A New Era of Testosterone and Prostate Cancer: From Physiology to Clinical Implications

Traish, 2011, Testosterone deficiency, Am J Med, 124, 578, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.12.027 Morgentaler, 2006, Testosterone and prostate cancer: an historical perspective on a modern myth, Eur Urol, 50, 935, 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.06.034 Fowler, 1981, The incidence and extent of pelvic lymph node metastases in apparently localized prostatic cancer, Cancer, 47, 2941, 10.1002/1097-0142(19810615)47:12<2941::AID-CNCR2820471235>3.0.CO;2-F Huggins, 1941, The effect of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatase in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate, Cancer Res, 1, 293 Gooren, 2012, Diagnosing and treating testosterone deficiency in different parts of the world: changes between 2006 and 2010, Aging Male, 15, 22, 10.3109/13685538.2011.650246 Isbarn, 2009, Testosterone and prostate cancer: revisiting old paradigms, Eur Urol, 56, 48, 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.03.088 Calof, 2005, Adverse events associated with testosterone replacement in middle-aged and older men: a meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, 60, 1451, 10.1093/gerona/60.11.1451 Morgentaler, 2011, Testosterone therapy in men with untreated prostate cancer, J Urol, 185, 1256, 10.1016/j.juro.2010.11.084 Røder, 2012, Serum testosterone level as a predictor of biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer, BJU Int, 109, 520, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10335.x Morgentaler, 2009, Shifting the paradigm of testosterone and prostate cancer: the saturation model and the limits of androgen-dependent growth, Eur Urol, 55, 310, 10.1016/j.eururo.2008.09.024 Tindall, 2008, The rationale for inhibiting 5alpha-reductase isoenzymes in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer, J Urol, 179, 1235, 10.1016/j.juro.2007.11.033 Peters, 1987, The effect of nafarelin acetate, a luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone agonist, on benign prostatic hyperplasia, N Engl J Med, 317, 599, 10.1056/NEJM198709033171004 Bhasin, 1996, The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men, N Engl J Med, 335, 1, 10.1056/NEJM199607043350101 Monath, 1995, Physiologic variations of serum testosterone within the normal range do not affect serum prostate-specific antigen, Urology, 46, 58, 10.1016/S0090-4295(99)80159-9 Cooper, 1998, Effect of exogenous testosterone on prostate volume, serum and semen prostate specific antigen levels in healthy young men, J Urol, 159, 441, 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)63944-2 Marks, 2006, Effect of testosterone replacement therapy on prostate tissue in men with late-onset hypogonadism: a randomized controlled trial, JAMA, 296, 2351, 10.1001/jama.296.19.2351 Tomera, 2001, The gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist abarelix depot versus luteinizing hormone releasing hormone agonists leuprolide or goserelin: initial results of endocrinological and biochemical efficacies in patients with prostate cancer, J Urol, 165, 1585, 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)66353-7 Roddam, 2008, Endogenous sex hormones and prostate cancer: a collaborative analysis of 18 prospective studies, J Natl Cancer Inst, 100, 170, 10.1093/jnci/djm323 Muller, 2012, Serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone and prostate cancer risk in the placebo arm of the reduction by dutasteride of prostate cancer events trial, Eur Urol, 62, 757, 10.1016/j.eururo.2012.05.025 Shabsigh, 2009, Testosterone therapy in hypogonadal men and potential prostate cancer risk: a systematic review, Int J Impot Res, 21, 9, 10.1038/ijir.2008.31 Feneley, 2012, Is testosterone treatment good for the prostate? Study of safety during long-term treatment, J Sex Med, 9, 2138, 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2012.02808.x Raynaud, 2013, Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentrations in hypogonadal men during 6 years of transdermal testosterone treatment, BJU Int, 111, 880, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11514.x Rhoden, 2003, Testosterone replacement therapy in hypogonadal men at high risk for prostate cancer: results of 1 year of treatment in men with prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, J Urol, 170, 2348, 10.1097/01.ju.0000091104.71869.8e Morgentaler, 1996, Occult prostate cancer in men with low serum testosterone levels, JAMA, 276, 1904, 10.1001/jama.1996.03540230054035 Morgentaler, 2006, Prevalence of prostate cancer among hypogonadal men with prostate-specific antigen levels of 4.0 ng/mL or less, Urology, 68, 1263, 10.1016/j.urology.2006.08.1058 Hoffman, 2000, Is low serum free testosterone a marker for high grade prostate cancer?, J Urol, 163, 824, 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)67812-3 García-Cruz, 2012, Low testosterone levels are related to poor prognosis factors in men with prostate cancer prior to treatment, BJU Int, 110, E541, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11232.x Karamanolakis, 2006, Serum testosterone: a potentially adjunct screening test for the assessment of the risk of prostate cancer among men with modestly elevated PSA values (> or =3.0 and <10.0ng/ml), Anticancer Res, 26, 3159 Rhoden, 2008, The ratio of serum testosterone-to-prostate specific antigen predicts prostate cancer in hypogonadal men, J Urol, 179, 1741, 10.1016/j.juro.2008.01.045 Svatek, 2008, Change in prostate specific antigen following androgen stimulation is an independent predictor of prostate cancer diagnosis, J Urol, 179, 2192, 10.1016/j.juro.2008.01.142 Kim, 2012, Usefulness of preoperative serum testosterone as a predictor of extraprostatic extension and biochemical recurrence, Korean J Urol, 53, 9, 10.4111/kju.2012.53.1.9 Salonia, 2012, Serum sex steroids depict a nonlinear u-shaped association with high-risk prostate cancer at radical prostatectomy, Clin Cancer Res, 18, 3648, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-2799 Teloken, 2005, Low serum testosterone levels are associated with positive surgical margins in radical retropubic prostatectomy: hypogonadism represents bad prognosis in prostate cancer, J Urol, 174, 2178, 10.1097/01.ju.0000181818.51977.29 Yamamoto, 2007, Preoperative serum testosterone level as an independent predictor of treatment failure following radical prostatectomy, Eur Urol, 52, 696, 10.1016/j.eururo.2007.03.052 Salonia, 2013, Preoperative sex steroids are significant predictors of early biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy, World J Urol, 31, 275, 10.1007/s00345-012-0856-7 Xylinas, 2011, Low pretreatment total testosterone (< 3 ng/mL) predicts extraprostatic disease in prostatectomy specimens from patients with preoperative localized prostate cancer, BJU Int, 107, 1400, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2010.09816.x Pierorazio, 2010, Serum testosterone is associated with aggressive prostate cancer in older men: results from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, BJU Int, 105, 824, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.08853.x Kaufman, 2004, Androgen replacement after curative radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer in hypogonadal men, J Urol, 172, 920, 10.1097/01.ju.0000136269.10161.32 Agarwal, 2005, Testosterone replacement therapy after primary treatment for prostate cancer, J Urol, 173, 533, 10.1097/01.ju.0000143942.55896.64 Khera, 2009, Testosterone replacement therapy following radical prostatectomy, J Sex Med, 6, 1165, 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01161.x Pastuszak, 2013, Testosterone replacement therapy in patients with prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy, J Urol, 190, 639, 10.1016/j.juro.2013.02.002 Sarosdy, 2007, Testosterone replacement for hypogonadism after treatment of early prostate cancer with brachytherapy, Cancer, 109, 536, 10.1002/cncr.22438 Morales, 2009, Testosterone administration to men with testosterone deficiency syndrome after external beam radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: preliminary observations, BJU Int, 103, 62, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.07882.x Pastuszak, 2013, Testosterone replacement therapy in the setting of prostate cancer treated with radiation, Int J Impot Res, 25, 24, 10.1038/ijir.2012.29 Morales, 2011, Effect of testosterone administration to men with prostate cancer is unpredictable: a word of caution and suggestions for a registry, BJU Int, 107, 1369, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10193.x Hatzoglou, 2005, Membrane androgen receptor activation induces apoptotic regression of human prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90, 893, 10.1210/jc.2004-0801 Sonnenschein, 1989, Negative controls of cell proliferation: human prostate cancer cells and androgens, Cancer Res, 49, 3474 Chuu, 2005, Androgen causes growth suppression and reversion of androgen-independent prostate cancer xenografts to an androgen-stimulated phenotype in athymic mice, Cancer Res, 65, 2082, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-3992 Kalinchenko, 2008, Beneficial effects of testosterone administration on symptoms of the lower urinary tract in men with late-onset hypogonadism: a pilot study, Aging Male, 11, 57, 10.1080/13685530801953994 Prout, 1967, Response of men with advanced prostatic carcinoma to exogenous administration of testosterone, Cancer, 20, 1871, 10.1002/1097-0142(196711)20:11<1871::AID-CNCR2820201112>3.0.CO;2-D Morales, 1971, Androgen therapy in advanced carcinoma of the prostate, Can Med Assoc J, 105, 71