A Review of Great Lakes Ice Research

Adams, 1973, Petrographic and chemical properties of Great Lakes ice, Internat. Assoc. Great Lakes Res., 626 Alger, G. R. 1977. Field study of the effect of ice on sediment transport and shoreline erosion, Sault St. Marie, Michigan. Contract Report submitted to the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire. Alger, G. R. 1978. Field study of the effect of ice on sediment transport and shoreline erosion, St. Marys River, St. Clair River, Detroit River, Michigan. Contract Report submitted to the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire. Alger, 1979. Field study of the effect of ice on sediment transport and shoreline erosion, St. Marys River, St. Clair, Detroit River, Michigan. Contract Report submitted to the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire. Anderson, J. M., Dick, T. M, Leslie, T. K., and Michaud, A. 1973. Extension of the navigation season, Gulf of St. Lawrence to Great Lakes, study programme. Transport Canada. Anderson, V. H., Arend, R. G., and Lynch, M. J. 1972. Interpretation of winter ice conditions from SLAR imagery. Photographic Interpretation Corp., Lebanon, N.H. for Ofc. of R&D, U.S. Coast Guard, DOT-CG-14486–1A; Nat. Tech. Inf. Svc. AD-A016, 295/8GI. Arden, 1970, Instrumentation for ice investigation on the Niagara River, 1 Arden, 1972, Dynamics of ice formation in the upper Niagara River, 1296 Argiroff, 1975, Planning the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway navigation season extension program, 111 Ashton, 1984, Ice deterioration, 31 Assel, R. A. 1972. Great Lakes ice cover, winter 1971–72. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS LSC D6, Lake Survey Center, Detroit, Michigan. Assel, R. A. 1974a. Great Lakes ice cover, winter 1973–74. NOAA Technical Report ERL 325-GLERL 1. Assel, R. A. 1974b. Great Lakes ice cover, winter 1972–73. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS LSC D7. Assel, 1976, Great Lakes ice thickness prediction, J. Great Lakes Res., 2, 248, 10.1016/S0380-1330(76)72289-5 Assel, R. A. 1980. Great Lakes degree-day and temperature summaries and norms, 1897–1977. NOAA Data Report ERL GLERL-15. Assel, R. A. 1983a. A computerized ice concentration data base for the Great Lakes. NOAA Data Report ERL GLERL-24. Assel, 1983, Description and analysis of a 20-year (1960–79) digital ice-concentration data base for the Great Lakes of North America, Ann. Glaciol., 4, 14, 10.1017/S0260305500005164 Assel, R. A. 1983c. Lake Erie regional ice cover analysis: Preliminary results. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-48. Assel, 1984, Summary of the discussion on ice information and forecasting, 65 Assel, R. A. 1986. Great Lakes degree-day and winter severity index update: 1897–1983. NOAA Data Report ERL GLERL-29. Assel, 1979, A historical perspective of the 1976–77 Lake Michigan ice cover, Mon. Weather Rev., 107, 336, 10.1175/1520-0493(1979)107<0336:AHPOTL>2.0.CO;2 Assel, 1983 Assel, R.A., Snider, C. R., and Lawrence R. 1984. Great Lakes winter weather and ice conditions for 1982–83. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-55. Assel, 1985, Comparison of 1983 Great Lakes winter weather and ice conditions with previous years, Mon. Weather Rev., 113, 291, 10.1175/1520-0493(1985)113<0291:COGLWW>2.0.CO;2 Bolsenga, 1968 Bolsenga, 1969, Total albedo of Great Lakes ice, Water Resources Res., 5, 1132, 10.1029/WR005i005p01132 Bolsenga, 1977, Preliminary observations on the daily variation of ice albedo, J. Glaciol., 18, 517, 10.1017/S0022143000021171 Bolsenga, S.J. 1978a. Photosynthetically active radiation transmission through ice. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-18. Bolsenga, S.J. 1978b. On the use of multispectral radar to define certain characteristics of Great Lakes ice. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-17. Bolsenga, S.J. 1979. Solar altitude effects on ice albedo. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-25 Bolsenga, S.J. 1980. New observations on the daily variations of natural ice albedo. NOAA Technical Memo randum ERL GLERL-27. Bolsenga, 1981, Radiation transmittance through lake ice in the 400–700 nm range, J. Glaciol., 27, 57, 10.1017/S0022143000011229 Bolsenga, 1983, Spectral reflectances of snow and freshwater ice from 340 through 1100 nm, J. Glaciol., 29, 296, 10.1017/S0022143000008352 Bolsenga, 1984, Nearshore Great Lakes ice thicknesses and stratigraphies, 23 Bolsenga, 1984, Shortwave reflectance and transmittance of ice and snow, 10 Bolsenga, 1987, Note on certain diurnal variations in the albedo of snow and ice, 141 Bolsenga, 1988, Nearshore Great Lakes ice cover, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 15, 99, 10.1016/0165-232X(88)90057-2 Bolsenga, 1989, Vol. 1 Bolsenga, 1984, Techniques to measure the spectral reflectance of ice, SPIE, 489, 384, 10.1117/12.943326 Bolsenga, 1982, A dual spectroradiometer system for measuring spectral reflectances, J. Appl. Meteorol., 21, 642, 10.1175/1520-0450(1982)021<0642:ADSSFM>2.0.CO;2 Greene, G. M., and Hinkel, K. M. 1988a. Nearshore Great Lakes Ice Statistics. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-69. Bolsenga, 1988, An under ice ecology pilot program, operations and preliminary scientific results, J. Great Lakes Res., 14, 372, 10.1016/S0380-1330(88)71567-1 Bolsenga, 1989, ROV Dives Under Great Lakes Ice, Cold Regions Science and Technology, 16, 89, 10.1016/0165-232X(89)90010-4 Bolsenga, 1991, Spectral transmittance of lake ice from 400–850 nm, Hydrobiologia, 218, 15, 10.1007/BF00006414 Boyd, 1981, The March 1978 lakeshore ice piling event on Lake St. Clair, Ontario, 1 Brazel, A. J. 1971. Winter climatology and ice characteristics: St. Marys River-Whitefish Bay waterway. NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS LSCR 3, Lake Survey Center, Detroit, Michigan. Bryan, M. L. 1974. Ice thickness variability on Silver Lake, Genessee County, Michigan — A radar approach. In Interdisciplinary Symposium on Advanced Concepts and Techniques in the Study of Snow and Ice Resources, pp. 213–223. Monterey, California. 1973. Nat. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC. Bryan, 1975, The study of freshwater lake ice using multiplex imaging radar (abstract only), J. Glaciol., 15, 461, 10.1017/S0022143000034596 Bryan, 1975, Classification of freshwater ice using multispectral radar images Bryan, 1972, Physical characteristics of near shore ice ridges, Arctic, 25, 182, 10.14430/arctic2960 Bryce, 1968, Ice and river control, Journal of the Power Division, ASCE, 94, 183, 10.1061/JPWEAM.0000586 Butkovich, 1955 Calkins, 1975, Arching of fragmented ice covers, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 2, 392, 10.1139/l75-036 Calkins, D. J., and Ashton, G. D. 1975b. Arching of fragmented ice covers. Spec. Rep. 222, U.S. Army Cold Regions Res. Eng. Lab., Hanover, New Hampshire. Calkins, 1975, Cost comparisons for lock wall deicing Calkins, D. J. Deck, D. S., and Sodhi, D. S. 1982. Hydraulic model study of Port Huron ice control structure. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL Report 82–34. Campbell, J. E., Clites, A. H., and Greene, G. M. 1987. Measurements of ice motion in Lake Erie using satellite-tracked drifter buoys. NOAA Data Report ERL GLERL-30. Canada, Department of Transport, Meteorological Branch. 1960. Aerial ice observing and reconnaissance 1960—the Great Lakes. Toronto, Ontario, Department of Transport. Technical Circular 3361, TEC 328. Canada, Department of Transport, Meteorological Branch. 1962a. Aerial ice observing and reconnais sance 1961—the Great Lakes. Toronto, Ontario, Department of Transport. Technical Circular 3530, TEC 371. Canada, Department of Transport, Meteorological Branch. 1962b. Aerial ice observing and reconnaissance 1962—the Great Lakes. Toronto, Ontario, Department of Transport. Technical Circular 3772, TEC 440. Canada, Department of Transport, Meteorological Branch. 1963. Aerial ice observing and reconnaissance 1963—the Great Lakes. Toronto, Ontario, Department of Transport. Technical Circular 3987, ICE 13. Canada, Department of Transport, Meteorological Branch. 1966. Ice observations 1964—Canadian inland waterways. Toronto, Ontario. Department of Transport. Canada, Department of Transport, Meteorological Branch. 1968. Ice observations 1965—Canadian inland waterways. Toronto, Ontario. Department of Transport. Canada, Department of Transport, Meteorological Branch. 1969. Ice observations 1966—Canadian inland waterways. Toronto, Ontario. Department of Transport. Canada, Department of Transport, Meteorological Branch. 1971. Ice observations 1967—Canadian inland waterways. Toronto, Ontario. Department of Transport. Canada, Environment Canada, Atmospheric Environment Svc. 1971–88. Aerial ice reconnaissance and ice advisory services: The Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway. ICEREC 2. Canada, Environment Canada, Atmospheric Environment Svc. 1980. Ice thickness climatology of the Great Lakes. Ice Climatology and Applications Division, Internal Report. Canada, St. Lawrence Seaway Authority, Operations and Maintenance Branch. 1977. Navigation season extension studies record of conditions; Lake Erie winter 1976–77. Canada, St. Lawrence Seaway Authority, Operations and Maintenance Branch. 1978. Navigation season extension studies, record of conditions; Lake Erie winter 1977–78. Canada, St. Lawrence Seaway Authority, Operations and Maintenance Branch. 1979 Navigation season extension studies, record of conditions; Lake Erie winter 1978–79. Canada, St. Lawrence Seaway Authority, Operations and Maintenance Branch. 1980. Navigation season extension studies, record of conditions; Lake Erie winter 1979–80. Canada, St. Lawrence Seaway Authority, Operations and Maintenance Branch. 1981. Navigation season extension studies, record of conditions; Lake Erie winter 1980–81. Canada, St. Lawrence Seaway Authority, Operations and Maintenance Branch. 1982. Navigation season extension studies, record of conditions; Lake Erie winter 1981–82. Canada, St. Lawrence Seaway Authority, Operations and Maintenance Branch. 1983. Navigation season extension studies, record of conditions; Lake Erie winter 1982–83. Canada, St. Lawrence Seaway Authority, Operations and Maintenance Branch. 1984. Navigation season extension studies, record of conditions; Lake Erie winter 1983–84. Canada, St. Lawrence Seaway Authority, Operations and Maintenance Branch. 1985. Navigation season extension studies, record of conditions; Lake Erie winter 1984–85. Canada, St. Lawrence Seaway Authority, Operations and Maintenance Branch. 1986. Navigation season extension studies, record of conditions; Lake Erie winter 1985–86. Canada, St. Lawrence Seaway Authority, Operations and Maintenance Branch. 1987. Navigation season extension studies, record of conditions; Lake Erie winter 1986–87. Canada, St. Lawrence Seaway Authority, Operations and Maintenance Branch. 1988. Navigation season extension studies, record of conditions; Lake Erie winter 1987–88. Canada, Transport Canada, St. Lawrence Seaway Authority. 1971. Winter navigation studies; Lake Erie, winter 1970–71; Detroit River, Lake St. Clair, St. Clair River winter 1970–71; St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, Detroit River, winter 1969–70. Canada, Transport Canada, St. Lawrence Seaway Authority. 1973a. Navigation season extension studies, Lake Erie, winter 1971–72; Detroit River, Lake St. Clair, St. Clair River winter 1971–72. Canada, Transport Canada, St. Lawrence Seaway Authority. 1973b. Navigation season extension studies, Lake Erie, winter 1972–73; Detroit River, Lake St. Clair, St. Clair River winter 1972–73. Canada, Transport Canada, St. Lawrence Seaway Authority. 1975. Navigation season extension studies, Lake Erie, winter 1974–75; Detroit River, Lake St. Clair, St. Clair River winter 1974–75. Canada, Transport Canada, St. Lawrence Seaway Authority. 1976. Navigation season extension studies, Lake Erie, winter 1975–76; Detroit River, Lake St. Clair, St. Clair River winter 1975–76. Case, 1906, A peculiar formation of shore ice, J. Glaciol., 14, 134 Chase, P. E. 1972. Guide to ice interpretation: Satellite imagery and drift ice. Final Report prepared for the U.S. Department of Commerce by the Bendix Corporation, Aerospace systems Division, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Chase, 1970, Ice data collection and usage: Emphasis on prediction techniques, Internat. Assoc. Great Lakes Res., 747 Chieh, 1983, Ice forecasting model for Lake Erie, Waterway, Port. Coastal and Ocean Engineering, ASCE, 109, 392, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(1983)109:4(392) Clapper, 1975 Conger, 1906, Storms and ice on the Great Lakes, Mon. Weather Rev., 36, 236, 10.1175/1520-0493(1908)36<236b:SAIOTG>2.0.CO;2 Conger, 1908, Ice conditions on the Great Lakes, winter of 1907–08, Mon. Weather Rev., 36, 137, 10.1175/1520-0493(1908)36<137c:ICOTGL>2.0.CO;2 Cork, H. F., and Chapil, R. C. 1966. Instrumentation for study of ice formation on the Niagara River. IHD Report No. 1. Department of Transport of Canada. Cowley, 1977, A model study of St. Marys River ice navigation, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 4, 380, 10.1139/l77-047 Derecki, 1986, Record St. Clair River ice jam of 1984, Jour. Hyd. Eng., 112, 1182, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1986)112:12(1182) DeWitt, B. H., Kahlbaum, D. F., Baker, D. G., Wartha, J. H., Keyes, F. A., Boyce, D. E., Quinn, F. H., Assel, R. A., Baker-Blocker, A., and Kurdziel K. M. 1980. Summary of Great Lakes weather and ice conditions, winter 1978–79. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-31. Dingman, 1984, The Lake Erie response to the January 26, 1978, cyclone, J. Geo. Res., 89, 6427, 10.1029/JC089iC04p06427 Dozier, 1976, Ice cusp formation on Lake Superior icefoots, Rev. Geogr. Montr., 30, 161 Edwards, R. I. Jr., Lewis, J. W., Wheaton, J. W., and Coburn, J. C. Jr. 1972. Full-scale and model tests of a Great Lakes icebreaker. Soc. of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Proc. of the Annual Meeting. Fahnestock, 1973, Ice volcanoes on the Lake Erie shore near Dunkirk, New York, USA., J. Glaciol, 12, 93, 10.1017/S0022143000022735 Ferguson, 1968, A preliminary estimate of the ice season on energy balance for the Niagara River, Bull of the IASH XIII, 3, 41 Ferguson, 1972, Regression evaluations relating ice conditions in the upper Niagara River to meteorological variables, 1314 Ferguson, H. L., and Cork, H. F. 1972b. Relationship between meteorological variables and ice flow in the upper Niagara River. Atmospheric Environment Service, Department of the Environment, CMRR-1/72. Foulds, 1964 Foulds, 1967, Niagara River ice control, Proc. Eastern Snow Conference, 24, 35 Frankenstein, G. E. 1959. Strength data on lake ice. Tech. Rep. 59, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), Hanover, New Hampshire. Frankenstein, G. E. 1961. Strength data on lake ice II. Tech. Rep. 80, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), Hanover, New Hampshire. Frankenstein, G. E. 1963. Load test data for ice sheets. Tech. Rep. 80, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), Hanover, New Hampshire. Gatto, L. W. 1978a. Data base for environmental conditions along the U.S. shoreline of the St. Marys, St. Clair, Detroit, and St. Lawrence Rivers. CRREL Internal Report 553. Gatto, 1978, Historical shoreline changes along the U.S. portion of the Great Lakes connecting channels as determined from aerial photo-interpretation. Gatto, L. 1978c. Problem and solution data for shore damage and erosion (Part 1). CRREL Internal Report 589. Gatto, L. 1982a. Shoreline conditions and bank recession along the U.S. shorelines of the St. Marys, St. Clair, and St. Lawrence Rivers. U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL), Hanover, New Hampshire, Report 82–11. Gatto, L. 1982b. Bank conditions and recession along the U.S. shorelines of the St. Marys, St. Clair, Detroit and St. Lawrence Rivers: Ancillary data. CRREL Internal Report 747. Gedney, R. T., Schertler, R. J., Mueller, R. A., Jirberg, R. J., and Mark, H. 1975. An operational allweather Great Lakes ice information system. NASA Technical Memorandum NASA TM X-71812. Gilbert, 1987, A wind driven ice push event in eastern Lake Ontario, J. Great Lakes Res., 2, 326 Grass, 1984, Ice scour and ice ridging studies in Lake Erie, 33 Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway Winter Navigation Board. 1979. Demonstration program, final report. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Greene, G. M. 1983. Forecasting ice-cover freeze-up, growth, and breakup on the St. Marys River. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL 47. Greene, 1984, Sub-committee report: summary of the discussion on ice characteristics, 57 Hagman, B. B. 1976a. An analysis of Great Lakes ice cover from satellite imagery. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-9. Hagman, B. B. 1976b. On the use of microwave radiation for Great Lakes ice surveillance. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-13. 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NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-44. Hitch, R. D. 1959. Flexural strength of clear lake ice. Technical Rept. 65, U.S. Army Snow Ice and Permafrost Research Establishment, Corps of Engineers, Wilmette, Illinois. Hodek, 1975, Instrumented piles for the measurement of ice uplift forces, 409 Holden, 1959, Ice conditions in the Niagara River, 1 Horeth, 1948, Bending and shear tests on lake ice, Trans. Am. Geoph. Un., 29, 909, 10.1029/TR029i006p00909 Hsiung Yu, 1968, The effect of ice on the roughness coefficient of the St. Clair River, Assoc. Great Lakes Research, 668 International Niagara Working Committee. 1978. 1976–1977 Operation of the Lake Erie-Niagara River ice boom and related studies. Report to the International Niagara Board of Control, International Joint Commission. 1979 Jacobs, P. A., Lawrence, L. B., and Godin, R. H. 1980. Great Lakes composite ice and surface temperature analysis. NWS Tech. Proc. Bull. Ser. 290. Meteorological Services Division. 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NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL GLERL-33. Leshkevich, 1985, Airborne measurements of the spectral reflectance of freshwater ice, 245 Leshkevich, 1985, A field calibration technique for airborne ice reflectance measurement, 70 Leshkevich, 1985, Machine classification of freshwater ice types from Landsat-1 digital data using ice albedoes as training sets, Rem. Sen. Env., 17, 251, 10.1016/0034-4257(85)90098-7 Leshkevich, 1988, Non-Lambertian reference panel effect on spectral reflectance measurements of fresh water ice, Int. J. Rem. Sensing, 9, 825, 10.1080/01431168808954896 Leshkevich, 1984, Airborne measurements of freshwater ice albedoes, 1677 Linklater, 1970, Great Lakes ice season of 1969, Mariners Weather Log, 14, 328 List, 1972, Heat losses and synoptic patterns relating to frazil ice production in the Niagara River, 1328 Lyon, 1912, Ice troubles at Buffalo, The Canadian Engineer, 23, 126 Marsh, 1973, Formation, structure and geomorphic influence of Lake Superior ice foots, Amer. 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Perham, 1978, Ice and ship effects on the St. Marys River ice booms, Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 5, 222, 10.1139/l78-026 Perham, R. E. 1978b. Performance of the St. Marys River ice booms, 1976–1977. U.S. Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire, CRREL Report 78–24. Perham, 1981, An ice control arrangement for winter navigation, 1096 Perham, R. E. 1983. Ice sheet retention structures. U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire, CRREL Report 83–30. Perham, R. E. 1984. The effectiveness and influences of the navigation ice booms on the St. Marys River. U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire, CRREL Rept. 84–4. Perham, R. E. 1985. Determining the effectiveness of a navigable ice boom. U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, New Hampshire, CRREL Rept. 85–17. 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