Một Bài Tổng Quan Về Cảm Biến Sinh Học Và Sự Phát Triển Gần Đây Của Cảm Biến Sinh Học Dùng Vật Liệu Nano
Tóm tắt
Một cảm biến sinh học là một thiết bị tích hợp bao gồm bộ nhận diện và bộ chuyển đổi, có khả năng chuyển đổi phản ứng sinh học thành tín hiệu điện. Thiết kế và phát triển các cảm biến sinh học đã trở thành tâm điểm nghiên cứu trong thập kỷ gần đây nhờ vào sự đa dạng ứng dụng của chúng, chẳng hạn như trong lĩnh vực chăm sóc sức khỏe và chẩn đoán bệnh, giám sát môi trường, kiểm tra chất lượng nước và thực phẩm, cũng như việc phân phối thuốc. Những thách thức chính mà ngành cảm biến sinh học phải đối mặt bao gồm (i) việc thu nhận hiệu quả các tín hiệu sinh học và chuyển đổi những tín hiệu này thành các tín hiệu điện hóa, điện, quang, trọng lượng hoặc âm thanh (quá trình chuyển đổi), (ii) nâng cao hiệu suất của bộ chuyển đổi, tức là tăng độ nhạy, giảm thời gian phản hồi, đảm bảo khả năng tái sản xuất và giới hạn phát hiện thấp, thậm chí là phát hiện các phân tử đơn lẻ, và (iii) thu nhỏ kích thước các thiết bị cảm biến sinh học bằng công nghệ vi và nano. Những thách thức này có thể được giải quyết thông qua việc tích hợp công nghệ cảm biến với vật liệu nano, có thể có cấu trúc từ ba chiều đến không gian ba chiều, sở hữu tỷ lệ bề mặt trên thể tích cao, độ dẫn điện tốt, khả năng chịu tải và khả năng điều chỉnh màu sắc. Các vật liệu nano (NMs) được sử dụng trong chế tạo và cảm biến sinh học nano bao gồm các hạt nano (NPs) (có độ ổn định cao và khả năng vận chuyển lớn), dây nano (NWs) và thanh nano (NRs) (có khả năng phát hiện nhạy bén), ống nano carbon (CNTs) (diện tích bề mặt lớn, độ dẫn điện và nhiệt cao), cũng như các điểm lượng tử (QDs) (có khả năng điều chỉnh màu sắc). Hơn nữa, chính những vật liệu nano này cũng có thể đóng vai trò như các yếu tố chuyển đổi. Bài tổng quan này tóm tắt sự phát triển của cảm biến sinh học, các loại cảm biến sinh học dựa trên bộ nhận diện, bộ chuyển đổi, và các phương pháp hiện đại được áp dụng trong cảm biến sinh học sử dụng vật liệu nano như NPs (ví dụ: hạt nano kim loại quý và hạt nano oxit kim loại), NWs, NRs, CNTs, QDs và dendrimer cũng như những tiến bộ gần đây trong công nghệ cảm biến sinh học với sự mở rộng của công nghệ nano.
Từ khóa
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