical antipsychotic use among medicaid-insured children and adolescents: duration, safety, and monitoring implications. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2014;24(3):112–9.
Zito JM, Tobi H, de Jong-van den Berg LT, Fegert JM, Safer DJ, Janhsen K, Hansen DG, Gardner JF, Glaeske G. Antidepressant prevalence for youths: a multi-national comparison. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2006;15(11):793–8.
Bachmann CJ, Aagaard L, Burcu M, Glaeske G, Kalverdijk LJ, Petersen I, Schuiling-Veninga CC, Wijlaars L, Zito JM, Hoffmann F. Trends and patterns of antidepressant use in children and adolescents from five western countries, 2005–2012. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26(3):411–9.
Bachmann. CJ, Wijlaars L, Kalverdijk LJ, Burcu M, Glaeske G, Petersen I, Schuiling-Veninga CM, Hoffmann F, Zito JM. Trends in ADHD medication use in children and adolescents in five Western countries, 2005–2012. 2016 (Under review).
Hoffmann F, Bachmann CJ. Differences in sociodemographic characteristics, health, and health service use of children and adolescents according to their health insurance funds. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2014;57(4):455–63.
Visser ST, Schuiling-Veninga CC, Bos JH, de Jong-van den Berg LT, Postma MJ. The population-based prescription database IADB.nl: its development, usefulness in outcomes research and challenges. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2013;13(3):285–92.
Blak BT, Thompson M, Dattani H, Bourke A. Generalisability of The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database: demographics, chronic disease prevalence and mortality rates. Inform Prim Care. 2011;19(4):251–5.
Horsfall L, Walters K, Petersen I. Identifying periods of acceptable computer usage in primary care research databases. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2013;22(1):64–9.
Maguire A, Blak BT, Thompson M. The importance of defining periods of complete mortality reporting for research using automated data from primary care. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2009;18(1):76–83.
Health and social care information centre. The prescribing compliance a review of the proportion of prescriptions dispensed. http://www.hscic.gov.uk/home. 2011. Accessed 02 Jan 2017.
http://kff.org/health-reform/state-indicator/medicaid-and-chip-income-eligibility-limits-for-children-as-a-percent-of-the-federal-poverty-level/. Accessed 02 Jan 2017.
Byck GR. A comparison of the socioeconomic and health status characteristics of uninsured, state children’s health insurance program-eligible children in the united states with those of other groups of insured children: implications for policy. Pediatrics. 2000;106(1 Pt 1):14–21.
World Health Organization: (2016) ATC/DDD index. http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/. Accessed 05 Jan 2017.
Tobi H, van den Berg PB, de Jong-van den Berg LT. Small proportions: what to report for confidence intervals? Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2005;14(4):239–47.
Schomerus G, Matschinger H, Baumeister SE, Mojtabai R, Angermeyer MC. Public attitudes towards psychiatric medication: a comparison between United States and Germany. World Psychiatry. 2014;13(3):320–1.
Rodday AM, Parsons SK, Correll CU, Robb AS, Zima BT, Saunders TS, Leslie LK. Child and adolescent psychiatrists’ attitudes and practices prescribing second generation antipsychotics. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2014;24(2):90–3.
McLeod JD, Pescosolido BA, Takeuchi DT, White TF. Public attitudes toward the use of psychiatric medications for children. J Health Soc Behav. 2004;45(1):53–67.
Penfold RB, Stewart C, Hunkeler EM, Madden JM, Cummings JR, Owen-Smith AA, Rossom RC, Lu CY, Lynch FL, Waitzfelder BE, Coleman KJ, Ahmedani BK, Beck AL, Zeber JE, Simon GE. Use of antipsychotic medications in pediatric populations: what do the data say? Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2013;15(12):426.
Crystal S, Mackie T, Fenton MC, Amin S, Neese-Todd S, Olfson M, Bilder S. Rapid growth of antipsychotic Prescriptions for children who Are publicly insured has ceased but concerns remain. Health Aff (Millwood). 2016;35(6):974–82.
Steinhausen HC. Recent international trends in psychotropic medication prescriptions for children and adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2015;24(6):635–40.
Murphy AL, Gardner DM, Kisely S, Cooke CA, Kutcher SP, Hughes J. System struggles and substitutes: a qualitative study of general practitioner and psychiatrist experiences of prescribing antipsychotics to children and adolescents. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2015;21:1–15.
Abbas S, Ihle P, Adler JB, Engel S, Gunster C, Linder R, Lehmkuhl G, Schubert I. Psychopharmacological Prescriptions in Children and Adolescents in Germany. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2016;113(22–23):396–403.
Rani F, Murray ML, Byrne PJ, Wong IC. Epidemiologic features of antipsychotic prescribing to children and adolescents in primary care in the United Kingdom. Pediatrics. 2008;121(5):1002–9.
Correll CU, Carlson HE. Endocrine and metabolic adverse effects of psychotropic medications in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006;45(7):771–91.
Cahn W, Ramlal D, Bruggeman R, de Haan L, Scheepers FE, van Soest MM, Assies J, Slooff CJ. Prevention and treatment of somatic complications arising from the use of antipsychotics. Tijdschr Psychiatr. 2008;50(9):579–91.
ABIM Foundation American Psychiatric Association (2015). Five things physicians and patients should question. http://www.choosingwisely.org/clinicianlists/american-psychiatric-association-antipsychotics-in-children-or-adolescents/. Accessed 27 Jan 2017.
Schmid I, Burcu M, Zito JM. Medicaid prior authorization policies for pediatric use of antipsychotic medications. JAMA. 2015;313(9):966–8.
Kenniscentrum (2017) Landelijk Kenniscentrum Kinder- en Jeugpsychiatrie. http://www.kenniscentrum-kjp.nl/en/home. Accessed 05 Jan 2017.
Hilverdink P, Daamen W, Vink C. Children and youth support and care in the Netherlands. Neth Youth Inst. (www.nji.nl/english); 2015:8.
NICE. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: diagnosis and management. Clinical guideline [CG72]. 2008. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg72. Accessed 01 Aug 2017.
NICE. Antisocial behaviour and conduct disorders in children and young people: recognition and treatment. [CG158]. 2013. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg158. Accessed 01 Sept 2017.
Moffitt TE. Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy. Psychol Rev. 1993;100(4):674–701.
Zito JM, Safer DJ, de Jong-van den Berg LT, Janhsen K, Fegert JM, Gardner JF, Glaeske G, Valluri SC. A three-country comparison of psychotropic medication prevalence in youth. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2008;2(1):26.
Pringsheim T, Gorman D. Second-generation antipsychotics for the treatment of disruptive behaviour disorders in children: a systematic review. Can J Psychiatry. 2012;57(12):722–7.
Correll CU. Antipsychotic use in children and adolescents: minimizing adverse effects to maximize outcomes. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2008;47(1):9–20.
Correll CU, Leucht S, Kane JM. Lower risk for tardive dyskinesia associated with second-generation antipsychotics: a systematic review of 1-year studies. Am J Psychiatry. 2004;161(3):414–25.
Leucht S, Corves C, Arbter D, Engel RR, Li C, Davis JM. Second-generation versus first-generation antipsychotic drugs for schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009;373(9657):31–41.
Correll CU, Lencz T, Malhotra AK. Antipsychotic drugs and obesity. Trends Mol Med. 2011;17(2):97–107.
Andrade SE, Lo JC, Roblin D, Fouayzi H, Connor DF, Penfold RB, Chandra M, Reed G, Gurwitz JH. Antipsychotic medication use among children and risk of diabetes mellitus. Pediatrics. 2011;128(6):1135–41.
Bobo WV, Cooper WO, Stein CM, Olfson M, Graham D, Daugherty J, Fuchs DC, Ray WA. Antipsychotics and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and youth. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(10):1067–75.
Correll CU, Manu P, Olshanskiy V, Napolitano B, Kane JM, Malhotra AK. Cardiometabolic risk of second-generation antipsychotic medications during first-time use in children and adolescents. JAMA. 2009;302(16):1765–73.
Roke Y, Buitelaar JK, Boot AM, Tenback D, van Harten PN. Risk of hyperprolactinemia and sexual side effects in males 10–20 years old diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders or disruptive behavior disorder and treated with risperidone. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2012;22(6):432–9.
Sikirica V, Pliszka SR, Betts KA, Hodgkins P, Samuelson T, Xie J, Erder H, Dammerman R, Robertson B, Wu EQ. Comparative treatment patterns, resource utilization, and costs in stimulant-treated children with ADHD who require subsequent pharmacotherapy with atypical antipsychotics versus non-antipsychotics. J Manag Care Pharm. 2012;18(9):676–89.
Graaf Md, Schouten R, Konijn C. De Nederlandse jeugdzorg in cijfers 1998–2002. NIZW Jeugd. 2005.
Nesvag R, Hartz I, Bramness JG, Hjellvik V, Handal M, Skurtveit S. Mental disorder diagnoses among children and adolescents who use antipsychotic drugs. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2016;26(9):1412–8.
Rani FA, Byrne PJ, Murray ML, Carter P, Wong IC. Paediatric atypical antipsychotic monitoring safety (PAMS) study: pilot study in children and adolescents in secondary- and tertiary-care settings. Drug Saf. 2009;32(4):325–33.
Glennon J, Purper-Ouakil D, Bakker M, Zuddas A, Hoekstra P, Schulze U, Castro-Fornieles J, Santosh PJ, Arango C, Kolch M, Coghill D, Flamarique I, Penzol MJ, Wan M, Murray M, Wong IC, Danckaerts M, Bonnot O, Falissard B, Masi G, Fegert JM, Vicari S, Carucci S, Dittmann RW, Buitelaar JK, PERS Consortium. Paediatric European Risperidone Studies (PERS): context, rationale, objectives, strategy, and challenges. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;23(12):1149–60.
Persico AM, Arango C, Buitelaar JK, Correll CU, Glennon JC, Hoekstra PJ, Moreno C, Vitiello B, Vorstman J, Zuddas A, European Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychopharmacology Network. Unmet needs in paediatric psychopharmacology: present scenario and future perspectives. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2015;25(10):1513–31.