A meta‐analytical review of the relationship between teacher immediacy and student learning

*Indicates a manuscript contributing data used in the statistical portion of the meta‐analysis

*Adkins RM (1998)The differences in students' perception of learning between extended learning program students and on‐campus students at Southern Christian UniversityUnpublished doctoral dissertation, Auburn University, Auburn, AL

Allen JL O'Mara J Long KM (1987, November)The effects of communication avoidance, learning styles, and gender upon classroom achievementPaper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association, Boston

*Allen JL, 1990, Communication Education, 39, 308, 10.1080/03634529009378812

Andersen JF (1978)The relationship between teacher immediacy and teaching effectivenessUnpublished doctoral dissertation, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV

*Andersen JF, 1979, Communication yearbook 3, (pp. 543–543)

10.1080/03634528109378493

10.1080/03634528109378490

*Baker JD (2001)The effects of instructor immediacy and student cohesiveness on affective and cognitive learning in the online classroomUnpublished doctoral dissertation, Regent University, Virginia Beach, VA

Berscheid E Walster EH (1978)Interpersonal attraction(2nd ed.), Reading, MA: Addison‐Wesley

Bloom BS (1956)A taxonomy of educational objectivesNew York: Longmans, Green

*Booth‐Butterfield S, 1992, Communication Research Reports, 9, 13, 10.1080/08824099209359893

Breed G (1971)Nonverbal behavior and teaching effectiveness[Research Rep.]. South Dakota University, Vermillion, SD

*Burks MC (1998)A study of the relationships among teachers' immediacy of dress factors and affective learning factors: A relational communication perspectiveUnpublished master's thesis, University of North Texas, Denton, TX

*Burroughs NF (1990)The relationship of teacher immediacy and student compliance–resistance with learningUnpublished doctoral dissertation, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV

*Butland MJ Beebe SA (1992, May)A study of the application of implicit communication theory to teacher immediacy and student learningPaper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association,Miami, FL

10.1080/03634520009379217

*Chesebro JL, 2001, Communication Education, 50, 59, 10.1080/03634520109379232

*Christensen LJ, 1998, Communication Education, 47, 82, 10.1080/03634529809379112

*Christophel DM, 1990, Communication Education, 39, 323, 10.1080/03634529009378813

10.1080/03634529509379020

*Comstock J, 1995, Communication Education, 44, 251, 10.1080/03634529509379015

Creswell JW (2002)Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative researchUpper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall

Daniel TR (2000)Determining the impact of nonverbal immediacy on cognitive learning and affective perceptions in a post‐secondary technical learning environmentUnpublished doctoral dissertation, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK

*Farren P (1992)Nonverbal teacher immediacy training in the classroom and its effects on learningUnpublished master's thesis, San Diego University, CA

*Folwell AL (1995, November)A comparison of professors' and students' perceptions of nonverbal immediacy behaviorsPaper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association, San Antonio, TX

10.1080/01463379309369905

*Frymier AB, 1994, Communication Quarterly, 42, 133, 10.1080/01463379409369922

*Frymier AB, 1998, Communication Research Reports, 15, 121, 10.1080/08824099809362106

*Frymier AB, 2000, Communication Education, 49, 207, 10.1080/03634520009379209

*Frymier AB Schulman GM (1994, November)Development and testing of the learner empowerment instrument in a communication based modelPaper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association, New Orleans, LA

Furio BJ (1987, January)The relationship between instructor behaviors and student perceptions of control in the classroomUnpublished research report, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV

Gall MD Borg WR Gall JP (2002)Educational research: An introduction(7th ed.), Old Tappan, NJ: Pearson Allyn & Bacon

*Garard DL (1998)The relationship between teacher immediacy and cognitive style: An exploratory investigationUnpublished doctoral dissertation, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL

Giles H, 1987, Communication yearbook 10, (pp. 13–13)

*Gorham J, 1988, Communication Education, 37, 40, 10.1080/03634528809378702

*Gorham J, 1990, Communication Education, 30, 46, 10.1080/03634529009378786

*Gorham J, 1997, Communication Research Reports, 14, 11, 10.1080/08824099709388641

10.1080/01463379909385560

*Gorham J, 1990, Communication Education, 39, 354, 10.1080/03634529009378815

Gudykunst WG Ting‐Toomey S (1988)Culture and interpersonal communicationNewbury Park, CA: Sage

*Hackman MZ, 1990, Communication Education, 39, 196, 10.1080/03634529009378802

Hedges L Olkin I (1985)Statistical methods for meta‐analysisOrlando, FL: Academic Press

*Hess JA, 2001, Communication Studies, 52, 197

*Hinkle LJ, 1998, Communication Research Reports, 15, 45, 10.1080/08824099809362096

Hunter JE Schmidt FL (1990)Methods of meta‐analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findingsNewbury Park, CA: Sage Publications

Inskso CA (1967)Theories of attitude changeNew York: Appleton‐Century‐Crofts

*Jordan FF (1989)An examination of the relationship between perceived verbal and paralinguistic immediacy and accommodation to perceived cognitive learningUnpublished doctoral dissertation, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV

Jordan FF Wheeless LR (1990, November)An investigation of the relationships among teachers' verbal immediacy, paralinguistic immediacy, and speech accommodation in diverse classroomsPaper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association, Chicago, IL

10.1080/03634528809378703

*Kearney P, 1985, Communication Quarterly, 33, 61, 10.1080/01463378509369579

*Kelley DH, 1988, Communication Education, 37, 198, 10.1080/03634528809378719

Kleinfeld J (1973)Using nonverbal warmth to increase learning: A cross‐cultural experiment[Research Note]. Institute of Social, Economic, and Government Research, Alaska University, Fairbanks, AK

Lipsey MW Wilson DB (2001)Practical meta‐analysisSage: Thousand Oaks, CA

*McAlister G (2001)Computer‐mediated immediacy: A new construct in teacher–student communication for computer‐mediated distance educationUnpublished doctoral dissertation, Regent University, Virginia Beach, VA

McCroskey JC, 1994, 1994 SCA summer conference proceedings and prepare remarks, (pp. 55–55)

*McCroskey JC, 1996, Communication Quarterly, 44, 297, 10.1080/01463379609370019

*McCroskey JC, 1996, Communication Education, 45, 200, 10.1080/03634529609379049

*McDowell EE McDowell CE (1990)An investigation of verbal and nonverbal teacher immediacy behaviors, homophily, interpersonal solidarity, student attentiveness and student learning at the senior high school levelPaper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dublin, Ireland

*McDowell EE McDowell CE Hyerdahl J (1980, November)A multivariate study of teacher immediacy, teaching effectiveness, and student attentiveness at the junior high and senior high levelsPaper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association, New York

McGreal EA (1989)The relationship of immediacy and communicator style to learning in adult literacy programsUnpublished doctoral dissertation, West Virginia University, Morgantown, VA

Mehrabian A, 1969, Behavioral Research Methods and Instrumentation, 1, 213

Mehrabian A (1971)Silent messagesBelmont, CA: Wadsworth

Mehrabian A (1981)Silent messages(2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth

*Menzel KE, 1999, Communication Education, 48, 31, 10.1080/03634529909379150

*Messman SJ, 2001, Communication Monographs, 68, 184, 10.1080/03637750128054

10.1080/03634529609379030

*Mortenson ST (1994)Configural and linear communication, teacher nonverbal immediacy, and affective learning in the multicultural classroomUnpublished master's thesis, California State University, Long Beach, CA

*Mottet TP Beebe SA (2001, November)Relationships between teacher nonverbal immediacy, student emotional response, and perceived student learningPaper presented at the annual meeting of the National Communication Association, Atlanta, GA

*Myers SA, 1998, Communication Studies, 49, 240, 10.1080/10510979809368534

*Neuliep JW, 1995, Communication Education, 44, 267, 10.1080/03634529509379016

*Neuliep JW, 1997, Communication Research, 24, 431, 10.1177/009365097024004006

Orpen C, 1994, Education, 115, 137

Osgood CE Suci GJ Tannenbaum PH (1957)The measurement of meaningUrbana, IL: University of Illinois Press

*Peterson SJ (1994)Interactive television: Continuing education participant satisfactionUnpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO

*Plax TG, 1986, Communication Education, 35, 43, 10.1080/03634528609388318

*Powell R, 1990, Communication Education, 39, 369, 10.1080/03634529009378816

*Richmond VP, 1990, Communication Education, 39, 181, 10.1080/03634529009378801

*Richmond VP, 1987, Communication yearbook 10, (pp. 574–574)

Richmond VP McCroskey JC (1992)Power in the classroom: Communication, control, and concernHillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc

10.1080/03634528709378636

*Roach KD, 2001, Communication Education, 50, 1, 10.1080/03634520109379228

*Robinson RY (1994)Affiliative communication behaviors: A comparative analysis of the interrelationships among teacher nonverbal immediacy, responsiveness, and verbal receptivity on the prediction of student learningUnpublished doctoral dissertation, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV

Robinson RY, 1995, Communication Research Reports, 12, 80, 10.1080/08824099509362042

*Rodriguez JI, 1996, Communication Education, 45, 293, 10.1080/03634529609379059

Rosenthal R (1984)Meta‐analytic procedures for social researchBeverly Hills, CA: Sage

*Sanders JA, 1990, Communication Education, 39, 341, 10.1080/03634529009378814

*Schaller KA (1993)The development of a communication‐based model of teacher efficacyUnpublished doctoral dissertation, Ohio University, Columbia, OH

Scott MD, 1975, Western Journal of Speech Communication, 41, 188, 10.1080/10570317709389611

*Shaw DH (1988)Behaviors and the evaluation of teacher effectiveness, career satisfaction, and student learningUnpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT

Sidelinger RJ, 1997, Communication Research Reports, 14, 1, 10.1080/08824099709388640

*Sorenson GA, 1989, Communication Education, 38, 259, 10.1080/03634528909378762

*Teven JJ (1998)The relationships among teacher characteristics, student learning, and teacher evaluationUnpublished doctoral dissertation, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV

Thomas CE (1994)An analysis of teacher socio‐communicative style as a predictor of classroom communication behaviors, student liking, motivation, and learningUnpublished doctoral dissertation, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV

*Thompson CAC (1992)The relationships among teachers' immediacy behaviors, credibility, and social style and students' motivation and learning: Comparisons among culturesUnpublished doctoral dissertation, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV

*Titsworth SB, 2001, Communication Education, 50, 283, 10.1080/03634520109379256

Triandis HC (1971)Attitude and attitude changeNew York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc

Valencic KM (2001)An investigation of teachers' temperament and students' perceptions of teachers: Communication behavior and students' attitudes toward teachersUnpublished doctoral dissertation, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV

Walker KB Hackman MZ (1991)Information transfer and nonverbal immediacy as primary predictors of learning and satisfaction in the televised coursePaper presented at the annual meeting of the Speech Communication Association, Atlanta, GA

10.1080/03634529909379152

Wiener M Mehrabian A (1968)Language within language: Immediacy, a channel in verbal communicationNew York: Appleton‐Century‐Crofts

*Witt PL (1997)A study of the relationships among student expectations about teacher nonverbal immediacy, student perceptions of teacher nonverbal immediacy, and affective learning in distance learning and the on‐site classroomUnpublished master's thesis, University of North Texas, Denton, TX

10.1080/03634520109379259

10.1037/0022-0663.70.1.87

Zimbardo P Ebbesen EB (1969)Influencing attitudes and changing behaviorMenlo Park, CA: Addison‐Wesley Publishing Company