A configurative synthesis of evidence for fear in the criminal decision-making process
Tóm tắt
This paper reviews what previous research has found on the role of fear and other associated feelings in the criminal decision-making process, and the techniques that might plausibly amplify such emotions so as to reduce or disrupt intent. To this aim, we conduct a systematic review of the offender decision-making literature (23 studies), incorporating a qualitative synthesis of the role of fear in the criminal decision-making process. The results section is formed of six parts based on dominant themes identified in our eligible studies, namely evidence of fear in offender decision-making, the presumed sources of fear, variation in levels and/or the effect of fear across offenders, the specific role of fear across aspects of the crime process (before, during, after), the results of fear and offender fear management processes. We conclude with a discussion of the implication for crime prevention policies.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Alarid, L.F., V.S. Burton, and A.L. Hochstetler. 2009. Group and solo robberies: Do accomplices shape criminal form? Journal of Criminal Justice 37 (1): 1–9.
Apel, R. 2013. Sanctions, perceptions, and crime: Implications for criminal deterrence. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 29 (1): 67–101.
Beauregard, E., and B. Leclerc. 2007. An application of the rational choice approach to the offending process of sex offenders: A closer look at the decision-making. Sexual Abuse 19 (2): 115–133.
Beauregard, E., and M. Bouchard. 2010. Cleaning up your act: Forensic awareness as a detection avoidance strategy. Journal of Criminal Justice 38 (6): 1160–1166.
Bennett, T., R. Wright, and R. Wright. 1984. Burglars on burglary: Prevention and the offender. Aldershot: Gower.
Bernasco, W., H. Elffers, and J.L. van Gelder (eds.). 2017. The oxford handbook of offender decision making. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bowers, K.J., and S.D. Johnson. 2004. Who commits near repeats? A test of the boost explanation. Western Criminology Review 5 (3).
Brantingham, P.L., and P.J. Brantingham. 1993. Environment, routine and situation: Toward a pattern theory of crime. In Advances in criminological theory, ed. R.V. Clarke and M. Felson, 259–294. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
Butler, G. 2005. Shoplifters views on security: Lessons for crime prevention. In Crime At Work, 56–72. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Cardone, C., and R. Hayes. 2012. Shoplifter perceptions of store environments: An analysis of how physical cues in the retail interior shape shoplifter behavior. Journal of Applied Security Research 7 (1): 22–58.
Carmel-Gilfilen, C. 2013. Bridging security and good design: Understanding perceptions of expert and novice shoplifters. Security Journal 26 (1): 80–105.
Carroll, J., & Weaver, F. (1986). Shoplifters’ perceptions of crime oportunities-A process-tracing study (From Reasoning criminal, P 19–38, 1986, Derek B Cornish and Ronald V Clarke, eds. See NCJ-102282).
Cherbonneau, M., and H. Copes. 2006. “Drive it like you stole it”: Auto theft and the illusion of normalcy. British Journal of Criminology 46: 193–211.
Clare, J. 2011. Examination of systematic variations in burglars’ domain-specific perceptual and procedural skills. Psychology, Crime & Law 17 (3): 199–214.
Copes, H., and R. Tewksbury. 2011. Criminal experience and perceptions of risk: What auto thieves fear when stealing cars. Journal of Crime and Justice 34 (1): 62–79.
Cornish, D.B., and R.V. Clarke. 2008. The rational choice perspective. Environmental Criminology and Crime Analysis 21: 21–47.
Cromwell, P.F., J.N. Olsen, and D.W. Avary. 1991a. Breaking and entering: An ethnographic analysis of burglary. California: Sage Publications.
Cromwell, P.F., J.N. Olson, D.A.W. Avary, and A. Marks. 1991b. How drugs affect decisions by burglars. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 35 (4): 310–321.
Ellsberg, D. 1961. Risk, ambiguity, and the Savage axioms. The Quarterly Journal of Economics 643–669.
Ekblom, P., and A. Hirschfield. 2014. Developing an alternative formulation of SCP principles—the Ds (11 and counting). Crime Science 3 (1): 2.
Feeney, F. 1986. Robbers as decision-makers, 53–71. The reasoning criminal: Rational choice perspectives on offending.
Finch, E. 2011. Strategies of adaptation and diversification: The impact of chip and PIN technology on the activities of fraudsters. Security Journal 24 (4): 251–268.
Frisch, D., and J. Baron. 1988. Ambiguity and rationality. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 1 (3): 149–157. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.3960010303.
Gill, M. 2000. Commercial robbery. London: Blackstone.
Gough, D., J. Thomas, and S. Oliver. 2012. Clarifying differences between review designs and methods. Systematic Reviews 1 (1): 28.
Grove, L.E., G. Farrell, D.P. Farrington, and S.D. Johnson. (2012). Preventing repeat victimization: A systematic review. The Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention.
Guerette, R.T. 2009. The pull, push and expansion of situational crime prevention evaluation: An appraisal of thirty-seven years of research. Evaluating Crime Reduction Initiatives Crime Prevention Studies 24: 29–58.
Hochstetler, A. 2001. Opportunities and decisions: Interactional dynamics in robbery and burglary groups. Criminology 39 (3): 737–764.
Hochstetler, A. 2002. Sprees and runs: Opportunity construction and criminal episodes. Deviant Behavior 23 (1): 45–73.
Hockey, D. 2016. Burglary crime scene rationality of a select group of non-apprehend burglars. SAGE Open 6 (2): 2158244016640589.
Jacobs, B.A. 2010. Serendipity in robbery target selection. British Journal of Criminology 50 (3): 514–529.
Jacobs, B.A., and M. Cherbonneau. 2014. Auto theft and restrictive deterrence. Justice Quarterly 31 (2): 344–367.
Jacobs, B.A., and M. Cherbonneau. 2016. Managing victim confrontation: Auto theft and informal sanction threats. Justice Quarterly 33 (1): 21–44.
Jacobs, B.A., and M. Cherbonneau. 2017. Nerve management and crime accomplishment. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 54 (5): 617–638.
Jacques, S. 2010. The necessary conditions for retaliation: Toward a theory of non-violent and violent forms in drug markets. Justice Quarterly 27 (2): 186–205.
Jian, J.Y., T. Matsuka, and J.V. Nickerson. 2006. Deception in trajectories. In 28th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, 1–6.
Katz, J. (1988). Seductions of crime: Moral and sensual attractions in doing evil. Basic Books.
Kang, M., and J.L. Lee. 2013. A study on burglars’ target selection: Why do burglars take unnecessary risks? Korea 443: 760.
Kapardis, A. 1988. One hundred convicted armed robbers in melbourne: Myths and reality. In Armed Robbery, ed. D. Challenger. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology. (Seminar Proceedings No. 26.)”.
Kroese, G.J., and R.H.J.M. Staring. 1994. Commercial robbers and decision making. The Hague: WODC.
Lejeune, Robert. 1977. ‘On the management of a mugging’. Urban Life 6: 123–148.
Nettle, D., Z. Harper, A. Kidson, R. Stone, I.S. Penton-Voak, and M. Bateson. 2013. The watching eyes effect in the Dictator Game: It’s not how muchyou give, it’s being seen to give something. Evolution and Human Behavior 34 (1): 35–40.
Pogarsky, G. 2002. Identifying “deterrable” offenders: Implications for research on deterrence. Justice Quarterly 19 (3): 431–452.
Townsley, M., and A. Sidebottom. 2010. All offenders are equal, but some are more equal than others: Variation in journeys to crime between offenders. Criminology 48 (3): 897–917.
Townsley, M., R. Homel, and J. Chaseling. 2000. Repeat burglary victimisation: Spatial and temporal patterns. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 33 (1): 37–63.
van Dijk, E., and M. Zeelenberg. 2003. The discounting of ambiguous information in economic decision making. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 16 (5): 341–352. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdm.450.
van Gelder, J.L., H. Elffers, D. Reynald, and D.S. Nagin. 2013. Affect and cognition in criminal decision making: Between rational choices and lapses ofself-control. In Affect and cognition in criminal decision making, 19–37. Routledge.
Wakeham, J. 2015. Uncertainty: History of the Concept. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.03175-5.
Walsh, D. 1986. Victim selection procedures among economic criminals: The rational choice perspective. In The reasoning criminal, 39–52. Routledge.
Wiersma, E. 1996. Commercial burglars in the Netherlands: Reasoning decision-makers? International Journal of Risk, Security and Crime Prevention 1 (3): 217–225.
Wortley, R. 2008. Situational precipitators of crime. In Environmental criminology and crime analysis, ed. R. Wortley and L. Mazerolle, 48–69. Cullompton: Willan Publishing.
Wortley, R., and A. Sidebottom. 2017. Deterrence and rational choice theory. The Encyclopedia of Juvenile Delinquency and Justice 1–6.
Wright, R.T., and S.H. Decker. 1994. Burglars on the job: Streetlife and residential break-ins. Boston: Northeastern University Press.