A critical role for histone H2AX in recruitment of repair factors to nuclear foci after DNA damage

Maser, 1997, hMre11 and hRad50 nuclear foci are induced during the normal cellular response to DNA double-strand breaks, Mol Cell Biol, 17, 6087, 10.1128/MCB.17.10.6087

Haaf, 1995, Nuclear foci of mammalian Rad51 recombination protein in somatic cells after DNA damage and its localization in synaptonemal complexes, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 92, 2298, 10.1073/pnas.92.6.2298

Liu, 1999, Localization and dynamic relocalization of mammalian rad52 during the cell cycle and in response to DNA damage, Curr Biol, 9, 975, 10.1016/S0960-9822(99)80427-8

Scully, 1997, Dynamic changes of BRCA1 subnuclear location and phosphorylation state are initiated by DNA damage, Cell, 90, 425, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80503-6

Raderschall, 1999, Nuclear foci of mammalian recombination proteins are located at single-stranded DNA regions formed after DNA damage, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 96, 1921, 10.1073/pnas.96.5.1921

Reimer, 1999, Altered regulation of cyclin G in human breast cancer and its specific localization at replication foci in response to DNA damage in p53+/+ cells, J Biol Chem, 274, 11022, 10.1074/jbc.274.16.11022

Nelms, 1998, In situ visualization of DNA double-strand break repair in human fibroblasts, Science, 280, 590, 10.1126/science.280.5363.590

Game, 1974, A genetic study of x-ray sensitive mutants in yeast, Mutat Res, 24, 281, 10.1016/0027-5107(74)90176-6

Ivanov, 1992, XRS2, a DNA repair gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is needed for meiotic recombination, Genetics, 132, 651, 10.1093/genetics/132.3.651

Johzuka, 1995, Interaction of Mre11 and Rad50: two proteins required for DNA repair and meiosis-specific double-strand break formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Genetics, 139, 1521, 10.1093/genetics/139.4.1521

Boulton, 1998, Components of the Ku-dependent non-homologous end-joining pathway are involved in telomeric length maintenance and telomeric silencing, EMBO J, 17, 1819, 10.1093/emboj/17.6.1819

Lewis, 1999, Repair of endonuclease-induced double-strand breaks in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: essential role for genes associated with nonhomologous end-joining, Genetics, 152, 1513, 10.1093/genetics/152.4.1513

Game, 1993, DNA double-strand breaks and the RAD50-RAD57 genes in Saccharomyces, Sem Cancer Biol, 4, 73

Kironmai, 1997, Alteration of telomeric sequences and senescence caused by mutations in RAD50 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Genes Cells, 2, 443, 10.1046/j.1365-2443.1997.1330331.x

Nugent, 1998, Telomere maintenance is dependent on activities required for end repair of double-strand breaks, Curr Biol, 8, 657, 10.1016/S0960-9822(98)70253-2

Le, 1999, RAD50 and RAD51 define two pathways that collaborate to maintain telomeres in the absence of telomerase, Genetics, 152, 143, 10.1093/genetics/152.1.143

Ivanov, 1994, Mutations in XRS2 and RAD50 delay but do not prevent mating-type switching in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Mol Cell Biol, 14, 3414, 10.1128/MCB.14.5.3414

Bressan, 1999, The Mre11-Rad50-Xrs2 protein complex facilitates homologous recombination-based double-strand break repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Mol Cell Biol, 19, 7681, 10.1128/MCB.19.11.7681

Paull, 1998, The 3′ to 5′ exonuclease activity of Mre11 facilitates repair of DNA double-strand breaks, Mol Cell, 1, 969, 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80097-0

Paull, 1999, Nbs1 potentiates ATP-driven DNA unwinding and endonuclease cleavage by the Mre11/Rad50 complex, Genes Dev, 13, 1276, 10.1101/gad.13.10.1276

Trujillo, 1998, Nuclease activities in a complex of human recombination and DNA repair factors Rad50, Mre11, and p95, J Biol Chem, 273, 21447, 10.1074/jbc.273.34.21447

Tashiro, 1996, S phase specific formation of the human Rad51 protein nuclear foci in lymphocytes, Oncogene, 12, 2165

Zhong, 1999, Association of BRCA1 with the hRad50-hMre11-p95 complex and the DNA damage response, Science, 285, 747, 10.1126/science.285.5428.747

Rogakou, 1998, DNA double-stranded breaks induce histone H2AX phosphorylation on serine 139, J Biol Chem, 273, 5858, 10.1074/jbc.273.10.5858

Rogakou, 1999, Megabase chromatin domains involved in DNA double-strand breaks in vivo, J Cell Biol, 146, 905, 10.1083/jcb.146.5.905

Limoli, 1993, A new method for introducing double-strand breaks into cellular DNA, Radiat Res, 134, 160, 10.2307/3578455

Smith, 1999, The DNA-dependent protein kinase, Genes Dev, 13, 916, 10.1101/gad.13.8.916

Bannister, 1993, c-Jun is phosphorylated by the DNA-dependent protein kinase in vitro; definition of the minimal kinase recognition motif, Nucleic Acids Res, 21, 1289, 10.1093/nar/21.5.1289

Savitsky, 1995, A single ataxia telangiectasia gene with a product similar to PI-3 kinase, Science, 268, 1749, 10.1126/science.7792600

Zakian, 1995, ATM-related genes: what do they tell us about functions of the human gene?, Cell, 82, 685, 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90463-8

Keith, 1995, PIK-related kinases: DNA repair, recombination, and cell cycle checkpoints, Science, 270, 50, 10.1126/science.270.5233.50

Hunter, 1995, When is a lipid kinase not a lipid kinase? When it is a protein kinase, Cell, 83, 1, 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90225-2

Hartley, 1995, DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit: a relative of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and the ataxia telangiectasia gene product, Cell, 82, 849, 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90482-4

Boulton, 1996, Wortmannin is a potent inhibitor of DNA double strand break but not single strand break repair in Chinese hamster ovary cells, Carcinogenesis, 17, 2285, 10.1093/carcin/17.11.2285

Hosoi, 1998, A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin induces radioresistant DNA synthesis and sensitizes cells to bleomycin and ionizing radiation, Int J Cancer, 78, 642, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19981123)78:5<642::AID-IJC19>3.0.CO;2-3

Okayasu, 1998, Wortmannin inhibits repair of DNA double-strand breaks in irradiated normal human cells, Radiat Res, 149, 440, 10.2307/3579783

Price, 1996, The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin sensitizes murine fibroblasts and human tumor cells to radiation and blocks induction of p53 following DNA damage, Cancer Res, 56, 246

Rosenzweig, 1997, Radiosensitization of human tumor cells by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 correlates with inhibition of DNA-dependent protein kinase and prolonged G2-M delay, Clin Cancer Res, 3, 1149

Sarkaria, 1998, Inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase related kinases by the radiosensitizing agent wortmannin, Cancer Res, 58, 4375

Lees-Miller, 1995, Absence of p350 subunit of DNA-activated protein kinase from a radiosensitive human cell line, Science, 267, 1183, 10.1126/science.7855602

Hoppe, 2000, Complementation of the radiosensitive M059J cell line, Radiat Res, 153, 125, 10.1667/0033-7587(2000)153[0125:COTRMC]2.0.CO;2

Gately, 1998, Characterization of ATM expression, localization, and associated DNA-dependent protein kinase activity, Mol Biol Cell, 9, 2361, 10.1091/mbc.9.9.2361

Chan, 1998, Lack of correlation between ATM protein expression and tumour cell radiosensitivity, Int J Radiat Biol, 74, 217, 10.1080/095530098141591

Shiloh, 1997, Ataxia-telangiectasia and the Nijmegen breakage syndrome: related disorders but genes apart, Annu Rev Genet, 31, 635, 10.1146/annurev.genet.31.1.635

Carney, 1998, The hMre11/hRad50 protein complex and Nijmegen breakage syndrome: linkage of double-strand break repair to the cellular DNA damage response, Cell, 93, 477, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81175-7

Stewart, 1999, The DNA double-strand break repair gene hMre11 is mutated in individuals with an Ataxia-Telangiectasia-like disorder, Cell, 99, 577, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81547-0

Rydberg, 1996, Clusters of DNA damage induced by ionizing radiation: formation of short DNA fragments. II. Experimental detection, Radiat Res, 145, 200, 10.2307/3579175

Goodhead, 1994, Initial events in the cellular effects of ionizing radiations: clustered damage in DNA, Int J Radiat Biol, 65, 7, 10.1080/09553009414550021

Iliakis, 1991, The role of DNA double strand breaks in ionizing radiation-induced killing of eukaryotic cells, Bioessays, 13, 641, 10.1002/bies.950131204

Wheeler, 1987, Saturation of a DNA repair process in dividing and nondividing mammalian cells, Radiat Res, 109, 109, 10.2307/3576872

van Rongen, 1993, Recovery from radiation damage in mouse lung: interpretation in terms of two rates of repair, Radiat Res, 133, 225, 10.2307/3578360

Metzger, 1991, Kinetics of DNA double-strand break repair throughout the cell cycle as assayed by pulsed field gel electrophoresis in CHO cells, Int J Radiat Biol, 59, 1325, 10.1080/09553009114551201

Dikomey, 1993, Saturated and unsaturated repair of DNA strand breaks in CHO cells after X-irradiation with doses ranging from 3–90 Gy, Int J Radiat Biol, 64, 659, 10.1080/09553009314551901

Johnston, 1994, A component of DNA double-strand break repair is dependent on the spatial orientation of the lesions within the higher-order structures of chromatin, Int J Radiat Biol, 66, 531, 10.1080/09553009414551571

Hoekstra, 1997, Responses to DNA damage and regulation of cell cycle checkpoints by the ATM protein kinase family, Curr Opin Genet Dev, 7, 170, 10.1016/S0959-437X(97)80125-6

Sanchez, 1996, Regulation of RAD53 by the ATM-like kinases MEC1 and TEL1 in yeast cell cycle checkpoint pathways, Science, 271, 357, 10.1126/science.271.5247.357

Ritchie, 1999, Interactions of TLC1 (which encodes the RNA subunit of telomerase), TEL1, and MEC1 in regulating telomere length in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Mol Cell Biol, 19, 6065, 10.1128/MCB.19.9.6065

Morrow, 1995, TEL1, an S. cerevisiae homolog of the human gene mutated in ataxia telangiectasia, is functionally related to the yeast checkpoint gene MEC1, Cell, 82, 831, 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90480-8

Lindsey, 1991, Extended C-terminal tail of wheat histone H2A interacts with DNA of the ‘linker’ region, J Mol Biol, 218, 805, 10.1016/0022-2836(91)90268-B

Bonner, 1979, Histone 1 is proximal to histone 2A and to A24, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 76, 2190, 10.1073/pnas.76.5.2190

Hacques, 1990, Use of an immobilized enzyme and specific antibodies to analyse the accessibility and role of histone tails in chromatin structure, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 168, 637, 10.1016/0006-291X(90)92368-A

Yamazaki, 1998, Characterization of cell cycle checkpoint responses after ionizing radiation in Nijmegen breakage syndrome cells, Cancer Res, 58, 2316