A Role for K-ras in Conferring Resistance to the MEK Inhibitor, CI-1040

Adjei, 2001, Blocking oncogenic Ras signaling for cancer therapy, J Natl Cancer Inst, 93, 1062, 10.1093/jnci/93.14.1062 Bos, 1989, ras oncogenes in human cancer: a review, Cancer Res, 49, 4682 Vojtek, 1998, Increasing complexity of the Ras signaling pathway, J Biol Chem, 273, 19925, 10.1074/jbc.273.32.19925 Chong, 2003, Mechanisms of regulating the Raf kinase family, Cell Signal, 15, 463, 10.1016/S0898-6568(02)00139-0 Cobb, 1994, Regulation of the MAP kinase cascade, Cell Mol Biol Res, 40, 253 Davis, 1995, Transcriptional regulation by MAP kinases, Mol Reprod Dev, 42, 459, 10.1002/mrd.1080420414 Davies, 2002, Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer, Nature, 417, 949, 10.1038/nature00766 Cox, 2002, Ras family signaling: therapeutic targeting, Cancer Biol Ther, 1, 599, 10.4161/cbt.306 Downward, 2003, Targeting RAS signalling pathways in cancer therapy, Nat Rev Cancer, 3, 11, 10.1038/nrc969 Sebolt-Leopold, 1999, Blockade of the MAP kinase pathway suppresses growth of colon tumors in vivo, Nat Med, 5, 810, 10.1038/10533 Allen, 2003, CI-1040 (PD184352), a targeted signal transduction inhibitor of MEK (MAPKK), Semin Oncol, 30, 105, 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2003.08.012 Herrera, 2002, Unraveling the complexities of the Raf/MAP kinase pathway for pharmacological intervention, Trends Mol Med, 8, S27, 10.1016/S1471-4914(02)02307-9 Sebolt-Leopold, 2000, Development of anticancer drugs targeting the MAP kinase pathway, Oncogene, 19, 6594, 10.1038/sj.onc.1204083 Wang, 2000, Binding of 14-3-3beta to the carboxyl terminus of Wee1 increases Wee1 stability, kinase activity, and G2-M cell population, Cell Growth Differ, 11, 211 Wang, 1999, Identification of the genes responsive to etoposide-induced apoptosis: application of DNA chip technology, FEBS Lett, 445, 269, 10.1016/S0014-5793(99)00136-2 Waters, 1995, Desensitization of Ras activation by a feedback disassociation of the SOS-Grb2 complex, J Biol Chem, 270, 20883, 10.1074/jbc.270.36.20883 Sebolt-Leopold, 2004, Targeting the mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade to treat cancer, Nat Rev Cancer, 4, 937, 10.1038/nrc1503 Baba, 2000, Involvement of deregulated epiregulin expression in tumorigenesis in vivo through activated Ki-Ras signaling pathway in human colon cancer cells, Cancer Res, 60, 6886 Normanno, 1994, Amphiregulin as an autocrine growth factor for c-Ha-ras- and c-erbB-2-transformed human mammary epithelial cells, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 91, 2790, 10.1073/pnas.91.7.2790 Zushi, 1997, Role of heparin-binding EGF-related peptides in proliferation and apoptosis of activated ras-stimulated intestinal epithelial cells, Int J Cancer, 73, 917, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19971210)73:6<917::AID-IJC26>3.0.CO;2-# Marshall, 1995, Specificity of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling: transient versus sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation, Cell, 80, 179, 10.1016/0092-8674(95)90401-8 Serrano, 1997, Oncogenic ras provokes premature cell senescence associated with accumulation of p53 and p16INK4a, Cell, 88, 593, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81902-9 Woods, 1997, Raf-induced proliferation or cell cycle arrest is determined by the level of Raf activity with arrest mediated by p21Cip1, Mol Cell Biol, 17, 5598, 10.1128/MCB.17.9.5598 Cowley, 1994, Activation of MAP kinase kinase is necessary and sufficient for PC12 differentiation and for transformation of NIH 3T3 cells, Cell, 77, 841, 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90133-3 Pang, 1995, Inhibition of MAP kinase kinase blocks the differentiation of PC-12 cells induced by nerve growth factor, J Biol Chem, 270, 13585, 10.1074/jbc.270.23.13585 Sewing, 1997, High-intensity Raf signal causes cell cycle arrest mediated by p21Cip1, Mol Cell Biol, 17, 5588, 10.1128/MCB.17.9.5588 Chang, 2003, Signal transduction mediated by the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway from cytokine receptors to transcription factors: potential targeting for therapeutic intervention, Leukemia, 17, 1263, 10.1038/sj.leu.2402945 Tsuneoka, 2000, Ras/MEK signaling suppresses Myc-dependent apoptosis in cells transformed by c-myc and activated ras, Oncogene, 19, 115, 10.1038/sj.onc.1203232 Sprang, 1997, G protein mechanisms: insights from structural analysis, Annu Rev Biochem, 66, 639, 10.1146/annurev.biochem.66.1.639 Hamad, 2002, Distinct requirements for Ras oncogenesis in human versus mouse cells, Genes Dev, 16, 2045, 10.1101/gad.993902