A cross-country examination of emotional eating, restrained eating and intuitive eating: Measurement Invariance across eight countries

Allen, 2011, Confirmatory factor analysis of the eating disorder examination-questionnaire (EDE-Q), Eating Behaviors, 12, 143, 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.01.005 Augustus-Horvath, 2011, The acceptance model of intuitive eating: A comparison of women in emerging adulthood, early adulthood, and middle adulthood, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 110, 10.1037/a0022129 Avalos, 2006, Exploring a model of intuitive eating with college women, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 486, 10.1037/0022-0167.53.4.486 Bacon, 2005, Size acceptance and intuitive eating improve health for obese, female chronic dieters, Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105, 929, 10.1016/j.jada.2005.03.011 Bauer, 2017, A more general model for testing measurement invariance and differential item functioning, Psychological Methods, 22, 507, 10.1037/met0000077 Boone-Heinonen, 2011, Fast food restaurants and food stores: Longitudinal associations with diet in young to middle-aged adults: The CARDIA study, Archives of Internal Medicine, 171, 1162, 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.283 Bruce, 2016, A systematic review of the psychosocial correlates of intuitive eating among adult women, Appetite, 96, 454, 10.1016/j.appet.2015.10.012 Camilleri, 2015, Cross-cultural validity of the Intuitive Eating Scale-2. Psychometric evaluation in a sample of the general French population, Appetite, 84, 34, 10.1016/j.appet.2014.09.009 Cappelleri, 2009, Psychometric analysis of the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R21: Results from a large diverse sample of obese and non-obese participants, International Journal of Obesity, 33, 611, 10.1038/ijo.2009.74 Caspi, 2012, The local food environment and diet: A systematic review, Health & Place, 18, 1172, 10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.05.006 Compte, 2019, Confirmatory factor analysis and measurement invariance of the eating disorders examination‐questionnaire across four male samples in Argentina, The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 52, 740, 10.1002/eat.23075 Cummins, 2006, Food environments and obesity—neighbourhood or nation?, International Journal of Epidemiology, 35, 100, 10.1093/ije/dyi276 da Silva, 2018, A psychometric investigation of Brazilian Portuguese versions of the Caregiver Eating Messages Scale and Intuitive Eating Scale-2, 1 de Medeiros, 2017, The Brazilian version of the three-factor eating questionnaire-R21: Psychometric evaluation and scoring pattern, Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 22, 169, 10.1007/s40519-016-0256-x Duarte, 2015, Returning to emotional eating: The Emotional Eating Scale psychometric properties and associations with body image flexibility and binge eating, Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 20, 497, 10.1007/s40519-015-0186-z Duarte, 2016, Psychometric properties of the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 and association with binge eating symptoms in a Portuguese community sample, International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 16, 329 Duarte, 2018, The Three-factor eating questionnaire-R21: A confirmatory factor analysis in a Portuguese sample, 1 El Ansari, 2012, Relationships between food consumption and living arrangements among university students in four European countries-a cross-sectional study, Nutrition Journal, 11, 1, 10.1186/1475-2891-11-28 Elliston, 2017, Situational cues and momentary food environment predict everyday eating behavior in adults with overweight and obesity, Health Psychology, 36, 337, 10.1037/hea0000439 Fairburn, 1994, Assessment of eating disorders: Interview or self-report questionnaire?, The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 16, 363, 10.1002/1098-108X(199412)16:4<363::AID-EAT2260160405>3.0.CO;2-# Forbes, 2012, Body dissatisfaction and disordered eating in three cultures: Argentina, Brazil, and the US, Sex Roles, 66, 677, 10.1007/s11199-011-0105-3 Fredrickson, 1997, Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173, 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1997.tb00108.x Gillen, 2015, Associations between positive body image and indicators of men’s and women’s mental and physical health, Body Image, 13, 67, 10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.01.002 Gillen, 2015, Body image and mental health Glashouwer, 2018, Implicit measures of actual versus ideal body image: Relations with self-reported body dissatisfaction and dieting behaviors, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 42, 622, 10.1007/s10608-018-9917-6 Grilo, 2015, Factor structure and construct validity of the eating disorder examination‐questionnaire in college students: Further support for a modified brief version, The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 48, 284, 10.1002/eat.22358 Hollitt, 2010, Components of attentional bias for food cues among restrained eaters, Appetite, 54, 309, 10.1016/j.appet.2009.12.005 Ismail, 2015, A tale of two construct validation analysis: Rasch model and exploratory factor analysis approach for three-factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ-R21) among Malaysian male workers, The Medical Journal of Malaysia, 70, 169 Jaeger, 2002, Body dissatisfaction and its interrelations with other risk factors for bulimia nervosa in 12 countries, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 71, 54, 10.1159/000049344 Johnson, 2005, Dietary restraint, body dissatisfaction, and psychological distress: A prospective analysis, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 119, 10.1037/0021-843X.114.1.119 Joja, 2012, A cross-cultural comparison between EDI results of Romanian and German students, Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 33, 1037, 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.01.280 Jung, 2007, Body dissatisfaction and disordered eating among college women in China, South Korea, and the United States: Contrasting predictions from sociocultural and feminist theories, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 31, 381, 10.1111/j.1471-6402.2007.00387.x Kerin, 2019, Intuitive, mindful, emotional, external and regulatory eating behaviors and beliefs: An investigation of the core components, Appetite, 132, 139, 10.1016/j.appet.2018.10.011 Khalsa, 2019, Factor structure of the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 among a low-income and racial minority population, Appetite, 142, 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104390 Liechty, 2013, Longitudinal predictors of dieting and disordered eating among young adults in the US, The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 46, 790, 10.1002/eat.22174 Lopez-Cepero, 2019, Association between emotional eating, energy-dense foods and overeating in Latinos, Eating Behaviors, 33, 40, 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2019.03.001 Luomala, 2009, Exploring emotional-eating patterns in different cultures: Toward a conceptual framework model, Journal of International Consumer Marketing, 21, 231, 10.1080/08961530802202818 Machado, 2018, Replication of a modified factor structure for the eating disorder examination‐questionnaire: Extension to clinical eating disorder and non‐clinical samples in Portugal, European Eating Disorders Review, 26, 75, 10.1002/erv.2569 Markey, 2004, Culture and the development of eating disorders: A tripartite model, Eating Disorders, 12, 139, 10.1080/10640260490445041 McCabe, 2019, Development and testing of a model for risk and protective factors for eating disorders and higher weight among emerging adults: A study protocol, Body Image, 31, 139, 10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.10.001 Mitchison, 2017, Disentangling body image: The relative associations of overvaluation, dissatisfaction, and preoccupation with psychological distress and eating disorder behaviors in male and female adolescents, The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 50, 118, 10.1002/eat.22592 O’Brien, 2016, The relationship between weight stigma and eating behavior is explained by weight bias internalization and psychological distress, Appetite, 102, 70, 10.1016/j.appet.2016.02.032 Operario, 2004, Subjective social status: Reliability and predictive utility for global health, Psychology & Health, 19, 237, 10.1080/08870440310001638098 Penelo, 2013, Psychometric properties of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) and norms for rural and urban adolescent males and females in Mexico, PloS One, 8, 10.1371/journal.pone.0083245 Podar, 2009, A cross‐cultural comparison of the eating disorder inventory, The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 42, 346, 10.1002/eat.20616 Polivy, 1985, Dieting and binging: A causal analysis, The American Psychologist, 40, 193, 10.1037/0003-066X.40.2.193 Quick, 2013, Eating disorders examination questionnaire (EDE-Q): Norms for US college students, Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 18, 29, 10.1007/s40519-013-0015-1 Rodgers, 2018, Research for leveraging food policy in universal eating disorder prevention, The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 51, 503, 10.1002/eat.22877 Rø, 2012, The impact of age and BMI on Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) scores in a community sample, Eating Behaviors, 13, 158, 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2011.12.001 Ruzanska, 2017, Psychometric evaluation of the German version of the Intuitive Eating Scale-2 in a community sample, Appetite, 117, 126, 10.1016/j.appet.2017.06.018 Ruzanska, 2019, Intuitive eating mediates the relationship between self-regulation and BMI-Results from a cross-sectional study in a community sample, Eating Behaviors, 33, 23, 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2019.02.004 Sass, 2011, Testing measurement invariance and comparing latent factor means within a confirmatory factor analysis framework, Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29, 347, 10.1177/0734282911406661 Schlomer, 2010, Best practices for missing data management in counseling psychology, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57, 1, 10.1037/a0018082 Shagar, 2017, The relationship between body image concerns and weight-related behaviors of adolescents and emerging adults: A systematic review, Behavior Change, 34, 208, 10.1017/bec.2018.3 Smith, 2020, Evaluation of the relationships between dietary restraint, emotional eating, and intuitive eating moderated by sex, Appetite, 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104817 Spence, 2009, Relation between local food environments and obesity among adults, BMC Public Health, 9, 192, 10.1186/1471-2458-9-192 Stunkard, 1985, The three-factor eating questionnaire to measure dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 29, 71, 10.1016/0022-3999(85)90010-8 Talhelm, 2014, Large-scale psychological differences within China explained by rice versus wheat agriculture, Science, 344, 603, 10.1126/science.1246850 Tribole, 1995 Tylka, 2006, Development and psychometric evaluation of a measure of intuitive eating, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 226, 10.1037/0022-0167.53.2.226 Tylka, 2013, The Intuitive Eating Scale–2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation with college women and men, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 60, 137, 10.1037/a0030893 Vartanian, 2018, Risk and resiliency factors related to body dissatisfaction and disordered eating: The identity disruption model, The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 51, 322, 10.1002/eat.22835 Waller, 1999, Emotional eating and eating psychopathology in nonclinical groups: A cross‐cultural comparison of women in Japan and the United Kingdom, The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 26, 333, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199911)26:3<333::AID-EAT11>3.0.CO;2-D Wardle, 2006, Body image and weight control in young adults: International comparisons in university students from 22 countries, International Journal of Obesity, 30, 644, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803050