A critical review of the case for, and against, extraterrestrial impact at the K/T boundary
Tóm tắt
The discovery of an excess of Ir and other noble metals in approximately chondritic proportions at numerous sites, synchronous with the Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary, provided hard evidence for earlier suggestion that extraterrestrial envents may have coincided with many global geologic boundaries. Further support for the impact hypothesis arose from the identification of abundant microspherules and shocked quartz in K/T boundary marine and nonmarine deposits, respectively, and the discovery of an apparent periodicity in the megaextinction event record. However continuing doubts about the impact origin of the K/T spherical forms and associated geochemical anomalies, uncertainty about the range and extent of the shocked quartz distribution, and the lack of a large, suitably-aged crater, has led to an alternative hypothesis calling upon purely endogenic processes to account for the boundary layer phenomena. Advocates of this opposing theory generally call upon large scale, possibly periodic injection of mantle material directly into the lithosphere. While a number of arguments can be made from the the existing data base for and against both competing theories, other evidence suggests that additional phenomena, including sudden changes in the physical and chemical conditions of the oceans, natural combustion on a global scale, and/or widespread sediment-contaminated volcanism, may have contributed to the dramatic transition recorded in the K/T boundary rock record.
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