A dangerous bet: The challenges of formalizing artisanal mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Resources Policy - Tập 37 Số 3 - Trang 322-330 - 2012
Sara Geenen1
1Institute of Development Policy and Management, University of Antwerp, Prinsstraat 13-B2000 Antwerpen, Belgium

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Alchian, 1973, The property right paradigm, The Journal of Economic History, 33, 16, 10.1017/S0022050700076403

Banchirigah, 2006, How have reforms fuelled the expansion of artisanal mining? Evidence from sub-Saharan Africa, Resources Policy, 31, 165, 10.1016/j.resourpol.2006.12.001

Banchirigah, 2008, Challenges with eradicating illegal mining in Ghana: a perspective from the grassroots, Resources Policy, 33, 29, 10.1016/j.resourpol.2007.11.001

1995

Bosse Jonsson, 2009, Handling uncertainty: policy and organizational practices in Tanzania's small-scale gold mining sector, Natural Resources Forum, 33, 211, 10.1111/j.1477-8947.2009.01226.x

Braeckman, C., 2010. La revolte des creuseurs gronde. Le Soir, 2 December 2010, http://archives.lesoir.be/la-revolte-des-creuseurs-gronde_t-20101202-015F5T.html, (accessed 18 May 2011).

Clay, 2005, Order without law? Property rights during the California gold rush, Explorations in Economic History, 42, 155, 10.1016/j.eeh.2004.05.003

Clausen, 2011, Property rights theory and the reform of artisanal and small-scale mining in developing countries, Journal of Politics and Law, 4, 15, 10.5539/jpl.v4n1p15

Demsetz, 1967, Toward a theory of property rights, The American Economic Review, 57, 347

De Soto, 2000

De Soto, 2002, Law and property outside the West: a few new ideas about fighting poverty, Forum for Development Studies, 29, 349, 10.1080/08039410.2002.9666211

Englebert, 2009

Enough Project, 2009. A comprehensive approach to Congo's conflict minerals. Enough Project, Washington, DC.

EU, 2010. Joint Motion for a Resolution Pursuant to Rule 110 (4) of the Rules of Procedure.

Eyanga Sana, L.P., 2010. Joseph Kabila suspend l'exploitation des minerais à Walikale. Le Potentiel, 11 September 2010, http://www.lepotentiel.com//afficher_article_archive.php?id_article=100732&id_edition=5081&yearID=2010&monthID=09&dayID=11, (accessed 18 May 2011).

Garrett, 2009

Garrett, 2010

Geenen, 2010, Tiraillements autour du secteur minier de l'Est de la RDC, 231

Geenen, 2011, Relations and regulations in local gold trade networks in South-Kivu, DRCongo, Journal of Eastern African Studies, 5, 427, 10.1080/17531055.2011.611676

Geenen, 2011, Constraints, opportunities and hope: artisanal gold mining and trade in South Kivu (DRC)”, 192

Geenen, 2011, Le pari qui paralysait. La suspension des activités minières artisanales au Sud-Kivu, 161

Gilbert, 2002, On the mystery of capital and the myths of Hernando de Soto. What difference does legal title make?, IDPR, 24, 1

Global Witness, 2007

Global Witness, 2009

Global Witness, 2011

Hilson, 2005, Structural adjustment and subsistence industry: artisanal gold mining in Ghana, Development and Change, 36, 103, 10.1111/j.0012-155X.2005.00404.x

Hönke, 2010, New political topographies. Mining companies and indirect discharge in Southern Katanga (DRC), Politique Africaine, 120, 105, 10.3917/polaf.120.0105

Hilson, 2009, Small-scale mining, poverty and economic development in sub-Saharan Africa: an overview, Resources Policy, 34, 1, 10.1016/j.resourpol.2008.12.001

Human Rights Watch, 2005

International Alert, 2009

International Labour Office (ILO), 1999

Joyce, E., 2011. MP exposes $5.5 billion loss to Congolese people through questionable mining deals with BVI ‘shell’ companies. Press Release, 18 November 2011.

Kennes, 2005, The mining sector in Congo; the victim or the orphan of globalization?

Kivu Kwetu, 2010. Kabila decides to ban mineral trade. Why? 26 September 2010, http://kivu-kwetu.blogspot.com/2010/09/kabila-decides-to-ban-mineral-trade-why.html, (accessed 10 May 2011).

Lahiri-Dutt, 2004, Informality in mineral resource management in Asia: raising questions relating to community economies and sustainable development, Natural Resources Forum, 28, 123, 10.1111/j.1477-8947.2004.00079.x

La Croix, 1992, Property rights and institutional change during Australia's gold rush, Explorations in Economic History, 29, 204, 10.1016/0014-4983(92)90011-K

Libecap, 1986, Property rights in economic history: implications for research, Explorations in Economic History, 23, 227, 10.1016/0014-4983(86)90004-5

Libecap, 2007, The assignment of property rights on the western frontier: lessons for contemporary environmental and resource policy, Journal of Economic History, 67, 257, 10.1017/S0022050707000101

Lutete, M., 2010. Suspension de l'exploitation minière au Nord-Kivu, au Sud-Kivu et au Maniema. Le Potentiel, 17 September 2010, http://www.lepotentiel.com//afficher_article_archive.php?id_article=100960&id_edition=5086&yearID=2010&monthID=09&dayID=17, (accessed 18 May 2011).

Maconachie, 2011, Safeguarding livelihoods or exacerbating poverty? Artisanal mining and formalization in West-Africa, Natural Resources Forum, 35, 293, 10.1111/j.1477-8947.2011.01407.x

Mazalto, 2009, Governance, human rights and mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo, 187

McDowell, 2002, From commons to claims; property rights in the California gold rush, Yale Journal of Law and Humanities, 14, 1

Ministère des Mines, 2010a. Communiqué du ministre des Mines en rapport avec la décision du président de la République sur la suspension de l'exploitation minière. 11 September 2010.

Ministère des Mines, 2010b. Arrêté ministériel no. 0705/CAB.MIN/MINES/01/2010 du 20 septembre 2010 portant suspension des activités minières dans les provinces du Maniema, Nord-Kivu et Sud-Kivu.

Ministère des Mines, 2010c. Arrêté ministériel no. 0706/CAB.MIN/MINES/01/2010 du 20 septembre 2010 portant mesures urgentes d'encadrement de la décision de suspension des activités minières dans les provinces du Maniema, Nord-Kivu et Sud-Kivu.

Ministère des Mines, 2010d. Lettre aux gouverneurs des provinces de Maniama, Nord-Kivu et Sud-Kivu. Objet: déploiement des Agents des Mines et du SAESSCAM. No. CAB.MIN/MINES/01/0962/2010.

Ministère des Mines, 2010e Lettre aux gouverneurs des provinces de Maniema, Nord-Kivu et Sud-Kivu. Objet: déploiement des Agents des Mines et du SAESSCAM. Dispositions pratiques. No. CAB.MIN/MINES/01/1005/2010.

Mulumba, P., 2011. L'Asadho préoccupée par la levée de la suspension des activités minières à l'Est. Le Potentiel, 11 March 2011, http://www.lepotentiel.com//afficher_article_archive.php?id_article=107641&id_edition=7066&yearID=2011&monthID=03&dayID=11, (accessed 18 May 2011).

Ndaywel è Nziem, 1998

North, 1990

Platteau, 2000

Pole Institute, 2002

Pole Institute, 2010

Pourtier, 2004

Prendergast, J., Lezhnev, S. 2009. From mine to mobile phone. The conflict minerals supply chain. Enough Project, Washington, DC.

Radio Okapi, 2010a. L'exploitation minière dans l'ancien Kivu suspendue jusqu'à nouvel ordre. 13 September 2010, http://radiookapi.net/economie/2010/09/13/lexploitation-miniere-dans-lancien-kivu-suspendue-jusqu%E2%80%99a-nouvel-ordre/, (accessed 17 May 2011).

Radio Okapi, 2010b. Kivu, suspension de l'exploitation minière, le ministre des Mines rassure. 21 September 2010, http://radiookapi.net/economie/2010/09/21/kivu-suspension-de-l%E2%80%99exploitation-miniere-le-ministre-des-mines-rassure/, (accessed 17 May 2011).

Raeymaekers, 2002

Resource Consulting Services, 2011

Ross, 2003, The natural resource curse: how wealth can make you poor, 17

Seay, L., 2010. In which the law of unintended consequences takes its nasty course. Texas in Africa, 05 October 2010, http://texasinafrica.blogspot.com/ 2010_10_01_archive.html, (accessed 10 October 2010).

Siegel, 2009, Artisanal and small-scale mining as an extralegal economy: De Soto and the redefinition of ‘formalization’, Resources Policy, 34, 51, 10.1016/j.resourpol.2008.02.001

Sinding, 2005, The dynamics of artisanal and small-scale mining reform, Natural Resources Forum, 29, 243, 10.1111/j.1477-8947.2005.00134.x

Spittaels, 2008

Stearns, J., 2010a. The mineral export ban: what gives? Congo Siasa, 13 September 2010, http://congosiasa.blogspot.com/2010_09_01_archive.html, (accessed 5 October 2010).

Stearns, J., 2010b. What did Kagame and Kabila talk about? Congo Siasa, 10 September 2010, http://congosiasa.blogspot.com/2010/09/what-did-kagame-and-kabila-talk-about.html, (accessed 5 October 2010).

Stearns, J., 2010c. Rwandan troops in the Kivus. Congo Siasa, 23 September 2010, http://congosiasa.blogspot.com/2010/09/rwandan-troops-in-kivus.html, (accessed 5 October 2010).

Steiger, 2006, Property economics versus New Institutional Economics: alternative foundations of how to trigger economic development, Journal of Economic Issues, 40, 183, 10.1080/00213624.2006.11506889

Tegera, 2007

Tegera, 2010

Tshiambi, A., Walikale : les FARDC s'apprêtent à lancer des opérations militaires anti-rebelles. Le Potentiel, 16 septembre 2010, http://www.lepotentiel.com/afficher_article_archive.php?id_article=100896&id_edition=5085&yearID=2010&monthID=09&dayID=16.

Umbeck, 1977, The California gold rush: a study of emerging property rights, Explorations in Economic History, 14, 197, 10.1016/0014-4983(77)90006-7

Verbruggen, 2011

Vlassenroot, 2010, From discourse to practice. A sharper perspective on the relationship between minerals and violence in DR Congo

World Bank, 2008