A holistic review of MXenes for solar device applications: Synthesis, characterization, properties and stability

FlatChem - Tập 39 - Trang 100493 - 2023
Santosh Kumar Singh1, Arun Kumar Tiwari1, H.K. Paliwal1
1Mechanical Engineering Department, Institute of Engineering & Technology, Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow 226021, India

Tài liệu tham khảo

Krishna, 2020, State-of-the-art heat transfer fluids for parabolic trough collector, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 152, 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2020.119541 Kasaeian, 2018, Solar collectors and photovoltaics as combined heat and power systems: A critical review, Energ. Conver. Manage., 156, 688, 10.1016/j.enconman.2017.11.064 Hussain, F. and M. Hasanuzzaman, Chapter 4 - Solar thermal collector, in Technologies for Solar Thermal Energy, M. Hasanuzzaman, Editor. 2022, Academic Press. p. 93-122. Kalogirou, S.A., Solar energy engineering: processes and systems. 2013: Academic press. Singh, 2021, Two-dimensional halide perovskite-based solar cells: Strategies for performance and stability enhancement, FlatChem, 25, 10.1016/j.flatc.2020.100213 Van Le, 2017, Recent advances in the application of two-dimensional materials as charge transport layers in organic and perovskite solar cells, FlatChem, 2, 54, 10.1016/j.flatc.2017.04.002 Choi, 1995 Mehrali, 2018, Full-spectrum volumetric solar thermal conversion via graphene/silver hybrid plasmonic nanofluids, Appl. Energy, 224, 103, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.04.065 Aslfattahi, 2019, Experimental investigation on thermal stability and enthalpy of eutectic alkali metal solar salt dispersed with MgO nanoparticles Murshed, 2008, Investigations of thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluids, Int. J. Therm. Sci., 47, 560, 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2007.05.004 Jiang, 2019, Novel key parameter for eutectic nitrates based nanofluids selection for concentrating solar power (CSP) systems, Appl. Energy, 235, 529, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.10.114 Bakthavatchalam, 2020, Comprehensive study on nanofluid and ionanofluid for heat transfer enhancement: A review on current and future perspective, J. Mol. Liq., 305, 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112787 Liu, 2006, Enhancement of thermal conductivity with Cu for nanofluids using chemical reduction method, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 49, 3028, 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2006.02.012 Karthikeyan, 2008, Effect of clustering on the thermal conductivity of nanofluids, Mater. Chem. Phys., 109, 50, 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2007.10.029 Kim, S.H., S.R. Choi, and D. Kim, Thermal conductivity of metal-oxide nanofluids: particle size dependence and effect of laser irradiation. 2007. Neupane, 2020, Emerging 2D MXene/Organic Heterostructures for Future Nanodevices, Adv. Funct. Mater., 30, 2005238, 10.1002/adfm.202005238 Nemani, 2021, High-Entropy 2D Carbide MXenes: TiVNbMoC3 and TiVCrMoC3, ACS Nano, 15, 12815, 10.1021/acsnano.1c02775 Anasori, 2022, MXenes: trends, growth, and future directions, Graphene and 2D Materials, 7, 75, 10.1007/s41127-022-00053-z Zhan, 2020, MXene and MXene-based composites: synthesis, properties and environment-related applications, Nanoscale Horiz., 5, 235, 10.1039/C9NH00571D Guo, 2019, 2D V-V binary materials: status and challenges, Adv. Mater., 31, 1902352, 10.1002/adma.201902352 He, 2019, Emerging 2D materials beyond graphene for ultrashort pulse generation in fiber lasers, Nanoscale, 11, 2577, 10.1039/C8NR09368G Naguib, 2011, Two-dimensional nanocrystals produced by exfoliation of Ti3AlC2, Adv. Mater., 23, 4248, 10.1002/adma.201102306 Ming, 2021, MXenes for Rechargeable Batteries Beyond the Lithium-Ion, Adv. Mater., 33, 2004039, 10.1002/adma.202004039 Wu, 2018, MXene-based nonlinear optical information converter for all-optical modulator and switcher, Laser Photonics Rev., 12, 1800215, 10.1002/lpor.201800215 Zhang, 2015, Ultrathin two-dimensional nanomaterials, ACS Nano, 9, 9451, 10.1021/acsnano.5b05040 Wee, A.T., et al., An update from Flatland. 2016, ACS Publications. Saravanan, 2022, Bibliometric analysis and recent trends on MXene research–A comprehensive review, Chemosphere, 286, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131873 Naguib, 2014, 25th anniversary article: MXenes: a new family of two-dimensional materials, Adv. Mater., 26, 992, 10.1002/adma.201304138 Anasori, 2022, MXenes: Trends, growth, and future directions, Graphene and 2D Materials, 1 Egerton, R.F., Electron energy-loss spectroscopy in the electron microscope. 2011: Springer Science & Business Media. Barsoum, 2000, The MN+ 1AXN phases: A new class of solids: Thermodynamically stable nanolaminates, Prog. Solid State Chem., 28, 201, 10.1016/S0079-6786(00)00006-6 Barsoum, 1996, Synthesis and characterization of a remarkable ceramic: Ti3SiC2, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 79, 1953, 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb08018.x Wang, 2010, Layered machinable and electrically conductive Ti2AlC and Ti3AlC2 ceramics: a review, J. Mater. Sci. Technol., 26, 385, 10.1016/S1005-0302(10)60064-3 Gogotsi, 2019, The Rise of MXenes, ACS Nano, 13, 8491, 10.1021/acsnano.9b06394 Barsoum, 2001, The MAX phases: Unique new carbide and nitride materials: Ternary ceramics turn out to be surprisingly soft and machinable, yet also heat-tolerant, strong and lightweight, Am. Sci., 89, 334, 10.1511/2001.28.334 Barsoum, 2011, Elastic and mechanical properties of the MAX phases, Annu. Rev. Mat. Res., 41, 195, 10.1146/annurev-matsci-062910-100448 Li, 2014, Mechanism for abnormal thermal shock behavior of Cr2AlC, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 34, 1083, 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2013.12.003 Chen, 2001, Cyclic fatigue-crack growth and fracture properties in Ti3SiC2 ceramics at elevated temperatures, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 84, 2914, 10.1111/j.1151-2916.2001.tb01115.x Haftani, 2016, Studying the oxidation of Ti2AlC MAX phase in atmosphere: a review, Int. J. Refract Metal Hard Mater., 61, 51, 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2016.07.006 Wang, 2003, High-temperature oxidation behavior of Ti 2 AlC in air, Oxid. Met., 59, 303, 10.1023/A:1023092027697 Tallman, 2013, A critical review of the oxidation of Ti2AlC, Ti3AlC2 and Cr2AlC in air, Materials Research Letters, 1, 115, 10.1080/21663831.2013.806364 Lin, 2008, Influence of water vapor on the oxidation behavior of Ti3AlC2 and Ti2AlC, Scr. Mater., 58, 29, 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2007.09.011 Lane, 2013, High-temperature neutron diffraction and first-principles study of temperature-dependent crystal structures and atomic vibrations in Ti3AlC2, Ti2AlC, and Ti5Al2C3, J. Appl. Phys., 113, 10.1063/1.4803700 Scabarozi, 2009, Thermal expansion of select M n+ 1 AX n (M= early transition metal, A= A group element, X= C or N) phases measured by high temperature x-ray diffraction and dilatometry, J. Appl. Phys., 105, 10.1063/1.3021465 Fei, 1995, Thermal expansion, Mineral physics and crystallography: a handbook of physical constants, 2, 29 Clarke, 2012, Thermal-barrier coatings for more efficient gas-turbine engines, MRS Bull., 37, 891, 10.1557/mrs.2012.232 Mahian, 2021, Recent advances in using nanofluids in renewable energy systems and the environmental implications of their uptake, Nano Energy, 86, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106069 Thakur, 2022, Exploring the potential of MXene-based advanced solar-absorber in improving the performance and efficiency of a solar-desalination unit for brackish water purification, Desalination, 526, 10.1016/j.desal.2021.115521 Ghazy, 2021, Advances in upconversion enhanced solar cell performance, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 230, 10.1016/j.solmat.2021.111234 Chen, 2022, Work-Function-Tunable MXenes Electrodes to Optimize p-CsCu2I3/n-Ca2Nb3-xTaxO10 Junction Photodetectors for Image Sensing and Logic Electronics, Adv. Funct. Mater., 32, 2201066, 10.1002/adfm.202201066 Wei, 2020, Recent advances of emerging 2D MXene for stable and dendrite-free metal anodes, Adv. Funct. Mater., 30, 2004613, 10.1002/adfm.202004613 Ghidiu, 2014, Conductive two-dimensional titanium carbide ‘clay’with high volumetric capacitance, Nature, 516, 78, 10.1038/nature13970 Natu, 2018, Mesoporous MXene powders synthesized by acid induced crumpling and their use as Na-ion battery anodes, Materials Research Letters, 6, 230, 10.1080/21663831.2018.1434249 Halim, 2016, Synthesis and characterization of 2D molybdenum carbide (MXene), Adv. Funct. Mater., 26, 3118, 10.1002/adfm.201505328 Zhou, 2016, A two-dimensional zirconium carbide by selective etching of Al3C3 from nanolaminated Zr3Al3C5, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 55, 5008, 10.1002/anie.201510432 Urbankowski, 2016, Synthesis of two-dimensional titanium nitride Ti 4 N 3 (MXene), Nanoscale, 8, 11385, 10.1039/C6NR02253G Barsoum, 2002, Fabrication and electrical and thermal properties of Ti2InC, Hf2InC and (Ti, Hf) 2InC, J. Alloy. Compd., 340, 173, 10.1016/S0925-8388(02)00107-X Gusev, 1999, Atomic ordering and phase equilibria in strongly nonstoichiometric carbides and nitrides, 47 Xu, 2015, Large-area high-quality 2D ultrathin Mo 2 C superconducting crystals, Nat. Mater., 14, 1135, 10.1038/nmat4374 Ab Alim, 2019, Highly flexible and stretchable 3D graphene/MXene composite thin film, Mater. Today:. Proc., 7, 738 Coleman, 2011, Two-dimensional nanosheets produced by liquid exfoliation of layered materials, Science, 331, 568, 10.1126/science.1194975 Hugosson, 1999, Theory of phase stabilities and bonding mechanisms in stoichiometric and substoichiometric molybdenum carbide, J. Appl. Phys., 86, 3758, 10.1063/1.371284 Tang, 2012, Are MXenes promising anode materials for Li ion batteries? Computational studies on electronic properties and Li storage capability of Ti3C2 and Ti3C2X2 (X= F, OH) monolayer, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 134, 16909, 10.1021/ja308463r Barsoum, 2000, A new class of solids: Thermodynamically stable nanolaminates, Prog. Solid State Chem, 28, 201, 10.1016/S0079-6786(00)00006-6 Sun, 2004, Bonding and classification of nanolayered ternary carbides, Phys. Rev. B, 70, 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.092102 Barsoum, 2013, The Mn+ 1 AXn phases and their properties, Ceramics science and technology, 299, 10.1002/9783527631940.ch19 Anasori, 2017, 2D metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) for energy storage, Nat. Rev. Mater., 2, 1, 10.1038/natrevmats.2016.98 Maleski, K.A., Solution Processing and Optical Properties of 2D Transition Metal Carbides (MXenes). 2019: Drexel University. Shekhirev, 2021, Characterization of MXenes at every step, from their precursors to single flakes and assembled films, Prog. Mater Sci., 120, 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100757 Popa, 1992, Texture in Rietveld refinement, J. Appl. Cryst., 25, 611, 10.1107/S0021889892004795 Von Dreele, 1997, Quantitative texture analysis by Rietveld refinement, J. Appl. Cryst., 30, 517, 10.1107/S0021889897005918 Schuster, 1980, The ternary systems: CrAlC, VAlC, and TiAlC and the behavior of H-phases (M2AlC), J. Solid State Chem., 32, 213, 10.1016/0022-4596(80)90569-1 Pinto, 2020, Synthesis and electrochemical properties of 2D molybdenum vanadium carbides–solid solution MXenes, J. Mater. Chem. A, 8, 8957, 10.1039/D0TA01798A Pietzka, 1996, Phase equilibria in the quaternary system Ti-Al-C-N, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 79, 2321, 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb08979.x Horlait, 2016, Attempts to synthesise quaternary MAX phases (Zr, M) 2AlC and Zr2 (Al, A) C as a way to approach Zr2AlC, Materials Research Letters, 4, 137, 10.1080/21663831.2016.1143053 Al-Temimy, 2020, Enhancement of Ti3C2 MXene pseudocapacitance after urea intercalation studied by soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy, J. Phys. Chem. C, 124, 5079, 10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b11766 Mashtalir, 2016, The effect of hydrazine intercalation on the structure and capacitance of 2D titanium carbide (MXene), Nanoscale, 8, 9128, 10.1039/C6NR01462C Li, 2020, Hydrophobic and stable MXene–polymer pressure sensors for wearable electronics, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 12, 15362, 10.1021/acsami.0c00255 Xuan, 2016, Organic-base-driven intercalation and delamination for the production of functionalized titanium carbide nanosheets with superior photothermal therapeutic performance, Angew. Chem., 128, 14789, 10.1002/ange.201606643 Wang, 2016, Surface modified MXene Ti3C2 multilayers by aryl diazonium salts leading to large-scale delamination, Appl. Surf. Sci., 384, 287, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.05.060 Lukatskaya, 2013, Cation intercalation and high volumetric capacitance of two-dimensional titanium carbide, Science, 341, 1502, 10.1126/science.1241488 Come, 2015, Controlling the actuation properties of MXene paper electrodes upon cation intercalation, Nano Energy, 17, 27, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.07.028 Li, 2017, Achieving high pseudocapacitance of 2D titanium carbide (MXene) by cation intercalation and surface modification, Adv. Energy Mater., 7, 1602725, 10.1002/aenm.201602725 Lu, 2019, Tent-pitching-inspired high-valence period 3-cation pre-intercalation excels for anode of 2D titanium carbide (MXene) with high Li storage capacity, Energy Storage Mater., 16, 163, 10.1016/j.ensm.2018.04.029 Ghidiu, 2016, Ion-exchange and cation solvation reactions in Ti3C2 MXene, Chem. Mater., 28, 3507, 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b01275 Ghidiu, 2018, Pressure-induced shear and interlayer expansion in Ti3C2 MXene in the presence of water, Sci. Adv., 4, 6850, 10.1126/sciadv.aao6850 Hantanasirisakul, 2016, Fabrication of Ti3C2Tx MXene transparent thin films with tunable optoelectronic properties, Adv. Electron. Mater., 2, 1600050, 10.1002/aelm.201600050 Natu, 2020, 2D Ti3C2Tz MXene synthesized by water-free etching of Ti3AlC2 in polar organic solvents, Chem, 6, 616, 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.01.019 Mu, 2019, Revealing the pseudo-intercalation charge storage mechanism of MXenes in acidic electrolyte, Adv. Funct. Mater., 29, 1902953, 10.1002/adfm.201902953 Anayee, 2020, Role of acid mixtures etching on the surface chemistry and sodium ion storage in Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene, Chem. Commun., 56, 6090, 10.1039/D0CC01042A Liu, 2017, Preparation of Ti3C2 and Ti2C MXenes by fluoride salts etching and methane adsorptive properties, Appl. Surf. Sci., 416, 781, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.04.239 Voigt, C.A., Anion Adsorption and Clay-like Swelling of Ti3C 2Tz MXene Multilayers. 2018. Kajiyama, 2017, Enhanced Li-ion accessibility in MXene titanium carbide by steric chloride termination, Adv. Energy Mater., 7, 1601873, 10.1002/aenm.201601873 Li, 2019, MXene-conducting polymer electrochromic microsupercapacitors, Energy Storage Mater., 20, 455, 10.1016/j.ensm.2019.04.028 Wang, 2019, Influences from solvents on charge storage in titanium carbide MXenes, Nat. Energy, 4, 241, 10.1038/s41560-019-0339-9 Lin, 2016, Electrochemical and in-situ X-ray diffraction studies of Ti3C2Tx MXene in ionic liquid electrolyte, Electrochem. Commun., 72, 50, 10.1016/j.elecom.2016.08.023 Wang, 2015, Atomic-scale recognition of surface structure and intercalation mechanism of Ti3C2X, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 137, 2715, 10.1021/ja512820k Bak, 2017, Na-ion intercalation and charge storage mechanism in 2D vanadium carbide, Adv. Energy Mater., 7, 1700959, 10.1002/aenm.201700959 Alhabeb, 2017, Guidelines for synthesis and processing of two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti3C2T x MXene), Chem. Mater., 29, 7633, 10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b02847 Shi, 2014, Structure of nanocrystalline Ti 3 C 2 MXene using atomic pair distribution function, Phys. Rev. Lett., 112, 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.125501 Ghidiu, 2014, Synthesis and characterization of two-dimensional Nb 4 C 3 (MXene), Chem. Commun., 50, 9517, 10.1039/C4CC03366C Wang, 2020, Tuning 2D MXenes by surface controlling and interlayer engineering: methods, properties, and synchrotron radiation characterizations, Adv. Funct. Mater., 30, 2000869, 10.1002/adfm.202000869 Deeva, 2019, In Situ XANES/XRD Study of the Structural Stability of Two-Dimensional Molybdenum Carbide Mo2CT x: Implications for the Catalytic Activity in the Water-Gas Shift Reaction, Chem. Mater., 31, 4505, 10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b01105 Li, 2018, Two-dimensional transition metal carbides as supports for tuning the chemistry of catalytic nanoparticles, Nat. Commun., 9, 1, 10.1038/s41467-018-07502-5 Yang, 2020, Distinguishing electronic contributions of surface and sub-surface transition metal atoms in Ti-based MXenes, 2D Materials, 7, 10.1088/2053-1583/ab68e7 Shearer, 2016, Accurate thickness measurement of graphene, Nanotechnology, 27, 10.1088/0957-4484/27/12/125704 Nemes-Incze, 2008, Anomalies in thickness measurements of graphene and few layer graphite crystals by tapping mode atomic force microscopy, Carbon, 46, 1435, 10.1016/j.carbon.2008.06.022 Williams, 1996, The transmission electron microscope, 3 Li, 2020, A general Lewis acidic etching route for preparing MXenes with enhanced electrochemical performance in non-aqueous electrolyte, Nat. Mater, 19, 894, 10.1038/s41563-020-0657-0 Anasori, 2015, Two-dimensional, ordered, double transition metals carbides (MXenes), ACS Nano, 9, 9507, 10.1021/acsnano.5b03591 Anasori, 2016, Control of electronic properties of 2D carbides (MXenes) by manipulating their transition metal layers, Nanoscale Horiz., 1, 227, 10.1039/C5NH00125K Halim, 2016, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of select multi-layered transition metal carbides (MXenes), Appl. Surf. Sci., 362, 406, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2015.11.089 Halim, 2019, XPS of cold pressed multilayered and freestanding delaminated 2D thin films of Mo2TiC2Tz and Mo2Ti2C3Tz (MXenes), Appl. Surf. Sci., 494, 1138, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.07.049 Mashtalir, 2013, Intercalation and delamination of layered carbides and carbonitrides, Nat. Commun., 4, 1, 10.1038/ncomms2664 Halim, 2018, Sodium hydroxide and vacuum annealing modifications of the surface terminations of a Ti 3 C 2 (MXene) epitaxial thin film, RSC Adv., 8, 36785, 10.1039/C8RA07270A Dall'Agnese, 2014, High capacitance of surface-modified 2D titanium carbide in acidic electrolyte, Electrochem. Commun., 48, 118, 10.1016/j.elecom.2014.09.002 Schultz, 2019, Surface termination dependent work function and electronic properties of Ti3C2T x MXene, Chem. Mater., 31, 6590, 10.1021/acs.chemmater.9b00414 Persson, 2017, On the organization and thermal behavior of functional groups on Ti3C2 MXene surfaces in vacuum, 2D Materials, 5, 10.1088/2053-1583/aa89cd Harris, 2015, Direct measurement of surface termination groups and their connectivity in the 2D MXene V2CT x using NMR spectroscopy, J. Phys. Chem. C, 119, 13713, 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b03038 Kajiyama, 2016, Sodium-ion intercalation mechanism in MXene nanosheets, ACS Nano, 10, 3334, 10.1021/acsnano.5b06958 Hantanasirisakul, 2018, Electronic and optical properties of 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes), Adv. Mater., 30, 1804779, 10.1002/adma.201804779 Levitt, 2019, Electrospun MXene/carbon nanofibers as supercapacitor electrodes, J. Mater. Chem. A, 7, 269, 10.1039/C8TA09810G Wang, 2016, Fabrication and thermal stability of two-dimensional carbide Ti3C2 nanosheets, Ceram. Int., 42, 8419, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.02.059 Zhang, 2018, In Situ High-Pressure X-ray Diffraction and Raman Spectroscopy Study of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene, Nanoscale Res. Lett., 13, 1, 10.1186/s11671-018-2746-4 Vigneshwaran, J., et al., MXenes for solid-state asymmetric supercapacitors. 2D Materials for Energy Storage and Conversion. Ahmed, 2016, H 2 O 2 assisted room temperature oxidation of Ti 2 C MXene for Li-ion battery anodes, Nanoscale, 8, 7580, 10.1039/C6NR00002A Zhang, 2020, Additive-free MXene liquid crystals and fibers, ACS Cent. Sci., 6, 254, 10.1021/acscentsci.9b01217 Vickers, 2017, Animal communication: when i’m calling you, will you answer too?, Curr. Biol., 27, R713, 10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.064 Aslfattahi, 2020, MXene based new class of silicone oil nanofluids for the performance improvement of concentrated photovoltaic thermal collector, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 211, 10.1016/j.solmat.2020.110526 Li, 2020, Numerical analysis of photothermal conversion performance of MXene nanofluid in direct absorption solar collectors, Energ. Conver. Manage., 226, 10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113515 Wang, 2021, Significant solar energy absorption of MXene Ti3C2Tx nanofluids via localized surface plasmon resonance, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 220, 10.1016/j.solmat.2020.110850 Ma, 2022, A comprehensive review of MXene-based nanofluids: preparation, stability, physical properties, and applications, J. Mol. Liq., 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120037 Kemp, 2013, An exploration of the follow-up up needs of patients with inflammatory bowel disease, J. Crohns Colitis, 7, e386, 10.1016/j.crohns.2013.03.001 Rafieerad, 2021, New water-based fluorescent nanofluid containing 2D titanium carbide MXene sheets: a comparative study of its thermophysical, electrical and optical properties with amine and carboxyl covalently functionalized graphene nanoplatelets, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 146, 1491, 10.1007/s10973-020-10088-0 Das, 2020, Improved thermophysical properties and energy efficiency of aqueous ionic liquid/MXene nanofluid in a hybrid PV/T solar system, Nanomaterials, 10, 1372, 10.3390/nano10071372 Bakthavatchalam, 2020, Investigation of electrical conductivity, optical property, and stability of 2D MXene nanofluid containing ionic liquids, Appl. Sci., 10, 8943, 10.3390/app10248943 Bakthavatchalam, 2021, Optimization of thermophysical and rheological properties of mxene ionanofluids for hybrid solar photovoltaic/thermal systems, Nanomaterials, 11, 320, 10.3390/nano11020320 Bao, 2021, Ti3C2Tx MXene contained nanofluids with high thermal conductivity, super colloidal stability and low viscosity, Chem. Eng. J., 406, 10.1016/j.cej.2020.126390 Abraham, 2018, Thermodynamic performance of automobile air conditioners working with R430A as a drop-in substitute to R134a, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 136, 2071, 10.1007/s10973-018-7843-1 Pioro, 2004, Nucleate pool-boiling heat transfer. I: review of parametric effects of boiling surface, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 47, 5033, 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2004.06.019 Ansarpour, 2022, Numerical study on the convective heat transfer performance of a developed MXene IoNanofluid in a horizontal tube by considering temperature-dependent properties, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 147, 12067, 10.1007/s10973-022-11414-4 Carey, 2020, Dispersion and stabilization of alkylated 2D MXene in nonpolar solvents and their pseudocapacitive behavior, Cell Reports Physical Science, 1, 10.1016/j.xcrp.2020.100042 Das, 2022, Thermo-Optical Characterization of Therminol55 Based MXene–Al2O3 Hybridized Nanofluid and New Correlations for Thermal Properties, Nanomaterials, 12, 1862, 10.3390/nano12111862 Guo, 2022, Enhanced optical properties and light-to-heat conversion performance of Ti3C2/[BMIM] BF4 nanofluids based direct absorption solar collector, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 237, 10.1016/j.solmat.2021.111558 Huhtala, 2005, Integrin evolution: insights from ascidian and teleost fish genomes, Matrix Biol., 24, 83, 10.1016/j.matbio.2005.01.003 Lim, 2019, Stable colloidal dispersion of octylated Ti3C2-MXenes in a nonpolar solvent, Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp, 579, 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.123648 Said, 2022, Experimental analysis of novel ionic liquid-MXene hybrid nanofluid's energy storage properties: Model-prediction using modern ensemble machine learning methods, J. Storage Mater., 52 Xie, 2014, Role of surface structure on Li-ion energy storage capacity of two-dimensional transition-metal carbides, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 136, 6385, 10.1021/ja501520b Naguib, M., et al., ACS Nano 2012, 6, 1322 b) Y. Xie, Y. Dall'Agnese, M. Naguib, Y. Gogotsi, MW Barsoum, HL Zhuang, PRC Kent. ACS Nano, 2014. 8: p. 9606. Khazaei, 2013, Novel electronic and magnetic properties of two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides, Adv. Funct. Mater., 23, 2185, 10.1002/adfm.201202502 Naguib, 2014, One-step synthesis of nanocrystalline transition metal oxides on thin sheets of disordered graphitic carbon by oxidation of MXenes, Chem. Commun., 50, 7420, 10.1039/C4CC01646G Ghassemi, 2014, In situ environmental transmission electron microscopy study of oxidation of two-dimensional Ti 3 C 2 and formation of carbon-supported TiO 2, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2, 14339, 10.1039/C4TA02583K Li, 2015, Synthesis and thermal stability of two-dimensional carbide MXene Ti3C2, Mater. Sci. Eng. B, 191, 33, 10.1016/j.mseb.2014.10.009 Li, 2015, Thermal stability of two-dimensional Ti2C nanosheets, Ceram. Int., 41, 2631, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.10.070 Enyashin, 2013, Two-dimensional titanium carbonitrides and their hydroxylated derivatives: Structural, electronic properties and stability of MXenes Ti3C2− xNx (OH) 2 from DFTB calculations, J. Solid State Chem., 207, 42, 10.1016/j.jssc.2013.09.010 Lee, 2014, Tunable indirect to direct band gap transition of monolayer Sc2CO2 by the strain effect, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 6, 14724, 10.1021/am504233d Dong, 2017, Rational design of two-dimensional metallic and semiconducting spintronic materials based on ordered double-transition-metal MXenes, The journal of physical chemistry letters, 8, 422, 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02751 Berdiyorov, 2015, Effect of surface functionalization on the electronic transport properties of Ti3C2 MXene, EPL (Europhysics Letters), 111, 67002, 10.1209/0295-5075/111/67002 Khazaei, 2017, Electronic properties and applications of MXenes: a theoretical review, J. Mater. Chem. C, 5, 2488, 10.1039/C7TC00140A Khazaei, 2016, Nearly free electron states in MXenes, Phys. Rev. B, 93, 10.1103/PhysRevB.93.205125 Wang, G. and Y. Liao, Theoretical prediction of the half-metallicity in one-dimensional Cr2NO2 nanoribbons. arXiv preprint arXiv:1612.08536, 2016. Wang, 2016, Theoretical prediction of the intrinsic half-metallicity in surface-oxygen-passivated Cr2N MXene, J. Phys. Chem. C, 120, 18850, 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b05224 Si, 2015, Half-metallic ferromagnetism and surface functionalization-induced metal–insulator transition in graphene-like two-dimensional Cr2C crystals, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 7, 17510, 10.1021/acsami.5b05401 Wang, 2017, Theoretical prediction of robust and intrinsic half-metallicity in Ni2N MXene with different types of surface terminations, Appl. Surf. Sci., 426, 804, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.07.249 Zheng, 2019, Half-metal state of a Ti 2 C monolayer by asymmetric surface decoration, PCCP, 21, 3318, 10.1039/C8CP07157H Zhang, 2017, Robust half-metallic ferromagnetism in Cr3C2 MXene, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 433, 222, 10.1016/j.jmmm.2017.03.031 Zhang, 2017, Transparent, flexible, and conductive 2D titanium carbide (MXene) films with high volumetric capacitance, Adv. Mater., 29, 1702678, 10.1002/adma.201702678 Ying, 2017, Transparent, conductive solution processed spincast 2d ti2ct x (mxene) films, Materials Research Letters, 5, 391, 10.1080/21663831.2017.1296043 Dillon, 2016, Highly conductive optical quality solution-processed films of 2D titanium carbide, Adv. Funct. Mater., 26, 4162, 10.1002/adfm.201600357 Zha, 2017, Controllable magnitude and anisotropy of the electrical conductivity of Hf3C2O2 MXene, J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 29, 10.1088/1361-648X/aa62da Fashandi, 2015, Dirac points with giant spin-orbit splitting in the electronic structure of two-dimensional transition-metal carbides, Phys. Rev. B, 92, 10.1103/PhysRevB.92.155142 Si, 2016, Large-gap quantum spin Hall state in MXenes: d-band topological order in a triangular lattice, Nano Lett., 16, 6584, 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03118 Liang, 2017, Theoretical prediction of two-dimensional functionalized MXene nitrides as topological insulators, Phys. Rev. B, 96, 10.1103/PhysRevB.96.195414 Weng, 2015, Large-gap two-dimensional topological insulator in oxygen functionalized MXene, Phys. Rev. B, 92, 10.1103/PhysRevB.92.075436 Tahini, 2017, The origin of low workfunctions in OH terminated MXenes, Nanoscale, 9, 7016, 10.1039/C7NR01601H Caffrey, 2018, Effect of mixed surface terminations on the structural and electrochemical properties of two-dimensional Ti 3 C 2 T 2 and V 2 CT 2 MXenes multilayers, Nanoscale, 10, 13520, 10.1039/C8NR03221A Leung, 2003, Relationship between surface dipole, work function and charge transfer: Some exceptions to an established rule, Phys. Rev. B, 68, 10.1103/PhysRevB.68.195408 Khazaei, 2015, OH-terminated two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides as ultralow work function materials, Phys. Rev. B, 92, 10.1103/PhysRevB.92.075411 Xin, 2017, Possibility of bare and functionalized niobium carbide MXenes for electrode materials of supercapacitors and field emitters, Mater. Des., 130, 512, 10.1016/j.matdes.2017.05.052 Mariano, 2016, Solution-processed titanium carbide MXene films examined as highly transparent conductors, Nanoscale, 8, 16371, 10.1039/C6NR03682A Zhang, 2016, Tunable electronic and magnetic properties of two-dimensional materials and their one-dimensional derivatives, Wiley Interdiscip. Rev.: Comput. Mol. Sci., 6, 324 Ingason, 2016, Magnetic MAX phases from theory and experiments; a review, J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 28, 10.1088/0953-8984/28/43/433003 Gao, 2016, Monolayer MXenes: promising half-metals and spin gapless semiconductors, Nanoscale, 8, 8986, 10.1039/C6NR01333C Hu, 2016, Mn 2 C monolayer: a 2D antiferromagnetic metal with high Néel temperature and large spin–orbit coupling, Nanoscale, 8, 12939, 10.1039/C6NR02417C He, 2016, New two-dimensional Mn-based MXenes with room-temperature ferromagnetism and half-metallicity, J. Mater. Chem. C, 4, 11143, 10.1039/C6TC03917K Khazaei, 2016, Topological insulators in the ordered double transition metals M 2′ M ″C 2 MXenes (M′= Mo, W; M ″= Ti, Zr, Hf), Phys. Rev. B, 94, 10.1103/PhysRevB.94.125152 Si, 2016, Quantum spin Hall phase in Mo 2 M 2 C 3 O 2 (M= Ti, Zr, Hf) MXenes, J. Mater. Chem. C, 4, 11524, 10.1039/C6TC04560J Qian, 2014, Quantum spin Hall effect in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides, Science, 346, 1344, 10.1126/science.1256815 Tian, 2017, The property, preparation and application of topological insulators: a review, Materials, 10, 814, 10.3390/ma10070814 Moore, 2010, The birth of topological insulators, Nature, 464, 194, 10.1038/nature08916 Müchler, 2013, Topological insulators and thermoelectric materials. physica status solidi, 7, 91 Zhu, 2012, Band inversion mechanism in topological insulators: A guideline for materials design, Phys. Rev. B, 85, 10.1103/PhysRevB.85.235401 Lashgari, 2014, Electronic and optical properties of 2D graphene-like compounds titanium carbides and nitrides: DFT calculations, Solid State Commun., 195, 61, 10.1016/j.ssc.2014.06.008 Bai, 2016, Dependence of elastic and optical properties on surface terminated groups in two-dimensional MXene monolayers: a first-principles study, RSC Adv., 6, 35731, 10.1039/C6RA03090D Hutchings, 1992, Kramers-Krönig relations in nonlinear optics, Opt. Quant. Electron., 24, 1, 10.1007/BF01234275 Kronig, R.d.L.,, 1926, On the theory of dispersion of x-rays, Josa, 12, 547, 10.1364/JOSA.12.000547 Naguib, 2012, Two-dimensional transition metal carbides, ACS Nano, 6, 1322, 10.1021/nn204153h Berdiyorov, 2016, Optical properties of functionalized Ti3C2T2 (T= F, O, OH) MXene: First-principles calculations, AIP Adv., 6, 10.1063/1.4948799 Hart, 2019, Control of MXenes’ electronic properties through termination and intercalation, Nat. Commun., 10, 1, 10.1038/s41467-018-08169-8 Zhang, 2016, Computational studies on the structural, electronic and optical properties of graphene-like MXenes (M 2 CT 2, M= Ti, Zr, Hf; T= O, F, OH) and their potential applications as visible-light driven photocatalysts, J. Mater. Chem. A, 4, 12913, 10.1039/C6TA04628B Guo, 2017, Two-dimensional scandium-based carbides (MXene): band gap modulation and optical properties, J. Alloy. Compd., 712, 752, 10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.04.149 Mostafaei, 2019, Theoretical studies and tuning the electronic and optical properties of Zr2CO2 monolayer using biaxial strain effect: modified Becke-Johnson calculation, Physica E, 114, 10.1016/j.physe.2019.113559 Mao, 2022, Ti3C2Tx MXene nanofluids with enhanced thermal conductivity, Chemical Thermodynamics and Thermal Analysis, 8, 10.1016/j.ctta.2022.100077 Abdelrazik, 2020, Optical, stability and energy performance of water-based MXene nanofluids in hybrid PV/thermal solar systems, Sol. Energy, 204, 32, 10.1016/j.solener.2020.04.063 Samylingam, 2020, Thermal and energy performance improvement of hybrid PV/T system by using olein palm oil with MXene as a new class of heat transfer fluid, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 218, 10.1016/j.solmat.2020.110754 Jafri, 2019, In vitro efficacy of eugenol in inhibiting single and mixed-biofilms of drug-resistant strains of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans, Phytomedicine, 54, 206, 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.10.005 Mallah, 2019, Plasmonic nanofluids for high photothermal conversion efficiency in direct absorption solar collectors: Fundamentals and applications, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 201, 10.1016/j.solmat.2019.110084 Cherkasova, A.S. and J.W. Shan, Particle aspect-ratio effects on the thermal conductivity of micro-and nanoparticle suspensions. 2008. Ren, 2020, Enhanced thermal conductivity of epoxy composites by introducing graphene@ boron nitride nanosheets hybrid nanoparticles, Mater. Des., 191, 10.1016/j.matdes.2020.108663 Rubbi, 2020, Performance optimization of a hybrid PV/T solar system using Soybean oil/MXene nanofluids as A new class of heat transfer fluids, Sol. Energy, 208, 124, 10.1016/j.solener.2020.07.060 Suganthi, 2013, Low viscous ZnO–propylene glycol nanofluid: a potential coolant candidate, J. Nanopart. Res., 15, 1, 10.1007/s11051-013-1986-6 Das, 2021, Hydrothermal performance improvement of an inserted double pipe heat exchanger with Ionanofluid, Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 28, 10.1016/j.csite.2021.101533 Hu, 2019, Enhanced heat capacity of binary nitrate eutectic salt-silica nanofluid for solar energy storage, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 192, 94, 10.1016/j.solmat.2018.12.019 Mahesh, 2016, Processing of 2D-MAXene nanostructures and design of high thermal conducting, rheo-controlled MAXene nanofluids as a potential nanocoolant, Chem. Eng. J., 297, 158, 10.1016/j.cej.2016.04.010 Wang, 2021, The MXene/water nanofluids with high stability and photo-thermal conversion for direct absorption solar collectors: A comparative study, Energy, 227, 10.1016/j.energy.2021.120483 Aslfattahi, N., et al. Thermal conductivity and rheological investigation of aqueous poly (ethylene) glycol/MXene as a novel heat transfer fluid. in AIP Conference Proceedings. 2021. AIP Publishing LLC. Huang, 2019, Hydrolysis of 2D Transition-Metal Carbides (MXenes) in Colloidal Solutions, Inorg. Chem., 58, 1958, 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02890 Said, 2022, Recent advances on the fundamental physical phenomena behind stability, dynamic motion, thermophysical properties, heat transport, applications, and challenges of nanofluids, Phys. Rep., 946, 1, 10.1016/j.physrep.2021.07.002 Das, 2022, Thermo-Optical Characterization of Therminol55 Based MXene–Al2O3 Hybridized Nanofluid and New Correlations for Thermal Properties, Nanomaterials, 12, 1862, 10.3390/nano12111862 Guo, 2022, Enhanced optical properties and light-to-heat conversion performance of Ti3C2/[BMIM]BF4 nanofluids based direct absorption solar collector, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 237, 10.1016/j.solmat.2021.111558 Zhang, 2017, Oxidation Stability of Colloidal Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbides (MXenes), Chem. Mater., 29, 4848, 10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b00745 Wei, 2021, Advances in the synthesis of 2D MXenes, Adv. Mater., 33, 2103148, 10.1002/adma.202103148 Zhao, 2022, Synthesis of Accordion-like Ti3CN MXene and its Structural Stability in Aqueous Solutions and Organic Solvents, ChemistrySelect, 7, e202104176, 10.1002/slct.202104176 Wu, 2020, Excellent oxidation resistive MXene aqueous ink for micro-supercapacitor application, Energy Storage Mater., 25, 563, 10.1016/j.ensm.2019.09.026 Zhao, 2020, pH, nanosheet concentration, and antioxidant affect the oxidation of Ti3C2Tx and Ti2CTx MXene dispersions, Adv. Mater. Interfaces, 7, 2000845, 10.1002/admi.202000845 Natu, 2019, Edge capping of 2D-MXene sheets with polyanionic salts to mitigate oxidation in aqueous colloidal suspensions, Angew. Chem., 131, 12785, 10.1002/ange.201906138 Olshtrem, A., et al., Plasmon-assisted MXene grafting: tuning of surface termination and stability enhancement. 2D Materials, 2021. 8(4): p. 045037. Maleski, 2017, Dispersions of two-dimensional titanium carbide MXene in organic solvents, Chem. Mater., 29, 1632, 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b04830 Lee, 2020, Oxidation-resistant titanium carbide MXene films, J. Mater. Chem. A, 8, 573, 10.1039/C9TA07036B Das, 2017, A review based on the effect and mechanism of thermal conductivity of normal nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids, J. Mol. Liq., 240, 420, 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.05.071 Babita, 2016, Preparation and evaluation of stable nanofluids for heat transfer application: A review, Exp. Therm Fluid Sci., 79, 202, 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2016.06.029 Konkena, 2012, Understanding Aqueous Dispersibility of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide through pKa Measurements, The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 3, 867, 10.1021/jz300236w Han, 2017, Preparation of a new 2D MXene/PES composite membrane with excellent hydrophilicity and high flux, RSC Adv., 7, 56204, 10.1039/C7RA10318B Lei, 2015, Recent advances in MXene: Preparation, properties, and applications, Front. Phys., 10, 276, 10.1007/s11467-015-0493-x Hu, 2013, MXene: a new family of promising hydrogen storage medium, Chem. A Eur. J., 117, 14253 Yue, 2017, Fe2C monolayer: An intrinsic ferromagnetic MXene, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 434, 164, 10.1016/j.jmmm.2017.03.058 Kumar, 2017, Tunable magnetism and transport properties in nitride MXenes, ACS Nano, 11, 7648, 10.1021/acsnano.7b02578 Sarycheva, 2018, 2D titanium carbide (MXene) for wireless communication, Sci. Adv., 4, 0920, 10.1126/sciadv.aau0920 Hu, 2017, Carbon vacancies in Ti 2 CT 2 MXenes: defects or a new opportunity?, PCCP, 19, 31773, 10.1039/C7CP06593K Dong, 2018, Metallic MXenes: A new family of materials for flexible triboelectric nanogenerators, Nano Energy, 44, 103, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.11.044 Zhang, 2017, MXene: a potential candidate for yarn supercapacitors, Nanoscale, 9, 18604, 10.1039/C7NR06619H Guo, 2016, High adsorption capacity of heavy metals on two-dimensional MXenes: an ab initio study with molecular dynamics simulation, PCCP, 18, 228, 10.1039/C5CP06078H Azofra, 2016, Promising prospects for 2D d 2–d 4 M 3 C 2 transition metal carbides (MXenes) in N 2 capture and conversion into ammonia, Energ. Environ. Sci., 9, 2545, 10.1039/C6EE01800A Rasool, 2016, Antibacterial activity of Ti3C2T x MXene, ACS Nano, 10, 3674, 10.1021/acsnano.6b00181 Yu, 2017, Fluorine-free preparation of titanium carbide MXene quantum dots with high near-infrared photothermal performances for cancer therapy, Nanoscale, 9, 17859, 10.1039/C7NR05997C Xing, 2018, Two-dimensional MXene (Ti3C2)-integrated cellulose hydrogels: toward smart three-dimensional network nanoplatforms exhibiting light-induced swelling and bimodal photothermal/chemotherapy anticancer activity, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 10, 27631, 10.1021/acsami.8b08314 Dai, 2017, Two-dimensional tantalum carbide (MXenes) composite nanosheets for multiple imaging-guided photothermal tumor ablation, ACS Nano, 11, 12696, 10.1021/acsnano.7b07241 Chenot, C.c., R.l. Robiette, and S. Collin,, 2019, First evidence of the cysteine and glutathione conjugates of 3-sulfanylpentan-1-ol in hop (Humulus lupulus L.), J. Agric. Food Chem., 67, 4002, 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00225 Liu, 2017, Electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of titanium carbide sheets, Mater. Lett., 205, 261, 10.1016/j.matlet.2017.06.101 Liu, 2017, Hydrophobic, flexible, and lightweight MXene foams for high-performance electromagnetic-interference shielding, Adv. Mater., 29, 1702367, 10.1002/adma.201702367 Ng, 2017, Recent progress in layered transition metal carbides and/or nitrides (MXenes) and their composites: synthesis and applications, J. Mater. Chem. A, 5, 3039, 10.1039/C6TA06772G Soundiraraju, 2017, Two-dimensional titanium nitride (Ti2N) MXene: synthesis, characterization, and potential application as surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrate, ACS Nano, 11, 8892, 10.1021/acsnano.7b03129 Pang, 2019, Applications of 2D MXenes in energy conversion and storage systems, Chem. Soc. Rev., 48, 72, 10.1039/C8CS00324F Tang, 2018, MXene–2D layered electrode materials for energy storage, Prog. Nat. Sci.: Mater. Int., 28, 133, 10.1016/j.pnsc.2018.03.003 Ding, 2017, A two-dimensional lamellar membrane: MXene nanosheet stacks, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 56, 1825, 10.1002/anie.201609306 Berdiyorov, 2017, Effect of surface termination on ion intercalation selectivity of bilayer Ti3C2T2 (T= F, O and OH) MXene, Appl. Surf. Sci., 416, 725, 10.1016/j.apsusc.2017.04.195 Bao, 2018, Porous cryo-dried MXene for efficient capacitive deionization, Joule, 2, 778, 10.1016/j.joule.2018.02.018 Liu, 2018, Ultrathin two-dimensional MXene membrane for pervaporation desalination, J. Membr. Sci., 548, 548, 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.11.065 Li, 2013, Ultrathin, molecular-sieving graphene oxide membranes for selective hydrogen separation, Science, 342, 95, 10.1126/science.1236686 Zhao, 2018, A hydrophobic surface enabled salt-blocking 2D Ti 3 C 2 MXene membrane for efficient and stable solar desalination, J. Mater. Chem. A, 6, 16196, 10.1039/C8TA05569F Wu, 2018, 2D transition metal carbide MXene as a robust biosensing platform for enzyme immobilization and ultrasensitive detection of phenol, Biosens. Bioelectron., 107, 69, 10.1016/j.bios.2018.02.021 Muckley, 2018, Multi-modal, ultrasensitive, wide-range humidity sensing with Ti 3 C 2 film, Nanoscale, 10, 21689, 10.1039/C8NR05170D Muckley, 2017, Multimodality of structural, electrical, and gravimetric responses of intercalated MXenes to water, ACS Nano, 11, 11118, 10.1021/acsnano.7b05264 Junkaew, 2018, Enhancement of the selectivity of MXenes (M 2 C, M= Ti, V, Nb, Mo) via oxygen-functionalization: promising materials for gas-sensing and-separation, PCCP, 20, 6073, 10.1039/C7CP08622A Yu, 2015, Monolayer Ti2CO2: a promising candidate for NH3 sensor or capturer with high sensitivity and selectivity, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 7, 13707, 10.1021/acsami.5b03737 Wang, 2014, An organ-like titanium carbide material (MXene) with multilayer structure encapsulating hemoglobin for a mediator-free biosensor, J. Electrochem. Soc., 162, B16, 10.1149/2.0371501jes Kim, 2018, Metallic Ti3C2T x MXene gas sensors with ultrahigh signal-to-noise ratio, ACS Nano, 12, 986, 10.1021/acsnano.7b07460 Kumar, 2018, Biofunctionalized two-dimensional Ti3C2 MXenes for ultrasensitive detection of cancer biomarker, Biosens. Bioelectron., 121, 243, 10.1016/j.bios.2018.08.076 Shankar, 2018, Electrochemical determination of adrenaline using MXene/graphite composite paste electrodes, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 10, 43343, 10.1021/acsami.8b11741 Ling, 2014, Flexible and conductive MXene films and nanocomposites with high capacitance, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 111, 16676, 10.1073/pnas.1414215111 Chen, 2015, CO 2 and temperature dual responsive “Smart” MXene phases, Chem. Commun., 51, 314, 10.1039/C4CC07220K Sobolčiak, 2017, 2D Ti3C2Tx (MXene)-reinforced polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofibers with enhanced mechanical and electrical properties, PLoS One, 12, e0183705, 10.1371/journal.pone.0183705 Boota, 2017, Interaction of polar and nonpolar polyfluorenes with layers of two-dimensional titanium carbide (MXene): intercalation and pseudocapacitance, Chem. Mater., 29, 2731, 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b03933 Akuzum, 2017, 2D Transition Metal Carbides (MXenes) in Flow-Assisted Electrochemical Energy and Water Technologies Akuzum, 2018, Rheological characteristics of 2D titanium carbide (MXene) dispersions: a guide for processing MXenes, ACS Nano, 12, 2685, 10.1021/acsnano.7b08889 Zhi, 2018, Study of MXene-filled polyurethane nanocomposites prepared via an emulsion method, Compos. Sci. Technol., 168, 404, 10.1016/j.compscitech.2018.10.026 Zhang, C., et al., Microelectronics: Stamping of Flexible, Coplanar Micro‐Supercapacitors Using MXene Inks (Adv. Funct. Mater. 9/2018). Advanced Functional Materials, 2018. 28(9): p. 1870059. Sarikurt, 2018, The influence of surface functionalization on thermal transport and thermoelectric properties of MXene monolayers, Nanoscale, 10, 8859, 10.1039/C7NR09144C Cao, 2017, Enhanced thermal properties of poly (vinylidene fluoride) composites with ultrathin nanosheets of MXene, RSC Adv., 7, 20494, 10.1039/C7RA00184C Zhang, 2016, Effects of 2-D transition metal carbide Ti 2 CT x on properties of epoxy composites, RSC Adv., 6, 87341, 10.1039/C6RA14560D Zhang, 2016, Preparation, mechanical and anti-friction performance of MXene/polymer composites, Mater. Des., 92, 682, 10.1016/j.matdes.2015.12.084 Zhang, 2017, Stacking stability and sliding mechanism in weakly bonded 2D transition metal carbides by van der Waals force, RSC Adv., 7, 55912, 10.1039/C7RA11139H Yang, 2014, Synthesis, characterization, and tribological properties of two-dimensional Ti3C2, Cryst. Res. Technol., 49, 926, 10.1002/crat.201400268 Gupta, 2011, On the tribology of the MAX phases and their composites during dry sliding: a review, Wear, 271, 1878, 10.1016/j.wear.2011.01.043 Ji, 2014, Synthesis, characterization and tribological properties of High purity Ti3SiC2 nanolamellas, Ceram. Int., 40, 6219, 10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.11.077 Xue, 2017, Preparation of TiO 2/Ti 3 C 2 T x hybrid nanocomposites and their tribological properties as base oil lubricant additives, RSC Adv., 7, 4312, 10.1039/C6RA27653A Liu, 2017, Synthesis and tribological property of Ti 3 C 2 TX nanosheets, J. Mater. Sci., 52, 2200, 10.1007/s10853-016-0509-0 Zhang, 2017, Computational Study of Low Interlayer Friction in Ti n+ 1C n (n= 1, 2, and 3) MXene, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 34467, 10.1021/acsami.7b09895 Aslfattahi, 2021, Efficiency enhancement of a solar dish collector operating with a novel soybean oil-based-MXene nanofluid and different cavity receivers, J. Clean. Prod., 317, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128430 Ghodbane, 2022, 4E (energy, exergy, economic and environmental) investigation of LFR using MXene based silicone oil nanofluids, Sustainable Energy Technol. Assess., 49 Ma, 2018, Efficient ternary polymer solar cells with two well-compatible donors and one ultranarrow bandgap nonfullerene acceptor, Adv. Energy Mater., 8, 1702854, 10.1002/aenm.201702854 Zhao, 2015, High-Performance Ta2O5/Al-Doped Ag Electrode for Resonant Light Harvesting in Efficient Organic Solar Cells, Adv. Energy Mater., 5, 1500768, 10.1002/aenm.201500768 Chen, 2021, Two-dimensional Ti 3 C 2 MXene-based nanostructures for emerging optoelectronic applications, Mater. Horiz., 8, 2929, 10.1039/D1MH00986A Heo, 2017, Flexible and highly biocompatible nanofiber-based electrodes for neural surface interfacing, ACS Nano, 11, 2961, 10.1021/acsnano.6b08390 Shi, 2020, Porous g-C3N4 and MXene dual-confined FeOOH quantum dots for superior energy storage in an ionic liquid, Adv. Sci., 7, 1901975, 10.1002/advs.201901975 Fu, 2019, MXene-contacted silicon solar cells with 11.5% efficiency, Adv. Energy Mater., 9, 1900180, 10.1002/aenm.201900180 Guo, 2018, High electrical conductivity 2D MXene serves as additive of perovskite for efficient solar cells, Small, 14, 1802738, 10.1002/smll.201802738 Cao, 2019, Alternative electrodes for HTMs and noble-metal-free perovskite solar cells: 2D MXenes electrodes, RSC Adv., 9, 34152, 10.1039/C9RA06091J Yu, 2019, MXenes with tunable work functions and their application as electron-and hole-transport materials in non-fullerene organic solar cells, J. Mater. Chem. A, 7, 11160, 10.1039/C9TA01195A Yin, 2021, MXenes for Solar Cells. Nano-Micro Letters, 13, 78, 10.1007/s40820-021-00604-8 Paquet, 2014, Photosintering and electrical performance of CuO nanoparticle inks, Org. Electron., 15, 1836, 10.1016/j.orgel.2014.05.014 Wu, 2020, Bridging for carriers by embedding metal oxide nanoparticles in the photoactive layer to enhance performance of polymer solar cells, IEEE J. Photovoltaics, 10, 1353, 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2020.3004926 Gao, 2004, Grain-controlled barium titanate ceramics prepared from high-gravity reactive precipitation process powder, Mater. Chem. Phys., 88, 27, 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2004.03.023 Agresti, 2019, Titanium-carbide MXenes for work function and interface engineering in perovskite solar cells, Nat. Mater., 18, 1228, 10.1038/s41563-019-0478-1 Yang, 2019, SnO 2–Ti 3 C 2 MXene electron transport layers for perovskite solar cells, J. Mater. Chem. A, 7, 5635, 10.1039/C8TA12140K Hou, 2020, Modifying the nanostructures of pedot: Pss/ti 3 c 2 tx composite hole transport layers for highly efficient polymer solar cells, J. Mater. Chem. C, 8, 4169, 10.1039/D0TC00075B Hou, 2021, ZnO/Ti3C2Tx monolayer electron transport layers with enhanced conductivity for highly efficient inverted polymer solar cells, Chem. Eng. J., 407, 10.1016/j.cej.2020.127192 Mi, 2020, Carbon electrode engineering for high efficiency all-inorganic perovskite solar cells, RSC Adv., 10, 12298, 10.1039/D0RA00288G Cui, 2017, Enhanced photocatalytic activity of heterostructured ferroelectric BaTiO3/α-Fe2O3 and the significance of interface morphology control, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 9, 24518, 10.1021/acsami.7b03523 Burscher, 2015, Owning the issues of crime and immigration: The relation between immigration and crime news and anti-immigrant voting in 11 countries, Elect. Stud., 38, 59, 10.1016/j.electstud.2015.03.001 Chen, Q., Z. Tian, and Q. Zhong. Anchoring Cus Nanoparticles on Accordion-like Ti3C2 As a Sensitive Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensor. in 237th ECS Meeting with the 18th International Meeting on Chemical Sensors (IMCS 2020)(May 10-14, 2020). 2020. ECS. Chen, 2019, Accelerating hole extraction by inserting 2D Ti 3 C 2-MXene interlayer to all inorganic perovskite solar cells with long-term stability, J. Mater. Chem. A, 7, 20597, 10.1039/C9TA06035A He, 2020, TiO2 Nanocrystal-Framed Li2TiSiO5 Platelets for Low-Voltage Lithium Battery Anode, Adv. Funct. Mater., 30, 2001909, 10.1002/adfm.202001909 Li, 2019, A simple and efficient device configuration applicable in high-performance solar cells with limited material requirements, J. Phys. D Appl. Phys., 52, 10.1088/1361-6463/ab35ac Chen, 2020, Bio-inspired transparent MXene electrodes for flexible UV photodetectors, Mater. Horiz., 7, 1828, 10.1039/D0MH00394H Urbankowski, 2017, 2D molybdenum and vanadium nitrides synthesized by ammoniation of 2D transition metal carbides (MXenes), Nanoscale, 9, 17722, 10.1039/C7NR06721F Sang, 2016, Atomic defects in monolayer titanium carbide (Ti3C2T x) MXene, ACS Nano, 10, 9193, 10.1021/acsnano.6b05240 Ihsanullah, 2020, MXenes (two-dimensional metal carbides) as emerging nanomaterials for water purification: Progress, challenges and prospects, Chem. Eng. J., 388, 10.1016/j.cej.2020.124340 Rasool, 2019, Water treatment and environmental remediation applications of two-dimensional metal carbides (MXenes), Mater. Today, 30, 80, 10.1016/j.mattod.2019.05.017 Habib, 2019, Oxidation stability of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXene nanosheets in solvents and composite films. npj 2D, Materials and Applications, 3, 1 Nasrallah, 2018, Ecotoxicological assessment of Ti 3 C 2 T x (MXene) using a zebrafish embryo model, Environ. Sci. Nano, 5, 1002, 10.1039/C7EN01239J Xie, 2019, Biocompatible two-dimensional titanium nanosheets for multimodal imaging-guided cancer theranostics, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 11, 22129, 10.1021/acsami.9b04628 Meng, 2018, MXene sorbents for removal of urea from dialysate: A step toward the wearable artificial kidney, ACS Nano, 12, 10518, 10.1021/acsnano.8b06494 Huang, 2021 Wu, 2022, Safety Assessment of 2D MXenes, In Vitro and In Vivo. Nanomaterials, 12, 828, 10.3390/nano12050828