A large-scale meta-analysis relating the Hare measures of psychopathy to antisocial conduct.

Law and Human Behavior - Tập 32 Số 1 - Trang 28-45
Anne-Marie R. Leistico1, Randall T. Salekin2, Jamie DeCoster2, Richard Rogers3
1The University of Alabama, 348 Gordon Palmer Hall, Box 870348, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0348, USA. [email protected]
2The University of Alabama
3THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

*Auslander, B. A. (1999). An exploratory study investigating variables in relation to juvenile sexual reoffending (Doctoral Dissertation, Florida State University, 1998). Dissertation Abstracts International, 59, 5069.

*Barbaree, H. E., Seto, M. C., Langton, C. M., & Peacock, E. J. (2001). Evaluating the predictive accuracy of six risk assessment instruments for adult sex offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 28, 490–521.

*Bauer, D. (2001). Psychopathy in incarcerated adolescent females: Prevalence rates and individual differences in cognition, personality, and behavior (Doctoral Dissertation, Finch University of Health Sciences/Chicago Medical School, 1999). Dissertation Abstracts International, 61, 4970.

*Belfrage, H., Fransson, G., & Strand, S. (2000). Prediction of violence using the HCR-20: A prospective study in two maximum-security correctional institutions. The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry, 11, 167–175.

*Ben-Horin, H. C. (2001). The interface between psychopathy and relational aggression in an incarcerated female population. (Doctoral Dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology, 2001). Dissertation Abstract International, 62, 590.

*Blum, F. M. (2004). Psychopathy, psychosis, drug abuse, and reoffense among conditionally released offenders. (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Southern California, 2003). Dissertation Abstracts International, 64, 6008.

*Brandt, J. R. (1994). Assessment of psychopathy in a population of incarcerated adolescent offenders (Doctoral Dissertation, Florida State University, 1993). Dissertation Abstracts International, 54, 4908.

*Brandt, J. R., Kennedy, W. A., Patrick, C. J., & Curtin, J. J. (1997). Assessment of psychopathy in a population of incarcerated adolescent offenders. Psychological Assessment, 9, 429–435.

*Buffington-Vollum, J., Edens, J. F., Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, J. K. (2002). Psychopathy as a predictor of institutional misbehavior among sex offenders: A prospective replication. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29, 497–511.

*Burke, H. C. (2004). Psychopathy and treatment outcome in incarcerated violent offender program participants (Doctoral Dissertation, Simon Fraser University, 2002). Dissertation Abstracts International, 64, 4025.

*Catchpole, R. E. H., & Gretton, H. M. (2003). The predictive validity of risk assessment with violent young offenders: A 1-year examination of criminal outcome. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 30, 688–708.

Cleckley, H. (1941). The mask of sanity (1st ed.). St Louis, MO: Mosby.

Cohen, J. (1977). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). New York: Academic Press.

Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155–159.

*Coid, J. W. (2002). Personality disorders in prisoners and their motivation for dangerous and disruptive behaviour. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 12, 209–226.

Cooke, D. J., Kosson, D. S., & Michie C. (2001a). Psychopathy and ethnicity: Structural, item, and test generalizability of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised in Caucasian and African American participants. Psychological Assessment, 13, 531–542.

Cooke, D. J., & Michie, C. (2001). Refining the construct of psychopathy: Towards a hierarchical model. Psychological Assessment, 13, 171–188.

*Cooke, D. J., Michie, C., & Ryan, J. (2001b). Evaluating risk for violence: A preliminary study of the HCR-20, PCL-R and VRAG in a Scottish prison sample. Report prepared for the Scottish Prison Service.

Cooper, H. M. (1989). Integrating research: A guide for literature reviews (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

*Corrado, R. R., Vincent, G. M., Hart, S. D., & Cohen, I. M. (2004). Predictive validity of the Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version for general and violent recidivism. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 22, 5–22.

*Cruise, K. R. (2001). Measurement of adolescent psychopathy: Construct and predictive validity in two samples of juvenile offenders (Doctoral Dissertation, University of North Texas, 2000). Dissertation Abstracts International, 61, 5556.

Cunningham, M. D., & Reidy, T. J. (2002). Violence risk assessment at federal capital sentencing: Individualization, generalization, relevance, and scientific standards. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29, 512–537.

DeCoster, J. (2004). Meta-analysis notes. Retrieved September 23, 2005. http://www.stat-help.com/notes.html

*Dernevik, M., Grann, M., & Johansson, S. (2002). Violent behavior in forensic psychiatric patients: Risk assessment and different risk-management levels using the HCR-20. Psychology, Crime, & Law, 8, 93–111.

*Douglas, K. S., Strand, S., Belfrage, H., Frasson, G., & Levander, S. (2005a). Reliability and validity evaluation of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version (PCL:SV) in Swedish correctional and forensic psychiatric samples. Assessment, 12, 145–161.

Douglas, K. S., Vincent, G. M., & Edens, J. F. (2006). Risk for criminal recidivism: The role of psychopathy. In C. J. Patrick (Ed.), The handbook of psychopathy (pp. 533–554). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

*Douglas, K. S., Yeomans, M., & Boer, D. P. (2005b). Comparative analysis of multiple measures of violence risk in a sample of criminal offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 32, 479–510.

*Doyle, M., Dolan, M., & McGovern, J. (2002). The validity of North American risk assessment tools in predicting in-patient violent behavior in England. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 7, 141–154.

Edens, J. F. (2001). Misuses of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised in court two case examples. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16, 1082–1093.

Edens, J. F., & Campbell, J. S. (2007). Identifying youths at risk for institutional misconduct: A meta-analytic investigation of the psychopathy checklist measures. Psychological Services, 4, 13–27.

Edens, J. F., Campbell, J. S., & Weir, J. M. (2007). Youth psychopathy and criminal recidivism: A meta-analysis of the psychopathy checklist measures. Law and Human Behavior, 31, 53–75.

*Edens, J. F., Poythress, N. G., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (1999). Identifying inmates at risk for disciplinary infractions: A comparison of two measures of psychopathy. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 17, 435–443.

Farrington, D. P. (2005). The importance of child and adolescent psychopathy. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 489–497.

*Firestone, P., Bradford, J. M., McCoy, M., Greenberg, D. M., Curry, S., & Larose, M. R. (2000). Prediction of recidivism in extrafamilial child molesters based on court-related assessments. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 12, 203–221.

Forth, A. E., & Burke, H. C. (1998). Psychopathy in adolescence: Assessment, violence and developmental precursors. In D. J. Cooke, A. E. Forthe, & R. D. Hare (Eds.), Psychopathy: Theory, research, and implications for society (pp. 205–229). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

*Forth, A. E., Hart, S. D., & Hare, R. D. (1990). Assessment of psychopathy in male young offenders. Psychological Assessment, 2, 342–344.

Forth, A. E., Kosson, D. S., & Hare, R. D. (2003). Manual for the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Youth Version. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.

*Gacono, C. B., Meloy, J. R., Speth, E., & Roske, A. (1997). Above the law: Escapes from a maximum security forensic hospital and psychopathy. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 25, 547–550.

Gendreau P., Goggin C., & Smith P. (2002). Is the PCL-R really the “unparalleled” measure of offender risk? A lesson in knowledge cumulation. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29, 397–426.

Gendreau, P., Little, T., & Goggin, C. (1996). A meta-analysis of the predictors of adult offender recidivism: What works! Criminology, 34, 575–607.

*Glover, A. J. J. (1993). Identification of violent incarcerates using the test of criminal thinking and the Revised Psychopathy Checklist (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Toronto, 1992). Dissertation Abstracts International, 53, 4253.

*Glover, A. J. J., Nicholson, D. E., Hemmati, T., Bernfeld, G. A., & Quinsey, V. L. (2002). A comparison of predictors of general and violent recidivism among high-risk federal offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 29, 235–249.

*Grann, M., Langstrom, N., Tengstom, A., & Kullgren, G. (1999). Psychopathy (PCL-R) predicts violent recidivism among criminal offenders with personality disorders in Sweden. Law and Human Behavior, 23, 205–217.

*Gray, N. S., Hill, C., McGleish, A., Timmons, D., MacCulloch, M. J., & Snowden, R. J. (2003). Prediction of violence and self-harm in mentally disordered offenders: A prospective study of the efficacy of the HCR-20, PCL-R, and psychiatric symptomatology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 443–451.

*Gray, N. S., Snowdon, R. J., MacCulloch, S., Phillips, H., Taylor, J., & MacCulloch, M. J. (2004). Relative efficacy of criminological, clinical, and personality measures of future risk of offending in mentally disordered offenders: A comparative study of HCR-20, PCL: SV, and OGRS. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 523–530.

*Gretton, H. M., Catchpole, R. E. H., McBride, M., Hare, R. D., & Regan, K. V. (2005). The relationship between psychopathy, treatment completion and criminal outcome over ten years: A study of adolescent sex offenders. In M. Calder (Ed.), Children and young people who sexually abuse. United Kingdom: Russell House.

*Gretton, H. M., Hare, R. D., & Catchpole, R. E. H. (2004). Psychopathy and offending from adolescence to adulthood: A 10-year follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 636–645.

Guy, L. S., Edens, J. F., Anthony, C., & Douglas, K. S. (2005). Does psychopathy predict institutional misconduct among adults? A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 1056–1064.

*Hahn, P. M. (1998). An exploration of psychopathy and substance abuse in a community penalties criminal justice population (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Maryland at College Park, 1997). Dissertation Abstracts International, 58, 5120.

Hare, R. D. (1980). The Psychopathy Checklist. Unpublished Manuscript, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.

Hare, R. D. (2003). Manual for the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (2nd ed.). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.

*Hare, R. D., Clark, D., Grann, M., & Thornton, D. (2000). Psychopathy and the predictive validity of the PCL-R: An international perspective. Behavioral Science and the Law, 18, 623–645.

*Harris, A. J. R. (2003). The Psychopathy Checklist Screening Version: Applications with parole and probation sex offender samples (Doctoral Dissertation, Carleton University, 2002). Dissertation Abstracts International, 63, 4412.

*Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., Quinsey, V. L., Lalumiere, M. L., Boer, D., & Lang, C. (2003). A multisite comparison of actuarial risk instruments for sex offenders. Psychological Assessment, 15, 413–425.

Hart, S. D., Cox, D. N., & Hare, R. D. (1995). Manual for the Hare Psychopathy Checklist: Screening version. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.

Hart, S. D., & Hare, R. D. (1989). Discriminant validity of the Psychopathy Checklist in a forensic psychiatric population. Psychological Assessment, 1, 211–218.

*Hart, S. D., Kropp, P. R., & Hare, R. D. (1988). Performance of male psychopaths following conditional release from prison. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 227–232.

*Heilbrun, K., Hart, S. D., Hare, R. D., Gustafson, D., Nunez, C., & White, A. J. (1998). Inpatient and postdischarge aggression in mentally disordered offenders: The role of psychopathy. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 13, 514–527.

Hemphill, J. F., Hare, R. D., & Wong, S. (1998). Psychopathy and recidivism: A review. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 3, 139–170.

*Hicks, M. M., Rogers, R., & Cashel, M. (2000). Predictions of violent and total infractions among institutionalized male juvenile offenders. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 28, 183–190.

*Hildebrand, M., deRuiter, C., & deVogel, V. (2004a). Psychopathy and sexual deviance in treated rapists: Association with sexual and nonsexual recidivism. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 16, 1–24.

*Hildebrand, M., deRuiter, C., & Nijman, H. (2004b). PCL-R psychopathy predicts disruptive behavior among male offenders in a Dutch forensic psychiatric hospital. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19, 13–29.

*Hill, C. D. (1997). Prediction of aggressive and socially disruptive behavior among forensic patients: A validation of the Psychopathy Checklist Screening Version (Doctoral Dissertation, University of North Texas, 1997). Dissertation Abstracts International, 58, 1533.

*Hobson, J., Shine, J., & Roberts, R. (2000). How do psychopaths behave in a prison therapeutic community? Psychology, Crime, & Law, 6, 139–154.

*Hodgins, S., Hiscoke, U. L., & Freese, R. (2003). The antecedents of aggressive behavior among men with schizophrenia: A prospective investigation on patients in community treatment. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 21, 523–546.

Johnson, B. T. (1993). DSTAT 1.10: Software for the meta-analytic review of research literatures [Computer Software]. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

*Kosson, D. S., Forth, A. E., Steuerwald, B. L., & Kirkhart, K. J. (1997). A new method for assessing the interpersonal behavior of psychopathic individuals: Preliminary validation studies. Psychological Assessment, 9, 89–101.

*Kroner, D. G., & Loza, W. (2001). Evidence for the efficacy of self-report in predicting nonviolent and violent criminal recidivism. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16, 168–177.

*Kroner, D. G., & Mills, J. F. (2001). The accuracy of five risk appraisal instruments in predicting institutional misconduct and new convictions. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 28, 471–489.

*Kunz, M., Yates, K. F., Czobor, P., Rabinowitz, S., Lindenmayer, J., & Volavka, J. (2004). Course of patients with histories of aggression and crime after discharge from a cognitive-behavioral program. Psychiatric Services, 55, 654–659.

*Langstrom, N., & Grann, M. (2000). Risk for criminal recidivism among young sex offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15, 855–871.

Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (2000). Practical meta-analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

*Loucks, A. D., & Zamble, E. (2000). Predictors of criminal behavior and prison misconduct in serious female offenders. Empirical and Applied Criminal Justice Review, 1, 1–47.

*Loza, W., & Loza-Fanous, A. (2001). The effectiveness of the self-appraisal questionnaire in predicting offenders’ postrelease outcome: A comparison study. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 28, 105–121.

*Marczyk, G. R., Heilbrun, K., Lander, T., & DeMatteo, D. (2003). Predicting juvenile recidivism with the PCL: YV, MAYSI, and YLS/CMI. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 2, 7–18.

*McCoy, M. E. (1998). Predictors of recidivism in a population of Canadian sex offenders: Psychological, physiological, and offence factors (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Ottawa, 1997). Dissertation Abstracts International, 59, 1372.

*McNiel, D. E., Gregory, A. L., Lam, J. N., Binder, R. L., & Sullivan, G. R. (2003). Utility of decision support tools for assessing acute risk of violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 945–953.

*Moltó, J., Carmona, E., Poy, R., Avila, C., & Torrubia, R. (1995). Psychopathy Checklist- Revised in Spanish prison populations: Some data on reliability and validity. Issues in Criminological and Legal Psychology, 24, 109–114.

*Moltó, J., Poy, R., & Torrubia, R. (2000). Standardization of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised in a Spanish prison sample. Journal of Personality Disorders, 14, 84–96.

*Murrie, D. C. (2002). Psychopathy among incarcerated adolescents: Screening measures and violence prediction (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Virginia, 2002). Dissertation Abstracts International, 63, 1569.

*Nicholls, T. L. (2004). Violence risk assessments with female NCRMD acquittees: Validity of the HCR-20 and PCL:SV (Doctoral Dissertation, Simon Fraser University, 2001). Dissertation Abstracts International, 64, 4055.

*Nicholls, T. L., Ogloff, J. R. P., & Douglas, K. S. (2004). Assessing risk for violence among male and female civil psychiatric patients: The HCR-20, PCL:SV, and VSC. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 22, 127–158.

*O’Neill, M. L., Lidz, V., & Heilbrun, K. (2003). Adolescents with psychopathic characteristics in a substance abusing cohort: Treatment process and outcome. Law and Human Behavior, 27, 299–313.

*Palmer, W. R. T. (1997). Parole prediction using current psychological and behavioral predictors, a longitudinal criterion, and event history analysis (Doctoral Dissertation, Queens University, 1997). Dissertation Abstracts International, 58, 2694.

*Polvi, N. H. (2001). The prediction of violence in pre-trial forensic patients: The relative efficacy of statistical versus clinical predictions of dangerousness (Doctoral Dissertation, Simon Fraser University, 1999). Dissertation Abstracts International, 61, 3856.

*Ponder, J. I. (1999). An investigation of psychopathy in a sample of violent juvenile offenders (Doctoral Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, 1998). Dissertation Abstracts International, 59, 5105.

*Porter, S., Birt, A. R., & Boer, D. P. (2001). Investigation of the criminal and conditional release profiles of Canadian federal offenders as a function of psychopathy and age. Law and Human Behavior, 25, 647–661.

*Rabinowitz-Greenberg, S. R., Firestone, P., Bradford, J. M., & Greenberg, D. M. (2002). Prediction of recidivism in exhibitionists: Psychological, phallometric, and offense factors. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 14, 329–347.

*Reiss, D., Meux, C., & Grubin, D. (2000). The effect of psychopathy on outcome in high security patients. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 28, 309–314.

*Rice, M. E., & Harris, G. T. (1992). A comparison of criminal recidivism among schizophrenic and nonschizophrenic offenders. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 15, 397–408.

*Rice, M. E., Harris, G. T., & Quinsey, V. L., (1990). A follow-up of rapists assessed in a maximum security psychiatric facility. Journal of International Violence, 5, 435–448.

*Richards, H. J., Casey, J. O., & Lucente, S. W. (2003). Psychopathy and treatment response in incarcerated female substance abusers. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 30, 251–276.

*Ridenour, T. A., Marchant, G. J., & Dean, R. S. (2001). Is the Revised Psychopathy Checklist clinically useful for adolescents? Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 19, 227–238.

*Ridenour, T. A., Treloar, J. H., & Dean, R. S. (2003). Utility analysis for clinical decision-making in small treatment settings. International Journal of Neuroscience, 113, 417–430.

*Rogers, R., Johansen, J., Chang, J. J., & Salekin, R. T. (1997). Predictors of adolescent psychopathy: Oppositional and conduct-disordered symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and Law, 25, 261–271.

Rosenthal, R. (1979). The “file drawer problem” and tolerance for null results. Psychological Bulletin, 85, 683–641.

Rosenthal, R. (1991). Meta-analytic procedures for social research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Rosenthal, R., & Rubin, D. B. (1982). Comparing effect sizes of independent studies. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 500–504.

*Rowe, R. C. (2003). Predictors of criminal offending: Evaluating measures of risk/needs, psychopathy, and disruptive behavior disorders (Doctoral Dissertation, Carleton University, 2002). Dissertation Abstracts International, 64, 2403.

Rutter, M. (2005). Commentary: What is the meaning and utility of the psychopathy concept? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 499–503.

Salekin, R. T., Neumann, C. S., Leistico, A. R., DiCicco, T. M., & Duros, R. (2004). Construct validity of psychopathy in a young offender sample: Taking a closer look at psychopathy’s potential importance over disruptive behavior disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 416–427.

Salekin, R. T., Rogers, R., & Sewell, K. W. (1996). A review and meta-analysis of the Psychopathy Checklist and Psychopathy Checklist-Revised: Predictive validity of dangerousness. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 3, 203–215.

*Salekin, R. T., Rogers, R., & Sewell, K. W. (1997). Construct validity of psychopathy in a female offender sample: A multitrait-multimethod evaluation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 576–585.

*Salekin, R. T., Rogers, R., Ustad, K. L., & Sewell, K. W. (1998). Psychopathy and recidivism among female inmates. it Law and Human Behavior, 22, 109–128.

*Skilling, T. A., Harris, G. T., Rice, M. E., & Quinsey, V. L. (2002). Identifying persistently antisocial offenders using the Hare Psychopathy Checklist and DSM antisocial personality disorder criteria. Psychological Assessment, 14, 27–38.

*Serin, R. C. (1996). Violent recidivism in criminal psychopaths. Law and Human Behavior, 20, 207–217.

*Serin, R. C., & Amos, N. L. (1995). The role of psychopathy in the assessment of dangerousness. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 18, 231–238.

*Serin, R. C., Mailloux, P. B., & Malcolm, P. B. (2001). Psychopathy, deviant sexual arousal, and recidivism among sexual offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16, 234–246.

*Shine, J., & Hobson, J. (2000). Institutional behavior and time in treatment among psychopaths admitted to a prison-based therapeutic community. Medicine, Science, and the Law, 40, 327–335.

*Sjostedt, G., & Langstrom, N. (2002). Assessment of risk for criminal recidivism among rapists: A comparison of four different measures. Psychology, Crime & Law, 8, 25–40.

*Skeem, J. L., & Mulvey, E. P. (2001). Psychopathy and community violence among civil psychiatric patients: Results from the MacArthur violence risk assessment study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69, 358–374.

*Spain, S. E., Douglas, K. S., Poythress, N. G., & Epstein, M. (2004). The relationship between psychopathic features, violence and treatment outcome: The comparison of three youth measures of psychopathic features. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 22, 85–102.

*Stafford, E. (1998). Psychopathy as a predictor of adolescents at risk for inpatient violence (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Virginia, 1997). Dissertation Abstracts International, 58, 3934.

*Stalenheim, E. G. (2004). Long-term validity of biological markers of psychopathy and criminal recidivism: Follow-up 6–8 years after forensic psychiatric investigation. Psychiatry Research, 121, 281–291.

Steiger, J. H. (1980). Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 245–251.

*Tengstrom, A., Grann, M., Langstrom, N., & Kullgren, G. (2000). Psychopathy (PCL-R) as a predictor of violent recidivism among criminal offenders with schizophrenia. Law and Human Behavior, 24, 45–58.

*Toldson, I. A. (2002). The relationship between race and psychopathy: An evaluation of selected psychometric properties of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R) for incarcerated African-American men (Doctoral Dissertation, Temple University, 2002). Dissertation Abstracts International, 63, 553.

*Toupin, J., Mercier, H., Dery, M., Gilles, C., & Hodgins, S. (1995). Validity of the PCL-R for adolescents. Issues in Criminological and Legal Psychology, 24, 143–145.

Walters, G. D. (2003a). Predicting criminal justice outcomes with the Psychopathy Checklist and Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form: A meta-analytic comparison. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 21, 89–102.

Walters, G. D. (2003b). Predicting institutional adjustment and recidivism with the Psychopathy Checklist Factor Scores: A meta-analysis. Law and Human Behavior, 27, 541–558.

*Weiler, B. L., & Widom, C. S. (1996). Psychopathy and violent behaviour in abused and neglected young adults. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 6, 253–271.

*Westendorf, M. J. (2002). Disciplinary institutional infractions: The role of psychopathy (Doctoral Dissertation, Hanneman University, 2002). Dissertation Abstracts International, 63, 555.

*Whalen, J. P. (1999). Reliability and validity of Psychopathy Checklist: Youth Version in predicting behavior of adjudicated adolescents in an institutional setting (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1999). Dissertation Abstracts International, 60, 2968.

*Wong, S. (1987). Criminal and institutional behaviors of psychopaths. Programs Branch Users Report. Ottawa: Minister of the Solicitor-General of Canada.

*Wormith, J. S., & Ruhl, M. (1986). Preventive detention in Canada. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1, 399–430.

*Young, M. H., Justice, J. V., & Erdberg, P. (2004). Assault in prison and assault in prison psychiatric treatment. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 49, 141–149.

*Zamble, E., & Palmer, W. (1995). Prediction of recidivism using psychopathy and other psychologically meaningful variables. Issues in Criminological & Legal Psychological Society, 24, 153–156.

Zinger, I., & Forth, A. E. (1998). Psychopathy and Canadian criminal proceedings: The potential for human rights abuses. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 40(3), 237–276.