A Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Chiropractic Adjustments to Muscle Relaxants for Subacute Low Back Pain

Allan, 1989, An historical perspective on low back pain and disability, Acta Orthop Scand, 60, 1, 10.3109/17453678909153916 Andersson, 1998, Epidemiology of low back pain, Acta Orthop Scand, 69, 28, 10.1080/17453674.1998.11744790 Waddell, 1996, Low back pain: a twentieth century health care enigma, Spine, 21, 2820, 10.1097/00007632-199612150-00002 Linton, 1998, Can we screen for problematic back pain? A screening questionnaire for predicting outcome in acute and subacute back pain, Clin J Pain, 14, 209, 10.1097/00002508-199809000-00007 Sinclair, 1997, The effectiveness of an early active intervention program for workers with soft-tissue injuries: the early claimant cohort study, Spine, 22, 2919, 10.1097/00007632-199712150-00015 Carey, 1995, The outcomes and costs of care for acute low back pain among patients seen by primary care practitioners, chiropractors, and orthopaedic surgeons, N Engl J Med, 333, 913, 10.1056/NEJM199510053331406 Deyo, 1996, Low back pain. A primary care challenge, Spine, 21, 2826, 10.1097/00007632-199612150-00003 Von Korff, 1996, The course of back pain in primary care, Spine, 21, 2833, 10.1097/00007632-199612150-00004 Bigos, 1994 Abenhaim, 1992, Twenty years of randomized clinical trials of manipulative therapy for back pain: a review, Clin Invest Med, 15, 527 Haldeman, 1986, Spinal manipulative therapy in sports medicine, Clin Sports Med, 5, 277, 10.1016/S0278-5919(20)31132-7 Moritz, 1979, Evaluation of manipulation and other manual therapy. Criteria for measuring the effect of treatment, Scand J Rehabil Med, 11, 173 Raftis KL, Warfield CA. Spinal manipulation for back pain. Hosp Pract (Off Ed) 1989;24:89-90, 95-6, 102. Shekelle, 1992, Spinal manipulation for low back pain, Ann Intern Med, 117, 590, 10.7326/0003-4819-117-7-590 Koes, 1992, The effectiveness of manual therapy, physiotherapy, and treatment by the general practitioner for nonspecific back and neck complaints, Spine, 17, 28, 10.1097/00007632-199201000-00005 Meade, 1990, Low back pain of mechanical origin: randomized comparison of chiropractic and hospital outpatient treatment, BMJ, 300, 1431, 10.1136/bmj.300.6737.1431 Meade, 1995, Randomized comparison of chiropractic and hospital outpatient management for low back pain: results from extended follow-up, BMJ, 311, 349, 10.1136/bmj.311.7001.349 Giles, 1999, Chronic spinal pain syndromes: a clinical pilot trial comparing acupuncture, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and spinal manipulation, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 22, 376, 10.1016/S0161-4754(99)70082-5 Hsieh, 1992, Functional outcomes of low back pain: comparison of four treatment groups in a randomized controlled trial, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 15, 4 Pengel, 2002, Systematic review of conservative interventions for subacute low back pain, Clin Rehabil, 16, 811, 10.1191/0269215502cr562oa Anderson, 1992, A meta-analysis of clinical trials of spinal manipulation, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 15, 181 Gatterman, 1995, What's in a word?, 5 Janse, 1975, History of the development of chiropractic concepts: chiropractic terminology, 25 Leach, 1994, Manipulation terminology, 15 Meeker, 2002, Chiropractic: a profession at the crossroads of mainstream and alternative medicine, Ann Intern Med, 136, 216, 10.7326/0003-4819-136-3-200202050-00010 Christensen, 2000, 115 Nyiendo, 2000, Patient characteristics, practice activities, and one-month outcomes for chronic, recurrent low-back pain treated by chiropractors and family medicine physicians: a practice-based feasibility study, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 23, 239, 10.1016/S0161-4754(00)90170-2 Hoiriis, 1999, Changes in general health status during upper cervical chiropractic care: a practice-based research project update, Chiropr Res J, 6, 65 Henderson, 1995, Three neurophysiologic theories on the chiropractic subluxation, 225 Lantz, 1995, The vertebral subluxation complex, 149 Miller, 1998, Propriospinal neurons in the C1-C2 spinal segments project to the L5-S1 segments of the rat spinal cord, Brain Res Bull, 47, 43, 10.1016/S0361-9230(98)00065-3 Arkuszewski, 1986, Involvement of the cervical spine in back pain, Man Med, 2, 126 Andersson, 1999, A comparison of osteopathic spinal manipulation with standard care for patients with low back pain, N Engl J Med, 341, 1426, 10.1056/NEJM199911043411903 Grostic JD. Upper cervical care and functional leg length inequality. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Conference on Research and Education. 1991 June 21-23; Monterey, California. San Jose (CA): Consortium for Chiropractic Research; 1991. p. 70-3. Grostic, 1982, Roentgenographic measurement of atlas laterality and rotation: a retrospective pre and post manipulation study, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 5, 63 1976, 78 1993, 14 Hinson, 1998, Supine leg length differential estimation: an inter- and intra-examiner reliability study, Chiropr Res J, 5, 17 Hinson, 2000, Pre- and post-adjustment supine leg-length estimation, J Chiropr Educ, 14, 37 Walsh P. Physicians' desk reference. 55th ed. Montvale (NJ): Medical Economics; 2001. p. 1929, 2716, 3252. Jayson, 1999, Outcome measures for back pain: introduction, justification, and epidemiology, 8 Ferraz, 1990, Reliability of pain scales in the assessment of literate and illiterate patients with rheumatoid arthritis, J Rheumatol, 17, 1022 McCormack, 1988, Clinical applications of visual analogue scales: a critical review, Psychol Med, 18, 1007, 10.1017/S0033291700009934 Scott, 1979, Vertical or horizontal visual analogue scales, Ann Rheum Dis, 38, 560, 10.1136/ard.38.6.560 Baker, 1989, The Oswestry Disability Index revisited: its reliability, repeatability and validity, and a comparison with the St Thomas Disability Index, 174 Fairbank, 1980, The Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire, Physiotherapy, 66, 271 Stratford, 1994, Assessing change over time in patients with low back pain, Phys Ther, 74, 528, 10.1093/ptj/74.6.528 Hedlund, 1979, The Zung Self-rating Depression Scale: a comprehensive review, J Oper Psychiatry, 10, 51 Lambert, 1986, Zung, Beck, and Hamilton rating scales as measures of a treatment outcome: a meta-analytic comparison, J Consult Clin Psychol, 54, 54, 10.1037/0022-006X.54.1.54 Main, 1992, The distress and risk assessment method: a simple patient classification to identify distress and evaluate the risk of poor outcome, Spine, 17, 42, 10.1097/00007632-199201000-00007 Tanaka-Matsumi, 1986, Reliabilities and concurrent validities of popular self-report measures of depression, anxiety, and social desirability, J Consult Clin Psychol, 54, 328, 10.1037/0022-006X.54.3.328 Dequeker, 1997, 41 Evans, 1994, Schober's test, 326 Waterworth, 1985, An open study of diflunisal, conservative and manipulative therapy in the management of low back pain, N Z Med J, 98, 372 Bronfort, 1996, Trunk exercise combined with spinal manipulative or NSAID therapy for chronic low back pain: a randomized, observer blinded clinical trial, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 19, 570 Cherkin, 1998, A comparison of physical therapy, chiropractic manipulation, and provision of an educational booklet for the treatment of patients with low back pain, N Engl J Med, 339, 1021, 10.1056/NEJM199810083391502 Balon, 1998, A comparison of active and simulated chiropractic manipulation as adjunctive treatment for childhood asthma, N Engl J Med, 339, 1013, 10.1056/NEJM199810083391501 Browning, 2001, Cyclobenzaprine and back pain: a meta-analysis, Arch Intern Med, 161, 1613, 10.1001/archinte.161.13.1613 Dopf, 1995, Analysis of spine motion variability using a computerized goniometer compared to physical examination. A prospective clinical study, Spine, 19, 586, 10.1097/00007632-199403000-00015 Miller, 1992, Reliability problems associated with the modified Schober technique for true lumbar flexion measurement, Spine, 17, 345, 10.1097/00007632-199203000-00017 Williams, 1993, Reliability of the modified Schober and double inclinometer methods for measuring lumbar flexion and extension, Phys Ther, 73, 33, 10.1093/ptj/73.1.26 Eisenberg, 1998, Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990-1997. Results of a follow-up national survey, JAMA, 280, 1569, 10.1001/jama.280.18.1569 Eisenberg, 1993, Unconventional medicine in the United States–prevalence, costs, and patterns of use, N Engl J Med, 328, 246, 10.1056/NEJM199301283280406 Morin, 1995, How “blind” are double-blind placebo-controlled trials of benzodiazepine hypnotics?, Sleep, 18, 240, 10.1093/sleep/18.4.240 van Tulder, 1997, Conservative treatment of acute and chronic nonspecific low back pain: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials of the most common interventions, Spine, 22, 2121, 10.1097/00007632-199709150-00012