A conversion CRT strategy combined with AVJA may be a perspective alternative for heart failure patients with persistent atrial fibrillation

Mogensen UM, Jhund PS, Abraham WT et al (2017) Type of atrial fibrillation and outcomes in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol 70:2490–2500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.09.027 Ambrosio G, Camm AJ, Bassand JP et al (2021) Characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation patients with heart failure: GARFIELD-AF. ESC Heart Fail 8:1139–1149. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.13156 Brignole M, Pentimalli F, Palmisano P et al (2021) AV junction ablation and cardiac resynchronization for patients with permanent atrial fibrillation and narrow QRS: the APAF-CRT mortality trial. Eur Heart J 42:4731–4739. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab569 Hindricks G, Potpara T, Dagres N et al (2021) 2020 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS): The Task Force for the diagnosis and management of atrial fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J 42:373–498. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa612 Glikson M, Nielsen JC, Kronborg MB et al (2022) 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy developed by the task force on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA). G Ital Cardiol (Rome) 23:1–94. https://doi.org/10.1714/3824.38087 Yu CM, Bleeker GB, Fung JW et al (2005) Left ventricular reverse remodeling but not clinical improvement predicts long-term survival after cardiac resynchronization therapy. Circulation 112:1580–1586. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.105.538272 Huang W, Wang S, Su L et al (2022) His-bundle pacing vs biventricular pacing following atrioventricular nodal ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation and reduced ejection fraction: a multicenter, randomized, crossover study-The ALTERNATIVE-AF trial. Heart Rhythm 19:1948–1955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.07.009 Pillai A, Kolominsky J, Koneru JN et al (2022) Atrioventricular junction ablation in patients with conduction system pacing leads: a comparison of His-bundle vs left bundle branch area pacing leads. Heart Rhythm 19:1116–1123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.03.1222 Wood MA, Brown-Mahoney C, Kay GN et al (2000) Clinical outcomes after ablation and pacing therapy for atrial fibrillation : a meta-analysis. Circulation 101:1138–1144. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.101.10.1138 Lim KT, Davis MJ, Powell A et al (2007) Ablate and pace strategy for atrial fibrillation: long-term outcome of AIRCRAFT trial. Europace 9:498–505. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eum091 Szili-Torok T, Kimman GP, Theuns D et al (2002) Deterioration of left ventricular function following atrio-ventricular node ablation and right ventricular apical pacing in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation. Europace 4:61–65. https://doi.org/10.1053/eupc.2001.0212 Tops LF, Schalij MJ, Holman ER et al (2006) Right ventricular pacing can induce ventricular dyssynchrony in patients with atrial fibrillation after atrioventricular node ablation. J Am Coll Cardiol 48:1642–1648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.05.072 Garcia B, Clementy N, Benhenda N et al (2016) Mortality after atrioventricular nodal radiofrequency catheter ablation with permanent ventricular pacing in atrial fibrillation: outcomes from a controlled nonrandomized study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 9. https://doi.org/10.1161/circep.116.003993 Leyva F, Nisam S, Auricchio A (2014) 20 years of cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 64:1047–1058. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.06.1178 Blanc JJ, Etienne Y, Gilard M (1999) Assessment of left ventricular pacing in patients with severe cardiac failure after atrioventricular node ablation and right ventricular pacing for permanent atrial fibrillation. Europace 1:47–48. https://doi.org/10.1053/eupc.1998.0011 Yin J, Hu H, Wang Y et al (2014) Effects of atrioventricular nodal ablation on permanent atrial fibrillation patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Cardiol 37:707–715. https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.22312 Waranugraha Y, Rizal A, Setiawan D et al (2021) The benefit of atrioventricular junction ablation for permanent atrial fibrillation and heart failure patients receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J 21:101–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipej.2020.12.005 Leclercq C, Walker S, Linde C et al (2002) Comparative effects of permanent biventricular and right-univentricular pacing in heart failure patients with chronic atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 23:1780–1787. https://doi.org/10.1053/euhj.2002.3232 Gasparini M, Auricchio A, Metra M et al (2008) Long-term survival in patients undergoing cardiac resynchronization therapy: the importance of performing atrio-ventricular junction ablation in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 29:1644–1652. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehn133 Doshi RN, Daoud EG, Fellows C et al (2005) Left ventricular-based cardiac stimulation post AV nodal ablation evaluation (the PAVE study). J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 16:1160–1165. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.2005.50062.x Mittal S, Musat DL, Hoskins MH et al (2017) Clinical outcomes after ablation of the AV junction in patients with atrial fibrillation: impact of cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Heart Assoc 6. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.117.007270 Dong K, Shen WK, Powell BD et al (2010) Atrioventricular nodal ablation predicts survival benefit in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Rhythm 7:1240–1245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2010.02.011 Brignole M, Pokushalov E, Pentimalli F et al (2018) A randomized controlled trial of atrioventricular junction ablation and cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation and narrow QRS. Eur Heart J 39:3999–4008. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy555 Vijayaraman P, Zalavadia D, Haseeb A et al (2022) Clinical outcomes of conduction system pacing compared to biventricular pacing in patients requiring cardiac resynchronization therapy. Heart Rhythm 19:1263–1271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.04.023 Gui Y, Ye L, Wu L et al (2022) Clinical outcomes associated with His-Purkinje system pacing vs. biventricular pacing, in cardiac resynchronization therapy: a meta-analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med 9:707148. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.707148 Huang W, Su L, Wu S et al (2019) Long-term outcomes of His bundle pacing in patients with heart failure with left bundle branch block. Heart 105:137–143. https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2018-313415 Vijayaraman P, Ponnusamy S, Cano Ó et al (2021) Left bundle branch area pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy: results from the International LBBAP Collaborative Study Group. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 7:135–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2020.08.015 Vinther M, Risum N, Svendsen JH et al (2021) A randomized trial of His pacing versus biventricular pacing in symptomatic HF patients with left bundle branch block (His-alternative). JACC Clin Electrophysiol 7:1422–1432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2021.04.003 Deshmukh P, Casavant DA, Romanyshyn M et al (2000) Permanent, direct His-bundle pacing: a novel approach to cardiac pacing in patients with normal His-Purkinje activation. Circulation 101:869–877. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.101.8.869 Lustgarten DL, Crespo EM, Arkhipova-Jenkins I et al (2015) His-bundle pacing versus biventricular pacing in cardiac resynchronization therapy patients: a crossover design comparison. Heart Rhythm 12:1548–1557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.03.048 Sharma PS, Naperkowski A, Bauch TD et al (2018) Permanent His bundle pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with heart failure and right bundle branch block. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 11:e006613. https://doi.org/10.1161/circep.118.006613 Upadhyay GA, Cherian T, Shatz DY et al (2019) Intracardiac delineation of septal conduction in left bundle-branch block patterns. Circulation 139:1876–1888. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.118.038648 Vijayaraman P, Herweg B, Ellenbogen KA et al (2019) His-optimized cardiac resynchronization therapy to maximize electrical resynchronization: a feasibility study. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 12:e006934. https://doi.org/10.1161/circep.118.006934 Zweerink A, Zubarev S, Bakelants E et al (2021) His-optimized cardiac resynchronization therapy with ventricular fusion pacing for electrical resynchronization in heart failure. JACC Clin Electrophysiol 7:881–892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacep.2020.11.029 Deshmukh A, Sattur S, Bechtol T et al (2020) Sequential His bundle and left ventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 31:2448–2454. https://doi.org/10.1111/jce.14674 Occhetta E, Bortnik M, Magnani A et al (2006) Prevention of ventricular desynchronization by permanent para-Hisian pacing after atrioventricular node ablation in chronic atrial fibrillation: a crossover, blinded, randomized study versus apical right ventricular pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol 47:1938–1945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2006.01.056 Vijayaraman P, Subzposh FA, Naperkowski A (2017) Atrioventricular node ablation and His bundle pacing. Europace 19:iv10-iv16. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eux263 Huang W, Su L, Wu S et al (2017) Benefits of permanent His bundle pacing combined with atrioventricular node ablation in atrial fibrillation patients with heart failure with both preserved and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction. J Am Heart Assoc 6. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.116.005309 Žižek D, Antolič B, Mežnar AZ et al (2022) Biventricular versus His bundle pacing after atrioventricular node ablation in heart failure patients with narrow QRS. Acta Cardiol 77:222–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/00015385.2021.1903196 Su L, Cai M, Wu S et al (2020) Long-term performance and risk factors analysis after permanent His-bundle pacing and atrioventricular node ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation and heart failure. Europace 22:ii19-ii26. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euaa306 Huang W, Wang S, Su L et al (2022) His Bundle pacing vs biventricular pacing following atrioventricular node ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation and reduced ejection fraction: a multicenter, randomized, crossover study. The ALTERNATIVE-AF trial. Heart Rhythm. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.07.009 Huang W, Su L, Wu S (2018) Pacing treatment of atrial fibrillation patients with heart failure: His bundle pacing combined with atrioventricular node ablation. Card Electrophysiol Clin 10:519–535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccep.2018.05.016 Zhang W, Huang J, Qi Y et al (2019) Cardiac resynchronization therapy by left bundle branch area pacing in patients with heart failure and left bundle branch block. Heart Rhythm 16:1783–1790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.09.006 Ye Y, Zhang K, Yang Y et al (2021) Feasibility and safety of both His bundle pacing and left bundle branch area pacing in atrial fibrillation patients: intermediate term follow-up. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10840-021-00964-6 Hua J, Chen Y, Yu J et al (2022) Long-term outcomes of left bundle branch area pacing versus biventricular pacing in patients with heart failure and complete left bundle branch block. Heart Vessels 37:1162–1174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00380-021-02016-5 Wang Y, Zhu H, Hou X et al (2022) Randomized trial of left bundle branch vs biventricular pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol 80:1205–1216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2022.07.019 Vijayaraman P, Herweg B, Verma A et al (2022) Rescue left bundle branch area pacing in coronary venous lead failure or nonresponse to biventricular pacing: results from International LBBAP Collaborative Study Group. Heart Rhythm 19:1272–1280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2022.04.024 Jastrzębski M, Moskal P, Huybrechts W et al (2022) Left bundle branch-optimized cardiac resynchronization therapy (LOT-CRT): results from an international LBBAP collaborative study group. Heart Rhythm 19:13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2021.07.057 Wu S, Cai M, Zheng R et al (2021) Impact of QRS morphology on response to conduction system pacing after atrioventricular junction ablation. ESC Heart Fail 8:1195–1203. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.13181 Wang Z, Zhu H, Li X et al (2021) Left bundle branch area pacing versus right ventricular pacing in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation requiring ventricular pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 44:2024–2030. https://doi.org/10.1111/pace.14394 Chen X, Ye Y, Wang Z et al (2022) Cardiac resynchronization therapy via left bundle branch pacing vs. optimized biventricular pacing with adaptive algorithm in heart failure with left bundle branch block: a prospective, multi-centre, observational study. Europace 24:807–816. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/euab249 Dandamudi G, Vijayaraman P (2016) How to perform permanent His bundle pacing in routine clinical practice. Heart Rhythm 13:1362–1366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.03.040 Vijayaraman P, Subzposh FA, Naperkowski A et al (2019) Prospective evaluation of feasibility and electrophysiologic and echocardiographic characteristics of left bundle branch area pacing. Heart Rhythm 16:1774–1782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2019.05.011 Sieniewicz BJ, Gould J, Porter B et al (2019) Understanding non-response to cardiac resynchronisation therapy: common problems and potential solutions. Heart Fail Rev 24:41–54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10741-018-9734-8 Ajijola OA, Upadhyay GA, Macias C et al (2017) Permanent His-bundle pacing for cardiac resynchronization therapy: initial feasibility study in lieu of left ventricular lead. Heart Rhythm 14:1353–1361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.04.003 Barba-Pichardo R, Manovel Sánchez A, Fernández-Gómez JM et al (2013) Ventricular resynchronization therapy by direct His-bundle pacing using an internal cardioverter defibrillator. Europace 15:83–88. https://doi.org/10.1093/europace/eus228 Gu M, Niu H, Hu Y et al (2020) Permanent His bundle pacing implantation facilitated by visualization of the tricuspid valve annulus. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 13:e008370. https://doi.org/10.1161/circep.120.008370 Cai M, Wu S, Wang S et al (2022) Left bundle branch pacing postatrioventricular junction ablation for atrial fibrillation: propensity score matching with His bundle pacing. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 15:e010926. https://doi.org/10.1161/circep.122.010926 Ponnusamy SS, Arora V, Namboodiri N et al (2020) Left bundle branch pacing: A comprehensive review. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 31:2462–2473. https://doi.org/10.1111/jce.14681 Chen X, Wei L, Bai J et al (2021) Procedure-related complications of left bundle branch pacing: A single-center experience. Front Cardiovasc Med 8:645947. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.645947 Curila K, Jurak P, Jastrzebski M et al (2021) Left bundle branch pacing compared to left ventricular septal myocardial pacing increases interventricular dyssynchrony but accelerates left ventricular lateral wall depolarization. Heart Rhythm 18:1281–1289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrthm.2021.04.025 Brignole M, Botto G, Mont L et al (2011) Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients undergoing atrioventricular junction ablation for permanent atrial fibrillation: a randomized trial. Eur Heart J 32:2420–2429. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehr162 Orlov MV, Gardin JM, Slawsky M et al (2010) Biventricular pacing improves cardiac function and prevents further left atrial remodeling in patients with symptomatic atrial fibrillation after atrioventricular node ablation. Am Heart J 159:264–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2009.11.012 Guo J, Li L, Xiao G et al (2020) Remarkable response to cardiac resynchronization therapy via left bundle branch pacing in patients with true left bundle branch block. Clin Cardiol 43:1460–1468. https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.23462 Glikson M, Nielsen JC, Kronborg MB et al (2021) 2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur Heart J 42:3427–3520. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab364