A hypothesis of the obliquely subducted Gagua Ridge below Nanao Basin based on uplifted structures in Ryukyu forearc

Arai R, Kodaira S, Yamada T, Takahashi T, Miura S, Kaneda Y, Nishizawa A, Oikawa M (2017) Subduction of thick oceanic plateau and high-angle normal-fault earthquakes intersecting the slab. Geophys Res Lett 44:6109–6115. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017GL073789

Bowin C, Lu RS, Lee CS, Schouten H (1978) Plate convergence and accretion in Taiwan Luzon region. AAPG Bull 62:1645–1672. https://doi.org/10.1306/C1EA5260-16C9-11D7-8645000102C1865

Chin SJ, Lin JY, Chen YF, Wu WN, Liang CW (2016) Transition of the Taiwan-Ryukyu collision-subduction process as revealed by ocean-bottom seismometer observations. J Asian Earth Sci 128:149–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2016.07.008

Chou HC, Kuo BY, Chiao LY, Zhao D, Hung SH (2009) Tomography of the westernmost Ryukyu subduction zone and the serpentinization of the fore-arc mantle. J Geophys Res 114:B12301. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JB006192

Cloos M (1992) Thrust-type subduction-zone earthquakes and seamount asperities: a physical model for seismic rupture. Geology 20:601–604. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020%3c0601:TTSZEA%3e2.3.CO;2

Collot JY, Marcaillou B, Sage F, Michaud F, Agudelo W, Charvis P, Graindorge D, Gutscher MA, Spence G (2004) Are rupture zone limits of great subduction earthquakes controlled by upper plate structures? Evidence from multichannel seismic reflection data acquired across the northern Ecuador-southwest Colombia margin. J Geophys Res 109:B11103. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JB003060

Deng JM, Wang TK, Yang BJ, Lee CS, Liu CS, Chen SC (2012) Crustal velocity structure off SW Taiwan in the northernmost South China Sea imaged from TAIGER OBS and MCS data. Marine Geophys Res 33:327–349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11001-013-9166-8

Deng JM, Wang TK, Chen TR, Lee CS, Liu CS (2014) Crustal velocity structures imaged from four-component OBS data across the southern Gagua Ridge in the Western Philippine Sea. Terr Atmos Ocean Sci 25:755–773. https://doi.org/10.3319/TAO.2014.08.28.01(T)

Deschamps A, Lallemand S (2002) The West Philippine Basin: an eocene to early oligocene back arc basin opened between two opposed subduction zones. J Geophys Res 107:2322. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001706

Deschamps A, Lallemand S, Collot JY (1998) A detailed study of the Gagua Ridge: a fracture zone uplifted during a plate reorganisation in the Mid-Eocene. Mar Geophys Res 20:403–423. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004650323183

Dominguez S, Lallemand S, Malavieille J, Schnürle P (1998) Oblique subduction of the Gagua Ridge beneath the Ryukyu accretionary wedge system: insights from marine observations and sandbox experiments. Marine Geophys Res 20:383–402. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004614506345

Eakin DH, McIntosh K, van Avendonk HJA, Lavier L (2015) New geophysical constraints on a failed subduction initiation: the structure and potential evolution of the Gagua Ridge and Huatung Basin. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 16:380–400. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014GC005548

Font Y, Lallemand S (2009) Subducting oceanic high causes compressional faulting in southernmost Ryukyu forearc as revealed by hypocentral determinations of earthquakes and reflection/refraction seismic data. Tectonophysics 466:255–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.018

Font Y, Liu CS, Schnüerle P, Lallemand S (2001) Constraints on backstop geometry of the southwest Ryukyu subduction based on reflection seismic data. Tectonophysics 333:135–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00272-9

Font Y, Kao H, Lallemand S, Liu CS, Chiao LY (2004) Hypocentre determination offshore of eastern Taiwan using the Maximum Intersection method. Geophys J Int 158:655–675. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02317.x

Gautier S, Tiberi C, Lopez M, Foix O, Lallemand S, Theunissen T, Hwang C, Chang E (2019) Detailed lithospheric structure of an arc-continent collision beneath Taiwan revealed by joint inversion of seismological and gravity data. Geophys J Int 218:586–600. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz159

Hsu SK (2001) Lithospheric structure, buoyancy and coupling across the southernmost Ryukyu subduction zone: an example of decreasing plate coupling. Earth Planet Sci Lett 186:471–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00261-8

Hsu SK, Yeh YC, Sibuet JC, Doo WB, Tsai CH (2013) A mega-splay fault system and tsunami hazard in the southern Ryukyu subduction zone. Earth Planet Sci Lett 362:99–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.11.053

Hu WT (2017) Pre-Stack Depth Migration of Long-Offset Reflection Data for Imaging Strata and Structures in Fore-arc Basins off East Taiwan. National Taiwan Ocean University, 54 pp, Master Thesis, in Chinese.

Huang HH, Wu YM, Song X, Chang CH, Lee SJ, Chang TM, Hsieh HH (2014) Joint Vp and Vs tomography of Taiwan: Implications for subduction-collision orogeny. Earth Planet Sci Lett 392:177–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.02.026

Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan (1996) Broadband Array in Taiwan for Seismology. Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan. Other/Seismic Network. https://doi.org/10.7914/SN/TW.

Kao H, Chen WP (1991) Earthquakes along the Ryukyu-Kyushu Arc: strain segmentation, lateral compression, and the thermomechanical state of the plate interface. J Geophys Res 96:21443–21485. https://doi.org/10.1029/91JB02164

Klingelhoefer F, Berthet T, Lallemand S, Schnürle P, Lee SC, Liu CS, McIntosh K, Theunissen T (2012) P-wave velocity structure of the southern Ryukyu margin east of Taiwan: results from the ACTS wide-angle seismic experiment. Tectonophysics 578:50–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2011.10.010

Kodaira S, Takahashi N, Nakanishi A, Miura S, Kaneda Y (2000) Subducted seamount imaged in the rupture zone of the 1946 Nankaido earthquake. Science 289:104–106. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5476.104

Konstantinou KI, Lee SJ, Font Y, Kao H (2011) Rupture at the flank of the subducted Gagua ridge: the 18 December 2001 earthquake (Mw 6.8) offshore eastern Taiwan. Phys Earth Planet Inter 189:80–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pepi.2011.07.010

Kuo-Chen H, Wu FT, Roecker SW (2012) Three-dimensional P velocity structures of the lithosphere beneath Taiwan from the analysis of TAIGER and related seismic data sets. J Geophys Res 117:B06306. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JB009108

Lallemand S (2014) Strain modes within the forearc, arc and back-arc domains in the Izu (Japan) and Taiwan arc-continent collisional settings. J Asian Earth Sci 86:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.07.043

Lallemand S, Tsien HH (1997) An introduction to active collision in Taiwan. Tectonophysics 274:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00294-6

Lallemand S, Liu CS, Dominguez S, Schnürle P, Malavieille J, the ACT Scientific Crew (1999) Trench-parallel stretching and folding of forearc basins and lateral migration of the accretionary wedge in the southern Ryukyus: a case of strain partition caused by oblique convergence. Tectonics 18:231–247. https://doi.org/10.1029/1998TC900011

Lallemand S, Theunissen T, Schnürle P, Lee CS, Liu CS, Font Y (2013) Indentation of the Philippine Sea plate by the Eurasian plate in Taiwan: details from recent marine seismological experiments. Tectonophysics 594:60–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.03.020

Loureiro A, Afilhado A, Matias L, Moulin M, Aslanian D (2016) Monte Carlo approach to assess the uncertainty of wide-angle layered models: application to the Santos Basin, Brazil. Tectonophysics 683:286–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2016.05.040

Lundberg N, Reed DL, Liu CS, Lieske J (1997) Forearc-basin closure and arc accretion in the submarine suture zone south of Taiwan. Tectonophysics 274:5–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00295-8

McIntosh K, van Avendonk H, Lavier L, Lester WR, Eakin D, Wu F, Liu CS, Lee CS (2013) Inversion of a hyper-extended rifted margin in the southern Central Range of Taiwan. Geology 41:871–874. https://doi.org/10.1130/G34402.1

Mochizuki K, Yamada T, Shinohara M, Yamanaka Y, Kanazaw T (2008) Weak interplate coupling by seamounts and repeating M ~ 7 earthquakes. Science 321:1194–1197. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1160250

Moore GF, Bangs NL, Taira A, Kuramoto S, Pangborn E, Tobin HJ (2007) Three-dimensional splay fault geometry and implications for tsunami generation. Science 318:1128–1131. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1147195

Park JO, Tsuru T, Kodaira S, Cummins PR, Kaneda Y (2002) Splay fault branching along the Nankai subduction zone. Science 297:1157–1160. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1074111

Park JO, Hori T, Kaneda Y (2009) Seismotectonic implications of the Kyushu-Palau ridge subducting beneath the westernmost Nankai forearc. Earth Planets Space Letter 61:1013–1018. https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03352951

Plafker G (1972) Alaskan earthquake of 1964 and Chilean earthquake of 1960: implications for arc tectonics. J Geophys Res 77:901–925. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB077i005p00901

Schnürle P, Liu CS, Lallemand S, Reed DL (1998) Structural insight into the south Ryukyu margin: effects of the subducting Gagua Ridge. Tectonophysics 288:237–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00298-9

Sibuet JC, Rangin C, Le Pichon X, Singh S, Cattaneo A, Graindorge D, Klingelhoefer F, Lin JY, Malod J, Maury T, Schneider JL, Sultan N, Umber M, Yamaguchi H, the “Sumatra aftershocks” team (2007) 26th December great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake: coseismic and post-seismic motions in northern Sumatra. Earth Planet Sci Lett 263:88–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.09.005

Subrahmanyam C, Gireesh R, Chand S, Kamesh Raju KA, Gopala Rao D (2008) Geophysical characteristics of the Ninetyeast Ridge-Andaman island arc/trench convergent zone. Earth Planet Sci Lett 266:29–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.10.016

Taylor B, Goodliffe AM (2004) The West Philippine Basin and the initiation of subduction, revisited. Geophys Res Lett 31:L12602. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020136

Theunissen T, Lallemand S, Font Y, Gautier S, Lee CS, Liang WT, Wu F, Berthet T (2012) Crustal deformation at the southernmost part of the Ryukyu subduction (East Taiwan) as revealed by new marine seismic experiments. Tectonophysics 578:10–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2012.04.011

Tu NN (2015) Pre-Stack Depth Migration of Long-Offset Reflection Data for Imaging Velocity of Sedimentary and Crustal Structures in the Ryukyu Subduction Zone off East Taiwan. National Taiwan Ocean University, 72 pp, Master Thesis.

van Avendonk HJA, Kuo-Chen H, McIntosh KD, Lavier LL, Okaya DA, Wu FT, Wang CY, Lee CS, Liu CS (2014) Deep crustal structure of an arc-continent collision: constraints from seismic traveltimes in central Taiwan and the Philippine Sea. J Geophys Res 119:8397–8416. https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JB011327

van Avendonk HJA, McIntosh KD, Kuo-Chen H, Lavier LL, Okaya DA, Wu FT, Wang CY, Lee CS, Liu CS (2016) A lithospheric profile across northern Taiwan: from arc-continent collision to extension. Geophys J Int 204:331–346. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggv468

von Huene R, Ranero CR (2003) Subduction erosion and basal friction along the sediment-starved convergent margin off Antofagasta, Chile. J Geophys Res 108:2079. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB001569

Wang TK, McIntosh K, Nakamura Y, Liu CS, Chen HW (2001) Velocity-interface structure of the southwestern Ryukyu subduction zone from EW9509-1 OBS/MCS data. Marine Geophys Res 22:265–287. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1014671413264

Wang TK, Lin SF, Liu CS, Wang CS (2004) Crustal structure of the southernmost Ryukyu subduction zone: OBS, MCS and gravity modeling. Geophys J Int 157:147–163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2004.02147.x

Wang SY, Hsu SK, Yeh YC (2019) Earthquake-related structures beneath the southernmost portion of the Ryukyu Arc and Forearc. Geophys Res Lett 46:3717–3725. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL082121

Wessel P, Luis JF, Uieda L, Scharroo R, Wobbe F, Smith WHF, Tian D (2019) The generic mapping tools version 6. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 20:5556–5564. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GC008515

Wu YM, Shyu JH, Chang CH, Zhao L, Nakamura M, Hsu SK (2009) Improved seismic tomography offshore northeastern Taiwan: implications for subduction and collision processes between Taiwan and the southernmost Ryukyu. Geophys J Int 178:1042–1054. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04180.x

Yilmaz O (2001) Seismic data analysis: processing, inversion, and interpretation of seismic data, Series: Investigations in Geophysics, no. 10. Doherty, S. F., ed., SEG, Tulsa.

Zelt CA, Smith RB (1992) Seismic travel time inversion for 2-D crustal velocity structure. Geophys J Int 108:16–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1992.tb00836.x

Zeumann S, Hampel A (2015) Deformation of erosive and accretive forearcs during subduction of migrating and non-migrating aseismic ridges: results from 3-D finite element models and application to the Central American, Peruvian, and Ryukyu margins. Tectonics 34:1769–1791. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015TC003867

Zeumann S, Hampel A (2016) Three-dimensional finite-element models on the deformation of forearcs caused by aseismic ridge subduction: the role of ridge shape, friction coefficient of the plate interface and mechanical properties of the forearc. Tectonophysics 684:76–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.12.022