A clinical allostatic load index is associated with burnout symptoms and hypocortisolemic profiles in healthy workers

Beck, 1996 Beck, 1988, Psychometric properties of the Beck depression inventory—25 years of evaluation, Clin. Psychol. Rev., 8, 77, 10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5 Bellingrath, 2009, Chronic work stress and exhaustion is associated with higher allostastic load in female school teachers, Stress, 12, 37, 10.1080/10253890802042041 Benavides, 2000, How do types of employment relate to health indicators? Findings from the second European survey on working conditions, J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 54, 494, 10.1136/jech.54.7.494 Chandola, 2010, Psychophysiological biomarkers of workplace stressors, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 35, 51, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.11.005 Chida, 2008, Chronic psychosocial factors and acute physiological responses to laboratory-induced stress in healthy populations: a quantitative review of 30 years of investigations, Psychol. Bull., 134, 829, 10.1037/a0013342 Chida, 2009, Cortisol awakening response and psychosocial factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Biol. Psychol., 80, 265, 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.10.004 Dickerson, 2002, Acute stressors and cortisol reactivity: a meta-analytic review, Psychosom. Med., 54, 105 Federenko, 2004, Free cortisol awakening responses are influenced by awakening time, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 29, 174, 10.1016/S0306-4530(03)00021-0 Fiocco, 2007, Education modulates cortisol reactivity to the Trier Social Stress Test in middle-aged adults, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32, 1158, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.08.008 Freudenberger, 1974, Staff burnout, J. Soc. Issues, 30, 159, 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1974.tb00706.x Fries, 2005, A new view on hypocortisolism, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 1010, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.04.006 Glover, 2006, Allostatic load in women with and without PTSD symptoms, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1071, 442, 10.1196/annals.1364.039 Glover, 2008, Peripheral biomarker composite associated with smaller hippocampal volume, NeuroReport, 19, 1313, 10.1097/WNR.0b013e32830b364d Goertzel, 2006, Allostatic load is associated with symptoms in chronic fatigue syndrome patients, Pharmacogenomics, 7, 485, 10.2217/14622416.7.3.485 Goldstein, 1999, Ambulatory blood pressure, heart rate, and neuroendocrine responses in women nurses during work and off work days, Psychosom. Med., 61, 387, 10.1097/00006842-199905000-00020 Grossi, 2005, The morning salivary cortisol response in burnout, J. Psychosom. Res., 59, 103, 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.02.009 Gruenewald, 2006, Combinations of biomarkers predictive of later life mortality, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 103, 14158, 10.1073/pnas.0606215103 Hellhammer, 2004, Allostatic load, perceived stress, and health: a prospective study in two age groups, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1032, 8, 10.1196/annals.1314.002 Iacovides, 2003, The relationship between job stress, burnout and clinical depression, J. Affect. Disord., 75, 209, 10.1016/S0165-0327(02)00101-5 Juster, 2010, Allostatic load biomarkers of chronic stress and impact on health and cognition, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 35, 2, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.10.002 Khalfa, 2003, Effects of relaxing music on salivary cortisol level after psychological stress, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 999, 374, 10.1196/annals.1284.045 Kinnunen, 2005, Allostatic load of men and woen in early middle age, J. Ind. Diff., 26, 20, 10.1027/1614-0001.26.1.20 Kirschbaum, 1989, Salivary cortisol in psychobiological research: an overview, Neuropsychobiology, 22, 150, 10.1159/000118611 Kirschbaum, 1993, The ‘Trier Social Stress Test’—a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting, Neuropsychobiology, 28, 76, 10.1159/000119004 Koob, 2001, Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis, Neuropsychopharmacology, 24, 97, 10.1016/S0893-133X(00)00195-0 Kudielka, 2007, Circadian cortisol profiles and psychological self-reports in shift workers with and without recent change in the shift rotation system, Biol. Psychol., 74, 92, 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2006.08.008 Kuehner, 2007, Decreased cortisol response to awakening is associated with cognitive vulnerability to depression in a nonclinical sample of young adults, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32, 199, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.12.007 Langelaan, 2007, Is burnout related to allostatic load?, Int. J. Behav. Med., 14, 213, 10.1007/BF03002995 Li, 2007, Job stress related to glyco-lipid allostatic load, adiponectin and visfatin, Stress & Health, 23, 257, 10.1002/smi.1145 Lupien, 1998, Cortisol levels during human aging predict hippocampal atrophy and memory deficits, Nat. Neurosci., 1, 69, 10.1038/271 Lupien, 1997, Stress-induced declarative memory impairment in healthy elderly subjects: relationship to cortisol reactivity, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 82, 2070 Lupien, 2002, The modulatory effects of corticosteroids on cognition: studies in young human populations, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 27, 401, 10.1016/S0306-4530(01)00061-0 Maheu, 2005, The perfect time to be stressed: a differential modulation of human memory by stress applied in the morning or in the afternoon, Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 29, 1281, 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.08.012 Maloney, 2009, Chronic fatigue syndrome and high allostatic load: results from a population-based case–control study in Georgia, Psychosom. Med., 71, 549, 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181a4fea8 Maloney, 2006, Chronic fatigue syndrome and high allostatic load, Pharmacogenomics, 7, 467, 10.2217/14622416.7.3.467 Maslach, 2003, Job burnout: new directions in research and intervention, Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci., 12, 189, 10.1111/1467-8721.01258 Maslach, 1981, The measurement of experienced burnout, J. Occup. Behav., 2, 99, 10.1002/job.4030020205 McEwen, 1998, Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators, N. Engl. J. Med., 338, 171, 10.1056/NEJM199801153380307 McEwen, 2000, Allostasis and allostatic load: implications for neuropsychopharmacology, Neuropsychopharmacology, 22, 108, 10.1016/S0893-133X(99)00129-3 McEwen, 2006, Sleep deprivation as a neurobiologic and physiologic stressor: allostasis and allostatic load, Metabolism, 55, S20, 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.07.008 McEwen, 1993, Stress and the individual. Mechanisms leading to disease, Arch. Intern. Med., 153, 2093, 10.1001/archinte.1993.00410180039004 Melamed, 1999, Chronic burnout, somatic arousal and elevated salivary cortisol levels, J. Psychosom. Res., 46, 591, 10.1016/S0022-3999(99)00007-0 Mommersteeg, 2006, Clinical burnout is not reflected in the cortisol awakening response, the day-curve or the response to a low-dose dexamethasone suppression test, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 31, 216, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.07.003 Nater, 2009, Salivary alpha-amylase as a non-invasive biomarker for the sympathetic nervous system: current state of research, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 486, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.01.014 Nyklicek, 2005, Past and familial depression predict current symptoms of professional burnout, J. Affect. Disord., 88, 63, 10.1016/j.jad.2005.06.007 Pruessner, 1999, Burnout, perceived stress, and cortisol responses to awakening, Psychosom. Med., 61, 197, 10.1097/00006842-199903000-00012 Pruessner, 1997, Free cortisol levels after awakening: a reliable biological marker for the assessment of adrenocortical activity, Life Sci., 61, 2539, 10.1016/S0024-3205(97)01008-4 Pruessner, 2003, Self-reported depressive symptoms and stress levels in healthy young men: associations with the cortisol response to awakening, Psychosom. Med., 65, 92, 10.1097/01.PSY.0000040950.22044.10 Sapolsky, 2002, Endocrinology of the stress-response, 409 Schlotz, 2004, Perceived work overload and chronic worrying predict weekend-weekday differences in the cortisol awakening response, Psychosom. Med., 66, 207, 10.1097/01.psy.0000116715.78238.56 Schnorpfeil, 2003, Allostatic load and work conditions, Soc. Sci. Med., 57, 647, 10.1016/S0277-9536(02)00407-0 Schulz, 1995, Entwicklung eines Fragebogens zur Erfassung von chronischem Stress und protektiven Faktoren, Trier Pscyh. Berichte, 22, 1 Schulz, 1998, Increased free cortisol secretion after awakening in chronically stressed individuals due to work overload, Stress Med., 14, 91, 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1700(199804)14:2<91::AID-SMI765>3.0.CO;2-S Seeman, 1997, Price of adaptation—allostatic load and its health consequences, Arch. Intern. Med., 157, 2259, 10.1001/archinte.1997.00440400111013 Seplaki, 2005, A comparative analysis of measurement approaches for physiological dysregulation in an older population, Exp. Gerontol., 40, 438, 10.1016/j.exger.2005.03.002 Smith, 2009, An angiotensin-1 converting enzyme polymorphism is associated with allostatic load mediated by C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and cortisol, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 597, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.10.022 Smyth, 1997, Individual differences in the diurnal cycle of cortisol, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 22, 89, 10.1016/S0306-4530(96)00039-X Statistics-Canada, 2010, 1 Stetler, 2005, Blunted cortisol response to awakening in mild to moderate depression: regulatory influences of sleep patterns and social contacts, J. Abnorm. Psychol., 114, 697, 10.1037/0021-843X.114.4.697 Stone, 2001, Individual differences in the diurnal cycle of salivary free cortisol: a replication of flattened cycles for some individuals, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 26, 295, 10.1016/S0306-4530(00)00057-3 Sun, 2007, Assessing the cumulative effects of stress: the association between job stress and allostatic load in a large sample of Chinese employees, Work & Stress, 21, 333, 10.1080/02678370701742748 Taylor, 1997, Health psychology: what is an unhealthy environment and how does it get under the skin?, Annu. Rev. Psychol., 48, 411, 10.1146/annurev.psych.48.1.411 Tennant, 2001, Work-related stress and depressive disorders, J. Psychosom. Res., 51, 697, 10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00255-0 von Thiele, 2006, Self-rated recovery from work stress and allostatic load in women, J. Psychosom. Res., 61, 237, 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2006.01.015 Vreeburg, 2009, Major depressive disorder and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis activity: results from a large cohort study, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 66, 617, 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.50 Wingenfeld, 2009, Elevated diurnal salivary cortisol in nurses is associated with burnout but not with vital exhaustion, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 34, 1144, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.02.015