A data-driven approach for studying the role of body mass in multiple diseases: a phenome-wide registry-based case-control study in the UK Biobank

Xu, 2018, Stage of obesity epidemic model: learning from tobacco control and advocacy for a framework convention on obesity control, J Diabetes, 10, 564, 10.1111/1753-0407.12647 Nyberg, 2018, Obesity and loss of disease-free years owing to major non-communicable diseases: a multicohort study, Lancet Public Health, 3, e490, 10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30139-7 Biener, 2017, The high and rising costs of obesity to the US health care system, J Gen Intern Med, 32, 6, 10.1007/s11606-016-3968-8 Dixon, 2010, The effect of obesity on health outcomes, Mol Cell Endocrinol, 316, 104, 10.1016/j.mce.2009.07.008 Chiolero, 2018, Why causality, and not prediction, should guide obesity prevention policy, Lancet Public Health, 3, e461, 10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30158-0 Davies, 2018, Reading mendelian randomisation studies: a guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians, BMJ, 362 Locke, 2015, Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology, Nature, 518, 197, 10.1038/nature14177 Sudlow, 2015, UK biobank: an open access resource for identifying the causes of a wide range of complex diseases of middle and old age, PLoS Med, 12, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001779 Denny, 2013, Systematic comparison of phenome-wide association study of electronic medical record data and genome-wide association study data, Nature Biotech, 31, 1102, 10.1038/nbt.2749 Verma, 2018, A simulation study investigating power estimates in phenome-wide association studies, BMC Bioinformatics, 19, 120, 10.1186/s12859-018-2135-0 Bycroft, 2018, The UK Biobank resource with deep phenotyping and genomic data, Nature, 562, 203, 10.1038/s41586-018-0579-z Burgess, 2014, Sample size and power calculations in mendelian randomization with a single instrumental variable and a binary outcome, Int J Epidemiol, 43, 922, 10.1093/ije/dyu005 Sun, 2019, Body mass index and all cause mortality in HUNT and UK Biobank studies: linear and non-linear mendelian randomisation analyses, BMJ, 364 Bowden, 2016, Consistent estimation in mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator, Genet Epidemiol, 40, 304, 10.1002/gepi.21965 Burgess, 2019, A robust and efficient method for mendelian randomization with hundreds of genetic variants: unravelling mechanisms linking HDL-cholesterol and coronary heart disease, bioRxiv Hartwig, 2017, Robust inference in summary data mendelian randomization via the zero modal pleiotropy assumption, Int J Epidemiol, 46, 1985, 10.1093/ije/dyx102 Verbanck, 2018, Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases, Nat Genet, 50, 693, 10.1038/s41588-018-0099-7 Tyrrell, 2018, Using genetics to understand the causal influence of higher BMI on depression, Int J Epidemiol, 10.1093/ije/dyy223 Hemani, 2018, The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome, Elife, 7, 10.7554/eLife.34408 Chaker, 2017, Hypothyroidism, Lancet, 390, 1550, 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30703-1 Todd, 2015, Genetic evidence for a causal role of obesity in diabetic kidney disease, Diabetes, 64, 4238, 10.2337/db15-0254 Kulkarni, 2016, Obesity and osteoarthritis, Maturitas, 89, 22, 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.04.006 Wills, 2012, Life course body mass index and risk of knee osteoarthritis at the age of 53 years: evidence from the 1946 British birth cohort study, Ann Rheum Dis, 71, 655, 10.1136/ard.2011.154021 Panoutsopoulou, 2014, The effect of FTO variation on increased osteoarthritis risk is mediated through body mass index: a mendelian randomisation study, Ann Rheum Dis, 73, 2082, 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203772 Lau, 2012, Obesity increases the odds of acquiring and incarcerating noninguinal abdominal wall hernias, Am Surg, 78, 1118, 10.1177/000313481207801024 Ruhl, 2007, Risk factors for inguinal hernia among adults in the US population, Am J Epidemiol, 165, 1154, 10.1093/aje/kwm011 Michailidou, 2015, Genome-wide association analysis of more than 120 000 individuals identifies 15 new susceptibility loci for breast cancer, Nat Genet, 47, 373, 10.1038/ng.3242 Schoemaker, 2018, Association of body mass index and age with subsequent breast cancer risk in premenopausal women, JAMA Oncol, 4 Cronin, 2014, Phenome-wide association studies demonstrating pleiotropy of genetic variants within FTO with and without adjustment for body mass index, Front Genet, 5, 250, 10.3389/fgene.2014.00250 Millard, 2019, Searching for the causal effects of body mass index in over 300 000 participants in UK Biobank, using mendelian randomization, PLoS Genet, 15, 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007951 Burgess, 2013, Use of allele scores as instrumental variables for mendelian randomization, Int J Epidemiol, 42, 1134, 10.1093/ije/dyt093 Gkatzionis, 2018, Contextualizing selection bias in mendelian randomization: how bad is it likely to be?, Int J Epidemiol, 10.1093/ije/dyy202