A Review of the Theoretical and Biological Understanding of the Nocebo and Placebo Phenomena

Haour, 2005, Mechanisms of the placebo effect and of conditioning, Neuroimmunomodulation, 12, 195, 10.1159/000085651 Faasse, 2015, Seeing is believing: Impact of social modeling on placebo and nocebo responding, Health Psychol, 34, 880, 10.1037/hea0000199 Kaptchuk, 2002, The placebo effect in alternative medicine: can the performance of a healing ritual have clinical significance?, Ann Intern Med, 136, 817, 10.7326/0003-4819-136-11-200206040-00011 Grelotti, 2011, Placebo by proxy, BMJ, 343, d4345, 10.1136/bmj.d4345 Colagiuri, 2015, The placebo effect: From concepts to genes, Neuroscience, 307, 171, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.017 Benedetti, 2003, Conscious expectation and unconscious conditioning in analgesic, motor, and hormonal placebo/nocebo responses, J Neurosci, 23, 4315, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-10-04315.2003 Schweinhardt, 2009, The anatomy of the mesolimbic reward system: a link between personality and the placebo analgesic response, J Neurosci, 29, 4882, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5634-08.2009 Darragh, 2015, Who responds to placebos? Considering the “placebo personality” via a transactional model, Psychol Health Med, 20, 287, 10.1080/13548506.2014.936885 Lee Anna Clark, 2003, Separate personality traits from states to predict depression, J Pers Disord, 17, 152, 10.1521/pedi.17.2.152.23990 Kaptchuk, 2010, Placebos without deception: a randomized controlled trial in irritable bowel syndrome, PLoS One, 5, e15591, 10.1371/journal.pone.0015591 Dodd, 2015, Nocebo effects in the treatment of major depression: results from an individual study participant-level meta-analysis of the placebo arm of duloxetine clinical trials, J Clin Psychiatry, 76, 702, 10.4088/JCP.13r08858 Bartley, 2016, You Can׳t Always Get What You Want: The Influence of Choice on Nocebo and Placebo Responding, Ann Behav Med, 10.1007/s12160-016-9772-1 Zubieta, 2009, Neurobiological mechanisms of placebo responses, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1156, 198, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04424.x Theysohn, 2014, Are there sex differences in placebo analgesia during visceral pain processing? A fMRI study in healthy subjects, Neurogastroenterol Motil, 26, 1743, 10.1111/nmo.12454 Fehse, 2015, Placebo Responses to Original vs. Generic ASA Brands During Exposure to Noxious Heat: A Pilot fMRI Study of Neurofunctional Correlates, Pain Med, 16, 1967, 10.1111/pme.12783 Peciña, 2015, Placebo-Activated Neural Systems are Linked to Antidepressant Responses: Neurochemistry of Placebo Effects in Major Depression, JAMA Psychiatry, 72, 1087, 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1335 Zubieta, 2005, Placebo effects mediated by endogenous opioid activity on mu-opioid receptors, J Neurosci, 25, 7754, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0439-05.2005 Zubieta, 2006, Belief or Need? Accounting for individual variations in the neurochemistry of the placebo effect, Brain Behav Immun, 20, 15, 10.1016/j.bbi.2005.08.006 Freeman, 2015, Distinct neural representations of placebo and nocebo effects, Neuroimage, 112, 197, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.03.015 Levine, 1978, The mechanism of placebo analgesia, Lancet, 2, 654, 10.1016/S0140-6736(78)92762-9 Feng, 2012, Current research on opioid receptor function, Curr Drug Targets, 13, 230, 10.2174/138945012799201612 Peciña, 2013, Personality trait predictors of placebo analgesia and neurobiological correlates, Neuropsychopharmacology, 38, 639, 10.1038/npp.2012.227 Scott, 2008, Placebo and nocebo effects are defined by opposite opioid and dopaminergic responses, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 65, 220, 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.34 Benedetti, 1997, Blockade of nocebo hyperalgesia by the cholecystokinin antagonist proglumide, Pain, 71, 135, 10.1016/S0304-3959(97)03346-0 de la Fuente-Fernandez, 2001, Expectation and dopamine release: mechanism of the placebo effect in Parkinson׳s disease, Science, 293, 1164, 10.1126/science.1060937 Benedetti, 2009, Electrophysiological properties of thalamic, subthalamic and nigral neurons during the anti-parkinsonian placebo response, J Physiol, 587, 3869, 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.169425 Benedetti, 2016, Teaching neurons to respond to placebos, J Physiol, 10.1113/JP271322 Benedetti, 2011, Nonopioid placebo analgesia is mediated by CB1 cannabinoid receptors, Nat Med, 17, 1228, 10.1038/nm.2435 Benedetti, 2016, Different Placebos, Different Mechanisms, Different Outcomes: Lessons for Clinical Trials, PLoS ONE, 10, e0140967, 10.1371/journal.pone.0140967 Benedetti, 2013, Placebo and the new physiology of the doctor-patient relationship, Physiol Rev, 93, 1207, 10.1152/physrev.00043.2012 Immordino-Yang, 2009, Neural correlates of admiration and compassion, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 106, 8021, 10.1073/pnas.0810363106 Amat, 1998, Escapable and inescapable stress differentially and selectively alter extracellular levels of 5-HT in the ventral hippocampus and dorsal periaqueductal gray of the rat, Brain Res, 797, 12, 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)00368-0 Hannibal, 2014, Chronic stress, cortisol dysfunction, and pain: a psychoneuroendocrine rationale for stress management in pain rehabilitation, Phys Ther, 94, 1816, 10.2522/ptj.20130597