A history of mesoscale model development

Anthes, R. A., and T. T. Warner, 1978: Development of hydrodynamic models suitable for air pollution and other mesometeorological studies. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 1045–1078.

Arakawa, A., W. H. Schubert, 1974: Interaction of a cumulus cloud ensemble with the large-scale environment, Part I. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 674–701.

Beljaars, A. C. M., 1995: The parametrization of surface fluxes in large-scale models under free convection. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 121, 255–270.

Betts, A. K., and M. J. Miller, 1986: A new convective adjustment scheme. Part II: Single column tests using GATE wave, BOMEX, ATEX and arctic air-mass data sets. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 112, 693–709.

Blackadar, A. K., 1979: High resolution models of the planetary boundary layer. Advances in Science and Engineering. Vol. 1, No. 1, J. Pfafflin and E. Ziegler, Eds., Gordon and Breach, 50–85.

Bougeault, P., and P. Lacarrere, 1989: Parameterization of orography-induced turbulence in a mesobeta-scale model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1872–1890.

Bubnova, R., G. Hello, P. Benard, and J.-F. Geleyn, 1995: Integration of the fully-elastic equations cast in the hydrostatic pressure terrain-following coordinate in the framework of the ARPEGE/ALADIN NWP system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 515–535.

Carlson, T. N., and F. E. Boland, 1978: Analysis of urban-rural canopy using a surface heat flux/temperature model. J. Appl. Meteorol., 17, 998–1013.

Chen, F., and J. Dudhia, 2001: Coupling an advanced land-surface/ hydrology model with the Penn State/NCAR MM5 modeling system. Part I: Model description and implementation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 569–585.

Clark, T. L., 1977: A small-scale dynamic model using a terrain-following coordinate transformation. J. Comput. Phys., 24, 186–215.

Chou, M.-D., and M. J. Suarez, 1994: An efficient thermal infrared radiation parameterization for use in general circulation models. NASA Tech. Memo, 84 pp.

Cotton, W. R., and G. J. Tripoli, 1978: Cumulus convection in shear flow-three-dimensional numerical experiments. J. Atmos. Sci. 35, 1503–1521.

Cullen, M. J. P., 1993: The Unified Forecast Climate model. Meteorol. Mag., 122, 81–94.

Deardorff, J. W., 1972: Parameterization of the planetary boundary layer for use in general circulation models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 100, 93–106.

—, 1978: Efficient prediction of ground surface temperature and moisture, with inclusion of a layer of vegetation, J. Geophys. Res., 83(C4), 1889–1903.

Delsol, F., K. Miyakoda, and R. H. Clarke, 1971: Parameterized processes in the surface boundary layer of an atmospheric circulation model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 97, 181–208.

Doms, G., and U. Schaettler, 1997: The nonhydrostatic limited-area model LM (Lokal-Modell) of DWD. Part I: Scientific Documentation. Deutscher Wetterdienst, 155 pp.

Dudhia, J., 1989: Numerical study of convection observed during the Winter Monsoon Experiment using a mesoscale two-dimensional model. J. Atmos. Sci., 46, 3077–3107.

—, 1993: A nonhydrostatic version of the Penn State / NCAR mesoscale model: Validation tests and simulations of an Atlantic cyclone and cold front. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 1493–1513.

—, and J. F. Bresch, 2002: A global version of the PSU-NCAR mesoscale model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 130, 2989–3007.

—, S.-Y. Hong, and K.-S. Lim, 2008: A new method for representing mixed-phase particle fall speeds in bulk microphysics parameteriza-tions. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 86, 33–44.

Fu, Q., and K. N. Liou, 1992: On the correlated k-distribution method for radiative transfer in nonhomogeneous atmospheres. J. Atmos. Sci., 49, 2139–2156.

Grell, G. A., 1993: Prognostic evaluation of assumptions used by cumulus parameterizations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 121, 764–787.

—, and S. Freitas, 2013: Development and applications of a stochastic convective parameterization for a smooth transition to cloud resolving scales that includes aerosol interactions. Geophys. Res. Abs., 15, EGU2013–11198.

Han, J., and H.-L. Pan, 2011: Revision of convection and vertical diffusion schemes in the NCEP global forecast system. Wea. Forecasting, 26, 520–533.

Hong, S.-Y., and J. Dudhia, 2012: Next-generation numerical weather prediction: Bridging parameterization, explicit clouds, and large eddies. Meeting Summaries. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93, January, online.

—, —, and S.-H. Chen, 2004: A revised approach to ice-microphysical processes for the bulk parameterization of cloud and precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 132, 103–120.

—, H.-M. Juang, and Q. Zhao, 1998: Implementation of prognostic cloud scheme for a regional spectral model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 126, 2621–2639.

—, and J.-O. J. Lim, 2006: The WRF single-moment 6-class microphysics scheme (WSM6). J. Korean Meteor. Soc., 42, 129–151.

—, Y. Noh, and J. Dudhia, 2006: A new vertical diffusion package with an explicit treatment of entrainment processes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 2318–2341.

—, and H.-L. Pan, 1996: Nonlocal boundary layer vertical diffusion in a medium-range forecast model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 124, 2322–2339.

Hsie, E.-Y., R. A. Anthes, and D. Keyser, 1984: Numerical simulation of frontogenesis in a moist atmosphere. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 2581–2594.

Janjic, Z. I., 1994: The step-mountain eta coordinate model: Further developments of the convection, viscous sublayer, and turbulence closure schemes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 927–945.

—, 2003: A nonhydrostatic model based on a new approach. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 82, 271–285.

Jimenez, P. A., and J. Dudhia, 2012: Improving the representation of resolved and unresolved topographic effects on surface wind in the WRF model. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 51, 300–316.

Juang, H.-M., and S.-Y. Hong, 2010: Forward semi-Lagrangian advection with mass conservation and positive definiteness for falling hydro-meteors. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 1778–1791.

—, —, and M. Kanamitsu, 1997: The NCEP regional spectral model: an update. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 78, 2125–2143.

Kain, J. S., and J. M. Fritsch, 1990: A one-dimensional entraining/detraining plume model and its application in convective parameteriza-tion. J. Atmos. Sci., 47, 2784–2802.

Kessler, E., 1969: On the distribution and continuity of water substance in atmospheric circulations. Meteor. Monogr., 32, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 84 pp.

Klemp, J. B., W. C. Skamarock, and J. Dudhia, 2007: Conservative split-explicit time integration methods for the compressible nonhydrostatic equations. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 2897–2913.

—, and R. B. Wilhelmson, 1978: The simulation of three-dimensional convective storm dynamics. J. Atmos. Sci., 35, 1070–1096.

Kuo, Y.-H, and R. A. Anthes, 1984: Semiprognostic tests of Kuo-type cumulus parameterization schemes in an extratropical convective system. Mon. Wea. Rev., 112, 1498–1509.

Kuo, H. L., 1974: Further studies of the parameterization of the influence of cumulus convection on large-scale flow. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1232–1240.

Lebo, Z. J., and H. Morrison, 2013: A novel Scheme for parameterizing aerosol processing in warm clouds. J. Atmos. Sci., 70, 3576–3598.

Liang, X.-Z., and Coauthors, 2012: Regional Climate-Weather Research and Forecasting Model (CWRF). Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 93, 1363–1387.

Lim, K.-S. S., and S.-Y. Hong, 2010: Development of an effective double-moment cloud microphysics scheme with prognostic cloud conden-sation nuclei (CCN) for weather and climate models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 1587–1612.

Lin, Y.-L., R. D. Farley, and H. D. Orville, 1983: Bulk parameterization of the snow field in a cloud model. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 22, 1065–1092.

Louis, J. F., 1979: A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmo-sphere. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 17, 187–202.

Mahrt, L. T., and J. Sun, 1995: The subgrid velocity scale in the bulk aerodynamic relationship for spatially averaged scalar fluxes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 123, 3032–3041.

McGregor, J. L., L. M. Leslie, and D. J. Gauntlett, 1978: The ANMRC limited-area model: Consolidated formulation and operational results. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 427–438.

Mellor, G. L., and T. Yamada, 1974: A hierarchy of turbulence closure models for planetary boundary layers. J. Atmos. Sci., 31, 1791–1806.

—, and —, 1982: Development of a turbulence closure model for geophysical fluid problems. Rev. Geophys., 20(4), 851–875.

Miller, M. J., and R. P. Pearce, 1974: A three-dimensional primitive equation model of cumulonimbus convection. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 100, 133–154.

Mlawer, E. J., S. J. Taubman, P. D. Brown, M. J. Iacono, and S. A. Clough, 1997: Radiative transfer for inhomogeneous atmospheres: RRTM, a validated correlated-k model for the longwave. J. Geophys. Res., 102, 16663–16682.

Moeng, C.-H., J. Dudhia, J. Klemp, and P. Sullivan, 2007: Examining two-way grid nesting for large eddy simulations of the PBL using the WRF model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 2295–2311.

Morrison, H., G. Thompson, and V. Tatarskii, 2009: Impact of cloud micro-physics on the development of trailing stratiform precipitation in a simulated squall line: Comparison of one- and two-moment schemes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 137, 991–1007.

Nakanishi, M., and H. Niino, 2006: An improved Mellor-Yamada level 3 model: its numerical stability and application to a regional prediction of advecting fog. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 119, 397–407.

Pincus, R., R. Hemler, and S. A. Klein, 2006: Using stochastically gen-erated subcolumns to represent cloud structure in a large-scale model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 134, 3644–3656.

Pleim, J. E., 2007: A combined local and nonlocal closure model for the atmospheric boundary layer. Part I: Model description and testing. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 46, 1396–1409.

Reisner, J., R. M. Rasmussen, and R. T. Bruintjes, 1998: Explicit fore-casting of supercooled liquid water in winter storms using the MM5 mesoscale model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 124, 1071–1107.

Ruiz-Arias, J. A., J. Dudhia, F. J. Santos-Alamillos, and D. Pozo-Vaìzquez (2013), Surface clear-sky shortwave radiative closure intercomparisons in the Weather Research and Forecasting model. J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 118, 9901–9913.

Rutledge, S. A., and P. V. Hobbs, 1983: The mesoscale and microscale structure and organization of clouds and precipitation in midlatitude cyclones. VIII: A model for the “seeder-feeder” process in warm-frontal rainbands. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 1185–1206.

Saito, K., J. I. Ishida, K. Aranami, T. Hara, T. Segawa, M. Narita, and Y. Honda, 2007: Nonhydrostatic atmospheric models and operational development at JMA. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 85B, 271–304.

Sellers, P. J., Y. Mintz, Y. C. Sud, and A. Dalcher, 1986: A simple bio-sphere model (SIB) for use within general circulation models. J. Atmos. Sci., 43, 505–531.

Shuman, F. G., 1989: History of numerical weather prediction at the National Meteorological Center. Wea. Forecasting, 4, 286–296.

Siebesma, A. P., P. M. M. Soares, and J. Teixeira, 2007: A combined eddy-diffusivity mass-flux approach for the convective boundary layer. J. Atmos. Sci., 64, 1230–1248.

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Stull, R. B., 1984: Transilient Turbulence Theory. Part I: The concept of eddy-mixing across finite distances. J. Atmos. Sci., 41, 3351–3367.

Sukoriansky, S., B. Galperin, and V. Perov, 2005: Application of a new spectral model of stratified turbulence to the atmospheric boundary layer over sea ice. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 117, 231–257.

Tanguay, M. A., A. Robert, and R. Laprise, 1990: A semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian fully compressible regional forecast model. Mon. Wea. Rev., 118, 1970–1980.

Tao, W.-K., J. Simpson, and M. McCumber, 1989: An ice-water saturation adjustment. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 231–235.

Tapp, M. C., and P. W. White, 1976: A non-hydrostatic mesoscale model. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 102, 277–296.

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Tiedtke, M., 1989: A comprehensive mass flux scheme for cumulus parameterization in large-scale models. Mon. Wea. Rev., 117, 1779–1800.

—, W. A. Heckley, and J. Slingo, 1988: Tropical forecasting at ECMWF: The influence of physical parametrization on the mean structure of forecasts and analyses. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 114, 639–664.

Tripoli, G. J., and W. R. Cotton, 1982: The Colorado State University three-dimensional cloud / mesoscale model-1982. Part I: General theoretical framework and sensitivity experiments. J. Rech. Atmos., 16, 185–220.

Troen, I., and L. Mahrt, 1986: A simple model of the atmospheric boundary layer; sensitivity to surface evaporation. Bound.-Layer Meteor., 37, 129–148.

Wilson, M. F., A. Henderson-Sellers, R. E. Dickinson, and P. J. Kennedy, 1987: Sensitivity of the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) to the inclusion of variable soil characteristics. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 26, 341–362.

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Zhang, D.-L., and R. A. Anthes, 1982: A high-resolution model of the planetary boundary layer-sensitivity tests and comparisons with SESAME-79 data. J. Appl. Meteorol., 21, 1594–1609.

—, H.-R. Chang, N. L. Seaman, T. T. Warner, and J. M. Fritsch, 1986: A two-way interactive nesting procedure with variable terrain resolution. Mon. Wea. Rev., 114, 1330–1339.