A Roadmap to Building Mental Health–Friendly Churches

Adams, M., & Morgan, J. (2018). Mental health recovery and nature: How social and personal dynamics are important. Ecopsychology, 10(1), 44–52. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T Ajzen, I. (2002). Perceived behavioral control, self-efficacy, locus of control, and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 32(4), 665–683. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb00236.x Asomugha, C. N., Derose, K. P., & Lurie, N. (2011). Faith-based organizations, science, and the pursuit of health. Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 22(1), 50–55. Behere, P. B., Das, A., Yadav, R., & Behere, A. P. (2013). Religion and mental health. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(Suppl. 2), S187–S194. Belcher, J. R. (2003). Helping the homeless: What about the spirit of God? Pastoral Psychology, 51, 179–188. Berger, J. (2016). Religious organizations. In A. Farazmand (Ed.), Global encyclopedia of public administration, public policy, and governance. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31816-5_2514-1 Bledsoe, T. S., Setterlund, K., Adams, C. J., Fok-Trela, A., & Connolly, M. (2013). Addressing pastoral knowledge and attitudes about clergy/mental health practitioner collaboration. Social Work and Christianity, 40(1), 23–45. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. Campbell, A. D. (2021). Clergy perceptions of mental illness and confronting stigma in congregations. Religions, 12(12), 1110. Caplan, S. (2019). Intersection of cultural and religious beliefs about mental health: Latinos in the faith-based setting. Hispanic Health Care International, 17(1), 4–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1540415319828265 Chatters, L. M., Taylor, R. J., Woodward, A. T., Bohnert, A. S., Peterson, T. L., & Perron, B. E. (2017). Differences between African Americans and non-Hispanic Whites utilization of clergy for counseling with serious personal problems. Race and Social Problems, 9, 139–149. Chui, E. W. (2014). Social work in Hong Kong. In C. Aspalter (Ed.), Social work in East Asia (pp. 75–92). Routledge. Clement, S., Schauman, O., Graham, T., Maggioni, F., Evans-Lacko, S., Bezborodovs, N., Morgan, C., Rüsch, N., Brown, J. S. L., & Thornicroft, G. (2015). What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies. Psychological Medicine, 45(1), 11–27. Crisp, B. R. (2014). Social work and faith-based organizations. Routledge. Dalencour, M., Wong, E. C., Tang, L., Dixon, E., Lucas-Wright, A., Wells, K., & Miranda, J. (2017). The role of faith-based organizations in the depression care of African Americans and Hispanics in Los Angeles. Psychiatric Services, 68(4), 368–374. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201500318 Fang, Q., Zhang, T.-M., Wong, Y. L. I., Yau, Y. Y., Li, X.-H., Li, J., Chui, C. H. K., Tse, S., Chan, C.L.-W., Chen, E. Y. H., & Ran, M.-S. (2021). The mediating role of knowledge on the contact and stigma of mental illness in Hong Kong. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 67(7), 935–945. Ferris, E. (2005). Faith-based and secular humanitarian organizations. International Review of the Red Cross, 87(858), 311–325. Fitzgerald, C. A., & Vaidyanathan, B. (2022). Faith leaders’ views on collaboration with mental health professionals. Community Mental Health Journal. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-022-01031-8 Fung, A. W. T., Lam, L. C. W., Chan, S. S. M., & Lee, S. (2021a). Knowledge of mental health symptoms and help seeking attitude in a population-based sample in Hong Kong. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 15(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-021-00462-2 Fung, W. L. A., Mirhom, M., Okamoto, T., & Shepherd, V. A. (2021b). Principles and practice in educating Christians about mental health: A primer. In J. R. Peteet, H. S. Moffic, A. Hankir, & H. G. Koenig (Eds.), Christianity and Psychiatry (pp. 231–247). Springer. Hong Kong SAR Government. (2022). Hong Kong yearbook 2021. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2021/en/ Hu, Q. (6 October 2022). Study shows mental health literacy of pastors in Hong Kong is lower than that overseas. Christian Times. https://christiantimes.org.hk/Common/Reader/News/ShowNews.jsp?Nid=169956&Pid=102&Version=0&Cid=2141&Charset=big5_hkscs Iheanacho, T., Nduanya, U. C., Slinkard, S., Ogidi, A. G., Patel, D., Itanyi, I. U., Naeem, F., Spiegelman, D., & Ezeanolue, E. E. (2021). Utilizing a church-based platform for mental health interventions: Exploring the role of the clergy and the treatment preference of women with depression. Global Mental Health, 8, e5. Jackson, B. K. (2015). Licensed professional counselors’ perceptions of pastoral counseling in the African American community. Journal of Pastoral Care & Counseling, 69(2), 85–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1542305015586773 Jauncey, T., & Strodl, E. (2018). Love of God, others, and self and their association with satisfaction with life and mental health for Christians. Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health, 20(3), 239–260. Kwan, C. K. (2020). A qualitative inquiry into the human library approach: Facilitating social inclusion and promoting recovery. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3029. Lancaster, K. J., Carter-Edwards, L., Grilo, S., Shen, C., & Schoenthaler, A. M. (2014). Obesity interventions in African American faith-based organizations: A systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 15, 159–176. Lehmann, C. S., Whitney, W. B., Un, J., Payne, J. S., Simanjuntak, M., Hamilton, S., Worku, T., & Fernandez, N. A. (2022). Hospitality towards people with mental illness in the church: A cross-cultural qualitative study. Pastoral Psychology, 71(1), 1–27. Leong, L. Y., Hew, T. S., Ooi, K. B., Metri, B., & Dwivedi, Y. K. (2022). Extending the theory of planned behavior in the social commerce context: A meta-analytic SEM (MASEM) approach. Information Systems Frontiers. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-022-10337-7 Lloyd, C. E. (2021). Contending with spiritual reductionism: Demons, shame, and dividualising experiences among evangelical Christians with mental distress. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(4), 2702–2727. Lloyd, C. E., & Hutchinson, J. (2022). “It’s easy to dismiss it as simply a spiritual problem.” Experiences of mental distress within evangelical Christian communities A qualitative survey. Transcultural Psychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1177/13634615211065869 Lloyd, C. E., & Panagopoulos, M. C. (2022). ‘Mad, bad, or possessed’? Perceptions of self-harm and mental illness in evangelical Christian communities. Pastoral Psychology, 71(3), 291–311. Lloyd, C. E., & Waller, R. M. (2020). Demon? Disorder? Or none of the above? A survey of the attitudes and experiences of evangelical Christians with mental distress. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 23(8), 679–690. Lucchetti, G., Góes, L. G., Amaral, S. G., Ganadjian, G. T., Andrade, I., Almeida, P. O. D. A., & Mendes do Carmo, V., & Manso, M. E. G. (2021). Spirituality, religiosity and the mental health consequences of social isolation during Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 67(6), 672–679. Lui, C., Wong, C., & Furnham, A. (2016). Mental health literacy in Hong Kong. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 62(6), 505–511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764016651291 McBain, R. (2021). Breaking depression’s silence within the church through friendships. Salubritas: International Journal of Spirit-Empowered Counseling, 1, 103–115. https://doi.org/10.31380/salubritas1.0.103 Newham, R. (2022). Mental health friendly church training: Kintsugi Hope. Stewardship. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://www.stewardship.org.uk/stories/mental-health-friendly-church-training-kintsugi-hope Ng, T. K. C., Lo, M. F., Fong, B. Y. F., & Yee, H. H. L. (2022). Predictors of the intention to use traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) using extended theory of planned behavior: A cross-sectional study among TCM users in Hong Kong. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 22(1), 113. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-022-03598-x Padilla, C. R. (2005). Holistic mission. Occasional Paper No. 33 presented at the 2004 Forum on World Evangelization in Pattaya, Thailand, September 29–October 5. https://lausanne.org/content/holistic-mission-lop-33#op Pitt, R. N. (2021). Church planters: Inside the world of religion entrepreneurs. Oxford University Press. Ran, M. S., Peng, M. M., Yau, Y. Y., Zhang, T. M., Li, X. H., Wong, I. Y. L., Ng, S., Thornicroft, G., Chan, C. L., & Lu, L. (2022). Knowledge, contact and stigma of mental illness: Comparing three stakeholder groups in Hong Kong. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 68(2), 365–375. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020764021997479 Ross, H. E., & Stanford, M. S. (2014). Training and education of North American master’s of divinity students in relation to serious mental illness. Journal of Research on Christian Education, 23(2), 176–186. Saxena, S., & Hanna, F. (2015). Dignity—A fundamental principle of mental health care. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 142(4), 355–358. Smietana, B. (2014). Mental illness remains taboo topic for many pastors. Lifeway Research. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://research.lifeway.com/2014/09/22/mental-illness-remains-taboo-topic-for-many-pastors/ Stanford, M., & Philpott, D. (2011). Baptist senior pastors’ knowledge and perceptions of mental illness. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 14(3), 281–290. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670903511135 Stanford, M. S. (2007). Demon or disorder: A survey of attitudes toward mental illness in the Christian church. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 10(5), 445–449. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670600903049 Stanford, M. S., & McAlister, K. R. (2008). Perceptions of serious mental illness in the local church. Journal of Religion, Disability & Health, 12(2), 144–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228960802160654 Sytner, A. (2018). Social work and pastoral counseling: Empowering each other. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 37(2), 202–219. Tornikoski, E., & Maalaoui, A. (2019). Critical reflections – the theory of planned behavior: An interview with Icek Ajzen with implications for entrepreneurship research. International Small Business Journal, 37(5), 536–550. Wang, H. H. (2010). The Chinese dream: The rise of the world’s largest middle class and what it means to you. Bestseller Press. Webb, M. (2017). Toward a theology of psychological disorder. Cascade Books. Wood, E., Watson, R., & Hayter, M. (2011). To what extent are the Christian clergy acting as frontline mental health workers? A study from the north of England. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 14(8), 769–783. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2010.522565 World Health Organization. (2022a). Mental disorders [Fact sheet]. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders World Health Organization. (2022b). Mental Health and COVID-19: Early evidence of the pandemic’s impact [Scientific brief]. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-Sci_Brief-Mental_health-2022.1 Yendork, S. J., Kpobi, L., & Sarfo, E. A. (2016). “It’s only ‘madness’ that I know”: Analysis of how mental illness is conceptualized by congregants of selected charismatic churches in Ghana. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 19(9), 984–999. Youssef, J., & Deane, F. P. (2006). Factors influencing mental-health help-seeking in Arabic-speaking communities in Sydney, Australia. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 9(1), 43–66.