A Truly Early Starter Model of Antisocial Behavior Revisited

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 3 Số 3 - Trang 155-172 - 2000
Shaw, Daniel S.1, Bell, Richard Q.2, Gilliom, Miles1
1University of Pittsburgh, USA
2University of Virginia, USA

Tóm tắt

This paper revisits a developmental model of the origins of early conduct problems. Several of the model's primary tenets have now been validated in two samples of at-risk children followed prospectively from infancy to school-age. In both cohorts, child, family, and sociodemographic factors all play a significant role in the development of early conduct problems. In particular, the quality of the caregiving environment during the child's second year differentiates clinical impairment according to both parent and teacher report 6 years later. We conclude by making recommendations for future studies. Research that utilizes a developmental framework, incorporates more sophisticated measurement of infant negative emotionality, and addresses the influences of neighborhood and culture, is suggested.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

citation_title=Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/ 4-18 and 1991 Profile; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_id=CR1; citation_author=T. M. Achenbach; citation_publisher=University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry

citation_title= 's Report Form and 1991 profile; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_id=CR2; citation_author=T. M. Achenbach; citation_publisher=University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry

citation_journal_title=Child Development; citation_title=Contextual risk caregiver emotionality, and the problem behaviors of six-and seven-year-old children from economically disadvantaged families; citation_author=B. P. Ackerman, C. E. Izard, K. Schoff, E. A. Youngstrom, J. Kogos; citation_volume=70; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=1415-1427; citation_id=CR3

citation_journal_title=Development and Psychopathology; citation_title=Distinguishing the early onset/persistent and adolescence-onset antisocial behavior types: From birth to 16 years; citation_author=B. Aguilar, L. A. Sroufe, B. Egeland, E. Carlson; citation_volume=12; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=109-132; citation_id=CR4

citation_title=Attachment and exploratory behavior of one-year-olds in a strange situation; citation_inbook_title= (Vol. 4); citation_publication_date=1969; citation_id=CR5; citation_author=M. D. S. Ainsworth; citation_author=D. Wittig; citation_publisher=Metheun

Bates, J. E., Maslin, C. A., & Frankel, K. A. (1985). Attachment security, mother-child interaction, and temperament as predictors of behavior-problem ratings at age three years. In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds.), Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, Nos. 1-2, 167-193.

citation_journal_title=Child Development; citation_title=An exploratory study of socialization effects on black children: Some black-white comparisons; citation_author=D. Baumrind; citation_volume=43; citation_publication_date=1972; citation_pages=261-267; citation_id=CR7

Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monograph, 4 (1, Pt. 2).

citation_journal_title=Psychological Review; citation_title=A reinterpretation of the direction of effects in studies of socialization; citation_author=R. Q. Bell; citation_volume=75; citation_publication_date=1968; citation_pages=81-95; citation_id=CR9

citation_journal_title=Child Development; citation_title=Trouble in the second year: Three questions about family interaction; citation_author=J. Belsky, S. Woodworth, K. Crnic; citation_volume=67; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=556-578; citation_id=CR10

citation_title=Attachment; citation_publication_date=1969; citation_id=CR11; citation_author=J. Bowlby; citation_publisher=Basic Books

citation_journal_title=American Journal of Sociology; citation_title=Do neighborhoods influence child and adolescent development?; citation_author=J. Brooks-Gunn, G. J. Duncan, P. K. Klebanov, N. Sealand; citation_volume=99; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=353-395; citation_id=CR12

Calkins, S. D. (1994). Origins and outcomes of individual differences in emotion regulation. In N. Fox (Ed.), The Development of Emotion Regulation, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2-3, Serial No. 240).

citation_journal_title=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology; citation_title=Hard-to-manage preschool boys: Externalizing behavior, social competence, and family context at two-year-follow-up; citation_author=S. B. Campbell; citation_volume=22; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=147-166; citation_id=CR14

citation_journal_title=Development and Psychopathology; citation_title=Boys' externalizing problems at elementary school: Pathways from early behavior problems, maternal control, and family stress; citation_author=S. B. Campbell, E. W. Pierce, G. Moore, S. Marakovitz, K. Newby; citation_volume=8; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=701-720; citation_id=CR15

Campbell, S. B., Shaw, D. S., & Gilliom, M. (in press). Early externalizing behavior problems: Toddlers and preschoolers at risk for later maladjustment. Development and Psychopathology.

citation_journal_title=Child Development; citation_title=Temperamental origins of child and adolescent behavior problems: From age three to age fifteen; citation_author=A. Caspi, B. Henry, R. O. McGee, T. Moffitt, P. A. Silva; citation_volume=66; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=55-68; citation_id=CR17

citation_journal_title=Child Development; citation_title=Economic hardship and the development of five-and six-year-olds: Neighborhood and regional perspectives; citation_author=P. L. Chase-Landsdale, R. A. Gordon; citation_volume=67; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=3338-3367; citation_id=CR18

citation_title=Emotional dysregulation in disruptive behavior disorders; citation_inbook_title=Rochester symposium on developmental psychopathology: Developmental perspectives on depression; citation_publication_date=1992; citation_id=CR19; citation_author=P. M. Cole; citation_author=C. Zahn-Waxler; citation_publisher=University of Rochester Press

citation_journal_title=Development and Psychopathology; citation_title=A developmental and clinical model for the prevention of Conduct Disorder: The FAST Track Program; citation_author=; citation_volume=4; citation_publication_date=1992; citation_pages=509-527; citation_id=CR20

citation_journal_title=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology; citation_title=Initial impact of the Fast Track prevention trial for conduct problems: I. The high-risk sample; citation_author=; citation_volume=67; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=631-647; citation_id=CR21

citation_journal_title=Child Development; citation_title=Minor parenting stresses with young children; citation_author=K. A. Crnic, M. T. Greenberg; citation_volume=61; citation_publication_date=1990; citation_pages=1628-1637; citation_id=CR22

citation_journal_title=Child Development; citation_title=Effects of stress and social support on mothers and premature and full-term infants; citation_author=K. A. Crnic, M. T. Greenberg, A. S. Ragozin, N. M. Robinson, R. B. Basham; citation_volume=57; citation_publication_date=1983; citation_pages=209-217; citation_id=CR23

citation_journal_title=Developmental Psychology; citation_title=Physical discipline among African American and European American mothers: Links to children's externalizing behaviors; citation_author=K. Deater-Deckard, K. A. Dodge, J. E. Bates, G. S. Pettit; citation_volume=32; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=1065-1072; citation_id=CR24

citation_title=The development and ecology of antisocial behavior; citation_inbook_title= : . , , ; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=421-471; citation_id=CR25; citation_author=T. J. Dishion; citation_author=D. C. French; citation_author=G. R. Patterson; citation_publisher=Wiley

citation_journal_title=Behavior Therapist; citation_title=Age effects in parent training outcome; citation_author=T. Dishion, G. R. Patterson; citation_volume=23; citation_publication_date=1992; citation_pages=719-729; citation_id=CR26

citation_journal_title=Journal of Abnormal Psychology; citation_title=Reactive and proactive aggression in school children and psychiatrically impaired chronically assaultive youth; citation_author=K. A. Dodge, J. E. Lochman, J. D. Harnish, J. E. Bates, G. S. Pettit; citation_volume=106; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=37-51; citation_id=CR27

citation_journal_title=Journal of Abnormal Psychology; citation_title=Social information-processing patterns partially mediate the effect of early physical abuse on later conduct problems; citation_author=K. A. Dodge, G. S. Pettit, J. E. Bates, E. Valente; citation_volume=104; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=632-643; citation_id=CR28

citation_title=Social information processing mechanisms in aggressive behavior; citation_inbook_title=Handbook of antisocial behavior; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=171-180; citation_id=CR29; citation_author=K. A. Dodge; citation_author=D. Schwartz; citation_publisher=Wiley

Erickson, M. F., Sroufe, L. A., & Egeland, B. (1985). The relationship between quality of attachment and behavior problems in preschool in a high-risk sample. In I. Bretherton & E. Waters (Eds.), Growing points of attachment theory and research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, Nos. 1-2, 147-167.

citation_journal_title=Development and Psychopathology; citation_title=The role of frontal activation in the regulation and dysregulation of social behavior during the preschool years; citation_author=N. A. Fox, L. A. Schmidt, S. D. Calkins, K. H. Rubin, R. J. Coplan; citation_volume=8; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=89-102; citation_id=CR31

citation_journal_title=Developmental Psychology; citation_title=Destructive sibling conflict and the development of conduct problems in young boys; citation_author=M. Garcia, D. S. Shaw, E. B. Winslow, K. Yaggi; citation_volume=36; citation_publication_date=2000; citation_pages=44-53; citation_id=CR32

citation_title=Contributions of attachment theory to the understanding of conduct problems during the preschool years; citation_inbook_title=Clinical implications of attachment; citation_publication_date=1988; citation_pages=177-218; citation_id=CR33; citation_author=M. T. Greenberg; citation_author=M. L. Speltz; citation_publisher=Earlbaum

citation_journal_title=Development and Psychopathology; citation_title=The role of attachment in the early development of disruptive behavior problems; citation_author=M. T. Greenberg, M. L. Speltz, M. DeKlyen; citation_volume=5; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=191-213; citation_id=CR34

citation_title= : ; citation_publication_date=1990; citation_id=CR35; citation_author=S. W. Henggeler; citation_author=C. M. Bourdin; citation_publisher=Brooks/Cole

Hinshaw, S. P., & Park, T. (in press). Research problems and issues: Toward amore definitive science of disruptive behavior disorders. In H. C. Quay & A. E. Hogan (Eds.), Handbook of disruptive behavior disorders. New York: Plenum Press.

citation_title=Causes of Delinquency; citation_publication_date=1969; citation_id=CR37; citation_author=T. Hirschi; citation_publisher=University of California

Ingoldsby, E., Shaw, D. S., & Garcia, M. (in press). Intra-familial conflict in relation to boys' adjustment at school. Development and Psychopathology.

citation_journal_title=Child Development; citation_title=Marital adjustment, parental disagreements about child rearing, and behavior problems in boys: Increasing the specificity of the marital assessment; citation_author=E. N. Jouriles, C. M. Murphy, A. M. Farris, D. A. Smith, J. E. Richters, E. Waters; citation_volume=62; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=1424-1433; citation_id=CR39

citation_title=Conduct disorders in childhood and adolescence; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_id=CR40; citation_author=A. E. Kazdin; citation_publisher=Sage

citation_journal_title=Psychological Bulletin; citation_title=Developmental influences on young girls' behavioral and emotional problems; citation_author=K. Keenan, D. S. Shaw; citation_volume=121; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=95-113; citation_id=CR41

citation_journal_title=Journal of Marriage and the Family; citation_title=The long-term evolution of the family structure of teenage and older mothers; citation_author=S. G. Kellam, R. G. Adams, C. H. Brown, M. E. Ensminger; citation_volume=46; citation_publication_date=1982; citation_pages=539-554; citation_id=CR42

citation_title=Social Support Networks in African American Family: Utility for Culturally Compatible; citation_inbook_title=African American Family Life: Its Structural and Ecological Aspects. ; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_id=CR43; citation_author=L. P. Kohn; citation_author=M. N. Wilson; citation_publisher=Jossey-Bass

citation_journal_title=Development and Psychopathology; citation_title=Developmental patterns of childhood peer relations as predictors of externalizing behavior problems; citation_author=J. B. Kupersmidt, M. Burchinal, C. J. Patterson; citation_volume=7; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=825-844; citation_id=CR44

citation_journal_title=Child Development; citation_title=Environmental and genetic variance in children's observed and reported maladaptive behavior; citation_author=L. D. Leve, A. A. Winebarger, B. I. Fagot, J. B. Reid, H. H. Goldsmith; citation_volume=69; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=1286-1298; citation_id=CR45

citation_journal_title=American Psychologist; citation_title=Development of juvenile aggression and violence: Some common misconceptions and controversies; citation_author=R. Loeber, M. Stoughamer-Loeber; citation_volume=53; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=242-259; citation_id=CR46

citation_journal_title=Psychological Bulletin; citation_title=Early predictors of male delinquency: A review; citation_author=R. Loeber, T. J. Dishion; citation_volume=94; citation_publication_date=1983; citation_pages=68-99; citation_id=CR47

citation_journal_title=Child Development; citation_title=Disorganized infant attachment classification and maternal psychosocial problems as predictors of hostile-aggressive behavior in the preschool classroom; citation_author=K. Lyons-Ruth, L. Alpern, B. Repacholi; citation_volume=64; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=572-585; citation_id=CR48

Malcolm, J. (1979). The one-way mirror. New Yorker.

Martin, J. (1981). A longitudinal study of the consequences of early mother-infant interaction: A microanalytic approach. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 46.

citation_title=Origins of crime; citation_publication_date=1959; citation_id=CR51; citation_author=W. McCord; citation_author=J. McCord; citation_author=I. K. Zola; citation_publisher=Columbia University Press

citation_journal_title=Psychological Review; citation_title=Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy; citation_author=T. E. Moffitt; citation_volume=100; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=674-701; citation_id=CR52

citation_journal_title=Development and Psychopathology; citation_title=Childhood-onset versus adolescent-onset antisocial conduct problems in males: Natural history from ages 3 to 18 years; citation_author=T. E. Moffitt, A. Caspi, N. Dickson, P. Silva, W. Stanton; citation_volume=8; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=399-424; citation_id=CR53

citation_journal_title=Developmental Psychology; citation_title=Genotype-environment correlates in late childhood and early adolescence: Antisocial behavioral problems and coercive parenting; citation_author=T. G. O'Connor, K. Deater-Deckard, D. Fulker, M. Rutter, R. Plomin; citation_volume=34; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=970-981; citation_id=CR54

citation_title= : . ; citation_publication_date=1982; citation_id=CR55; citation_author=G. R. Patterson; citation_publisher=Castalia

citation_title=An early starter model for predicting delinquency; citation_inbook_title=The development and treatment of childhood aggression; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_id=CR56; citation_author=G. R. Patterson; citation_author=D. Capaldi; citation_author=L. Bank; citation_publisher=Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

citation_journal_title=American Psychologist; citation_title=A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior; citation_author=G. R. Patterson, B. D. DeBaryshe, E. Ramsey; citation_volume=44; citation_publication_date=1989; citation_pages=329-335; citation_id=CR57

citation_title=Antisocial boys; citation_publication_date=1992; citation_id=CR58; citation_author=G. R. Patterson; citation_author=J. B. Reid; citation_author=T. J. Dishion; citation_publisher=Castalia

citation_journal_title=Nebraska Symposium on Motivation; citation_title=A developmental model for late-onset delinquency; citation_author=G. R. Patterson, K. Yoerger; citation_volume=44; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=119-177; citation_id=CR59

citation_journal_title=Child Development; citation_title=Supportive parenting, ecological context, and children's adjustment: A seven-year longitudinal study; citation_author=G. S. Pettit, J. E. Bates, K. A. Dodge; citation_volume=68; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=908-923; citation_id=CR60

Pierce, E. W., Ewing, L. J., & Campbell, S. B. (1999). Diagnostic status and symptomatic behavior of hard-to-manage preschool children in middle childhood and early adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28

citation_journal_title=Developmental Psychobiology; citation_title=Infant regulation of the vagal “brake” predicts child behavior problems: A psychobiological model of social behavior; citation_author=S. W. Porges, J. A. Doussard-Roosevelt, L. A. Portales, S. I. Greenspan; citation_volume=29; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=697-712; citation_id=CR62

citation_title= , ; citation_publication_date=1980; citation_id=CR63; citation_author=J. Puig-Antich; citation_author=H. Orvaschel; citation_author=M. A. Tabrizi; citation_author=W. Chambers; citation_publisher=New York State Psychiatric Institute and Yale University School of Medicine

citation_journal_title=Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; citation_title=Low resting heart rate at age 3 years predisposes to aggression at age 11 years: Evidence from the Mauritius Child Health Project; citation_author=A. Raine, P. H. Venables, S. A. Mednick; citation_volume=36; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=1457-1464; citation_id=CR64

citation_journal_title=Development and Psychopathology; citation_title=Prevention of conduct disorder before and after school entry: Relating interventions to developmental findings; citation_author=J. Reid; citation_volume=5; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=243-262; citation_id=CR65

citation_journal_title=Journal of Personality; citation_title=Early childhood antecedents of aggression and passive-withdrawal in early elementary school; citation_author=B. Renken, B. Egeland, D. Marvinney, S. Mangelsdorf, A. Sroufe; citation_volume=57; citation_publication_date=1989; citation_pages=257-281; citation_id=CR66

citation_journal_title=British Journal of Psychiatry; citation_title=Attainment and adjustment in two geographical areas: 1. The prevalence of psychiatric disorder; citation_author=M. Rutter, A. Cox, C. Tupling, M. Berger, W. Yule; citation_volume=126; citation_publication_date=1975; citation_pages=493-509; citation_id=CR67

Sameroff, A. J. (1990). Prevention of developmental psychopathology using the transactional model: Perspectives on host, risk agent, and environment interactions. Paper presented at the Conference on the Present Status and Future Needs of Research on Prevention of Mental Disorders, Washington, DC.

citation_title=Reproductive risk and the continuum of caretaking casualty; citation_inbook_title=Review of child development research; citation_publication_date=1975; citation_pages=187-241; citation_id=CR69; citation_author=A. J. Sameroff; citation_author=M. J. Chandler; citation_publisher=University of Chicago Press

citation_title=Environmental perspective on adaptation during childhood and adolescence; citation_inbook_title=Developmental Psychopathology; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=507-526; citation_id=CR70; citation_author=A. J. Sameroff; citation_author=R. Seifer; citation_author=T. Bartko; citation_publisher=Cambridge University Press

citation_journal_title=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry; citation_title=Risk indicators: Assessment of infancy predictors of pre-school behavioural maladjustment; citation_author=A. Sanson, F. Oberklaid, R. Pedlow, M. Prior; citation_volume=32; citation_publication_date=1991; citation_pages=609-626; citation_id=CR71

citation_journal_title=Psychiatric Clinics of North America; citation_title=Psychophysiology of anger and violent behavior; citation_author=A. Scarpa, A. Raine; citation_volume=20; citation_publication_date=1997; citation_pages=375-394; citation_id=CR72

citation_journal_title=Behavior Genetics; citation_title=Genetic and environmental influences on early childhood behavior; citation_author=S. Schmitz, S. S. Cherny, D. W. Fulker, D. A. Mrazek; citation_volume=24; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=25-34; citation_id=CR73

citation_journal_title=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology; citation_title=Developmental theories of parental contributors to antisocial behavior; citation_author=D. S. Shaw, R. Q. Bell; citation_volume=21; citation_publication_date=1993; citation_pages=493-518; citation_id=CR74

Shaw, D. S., Garcia, M., Winslow, E. B., & Owens, E. B. (1999). Pathways leading to school-age externalizing disorders. Presented at the Conference of the Life History Research Society, Kuaui, Hawaii.

citation_journal_title=Developmental Psychology; citation_title=Developmental precursors of externalizing behavior: Ages 1 to 3; citation_author=D. S. Shaw, K. Keenan, J. I. Vondra; citation_volume=30; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=355-364; citation_id=CR76

citation_journal_title=Development and Psychopathology; citation_title=Early risk factors and pathways in the development of early disruptive behavior problems; citation_author=D. S. Shaw, E. B. Owens, J. I. Vondra, K. Keenan, E. B. Winslow; citation_volume=8; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_pages=679-699; citation_id=CR77

citation_journal_title=Child Development; citation_title=A prospective study of the effects of marital status and family relations on young children's adjustment among African American and Caucasian families; citation_author=D. S. Shaw, E. B. Winslow, C. Flanagan; citation_volume=70; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=742-755; citation_id=CR78

citation_journal_title=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology; citation_title=The development of early externalizing problems among children from low-income families: A transformational perspective; citation_author=D. S. Shaw, E. B. Winslow, E. B. Owens, J. I. Vondra, J. F. Cohn, R. Q. Bell; citation_volume=26; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=95-107; citation_id=CR79

citation_journal_title=Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology; citation_title=Attachment security and maternal predictors of early behavior problems: A longitudinal study of low-income families; citation_author=D. S. Shaw, J. I. Vondra; citation_volume=23; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=335-356; citation_id=CR80

citation_journal_title=Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry; citation_title=Chronic family adversity and early child behavior problems: A longitudinal study of low income families; citation_author=D. S. Shaw, J. I. Vondra, K. Dowdell Hommerding, null Keenan, M. Dunn; citation_volume=35; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=1109-1122; citation_id=CR81

citation_journal_title=International Journal of Behavioural Development; citation_title=Encounters with aggressive peers in early childhood: Frequency, age differences, and correlates of risk for behaviour problems; citation_author=J. J. Sinclair, G. S. Pettit, A. W. Harrist, K. A. Dodge, J. E. Bates; citation_volume=17; citation_publication_date=1994; citation_pages=675-696; citation_id=CR82

citation_title=Infant-caregiver attachment and patterns of adaptation in pre-school: The roots of maladaptation and competence; citation_inbook_title=Minnesota symposium in child psychology; citation_publication_date=1983; citation_pages=41-81; citation_id=CR83; citation_author=L. A. Sroufe; citation_publisher=Erlbaum

citation_title=Attachment and the construction of relationships; citation_inbook_title=Relationships and development; citation_publication_date=1986; citation_id=CR84; citation_author=L. A. Sroufe; citation_author=J. Fleeson; citation_publisher=Erlbaum

citation_journal_title=Child Development; citation_title=Infant obedience and maternal behavior: the origins of socialization reconsidered; citation_author=D. J. Stayton, R. Hogan, M. D. S. Ainsworth; citation_volume=42; citation_publication_date=1971; citation_pages=1057-1069; citation_id=CR85

citation_title=Temperament and behavior disorders in children; citation_publication_date=1968; citation_id=CR86; citation_author=A. Thomas; citation_author=S. Chess; citation_author=H. Birch; citation_publisher=New York University Press

citation_journal_title=Child Development; citation_title=Social behavior correlates of cortisol activity in child care: Gender differences and time-of-day effects; citation_author=K. Tout, M. de Haan, E. K. Campbell, M. R. Gunnar; citation_volume=69; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=1247-1262; citation_id=CR87

citation_journal_title=Development and Psychopathology; citation_title=Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitant, and sequelae; citation_author=M. H. van Ijzendoorn, C. Schuengel, M. J. Bakermans-Kranenburg; citation_volume=11; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=225-250; citation_id=CR88

citation_journal_title=Child Development; citation_title=The contribution of motherchild and father-child relationships to the quality of sibling interaction: A longitudinal study; citation_author=B. L. Volling, J. Belsky; citation_volume=63; citation_publication_date=1992; citation_pages=1209-1222; citation_id=CR89

Vondra, J. I., Shaw, D. S., Chrisman, J., Cohen, L., Swearinger, E., & Owens, E. B. (in press). Continuity and change in attachment across the second year of life. Development and Psychopathology.

citation_journal_title=Developmental Psychology; citation_title=Relation of maternal responsiveness during infancy and the development of behavior problems in high-risk youths; citation_author=L. Wakschlag, S. Hans; citation_volume=35; citation_publication_date=1999; citation_pages=569-579; citation_id=CR91

citation_journal_title=Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology; citation_title=Preventing conduct problems in head start children: strengthening parenting competencies; citation_author=C. Webster-Stratton; citation_volume=66; citation_publication_date=1998; citation_pages=715-730; citation_id=CR92

citation_title= : ; citation_publication_date=1996; citation_id=CR93; citation_author=W. J. Wilson; citation_publisher=Alfred A. Knopf

Winslow, E. B., & Shaw, D. S. (1996). Relations between early parenting and child externalizing behavior in families from different sociodemographic backgrounds. Presented at the convention of the International Society for Infant Studies, Providence, RI.

citation_journal_title=Development and Psychopathology; citation_title=Psychophysiological correlates of empathy and prosocial behaviors in preschool children with behavior problems; citation_author=C. Zahn-Waxler, P. M. Cole, J. D. Welsh, N. A. Fox; citation_volume=7; citation_publication_date=1995; citation_pages=27-48; citation_id=CR95

citation_journal_title=Development and Psychopathology; citation_title=Antecedents of problem behaviors in children of depressed mothers; citation_author=C. Zahn-Waxler, R. J. Iannotti, E. M. Cummings, S. Denham; citation_volume=2; citation_publication_date=1990; citation_pages=271-292; citation_id=CR96