A Narrative Overview of Active Surveillance for Clinically Localised Prostate Cancer

American Cancer Society. Key statistics for prostate cancer. Available at:https://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostate-cancer/about/key-statistics.html. Accessed May 20, 2020. Cancer Research UK. Prostate cancer statistics. Available at: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/cancer-statistics/statistics-by-cancer-type/prostate-cancer Uroweb. EAU guidelines: prostate cancer. Available at: https://uroweb.org/guideline/prostate-cancer/. Accessed May 20, 2020. Epstein, 2016, The 2014 International Society of Urological Pathology (ISUP) consensus conference on Gleason grading of prostatic carcinoma definition of grading patterns and proposal for a new grading system, Am J Surg Pathol, 40, 244, 10.1097/PAS.0000000000000530 D'Amico, 1998, Biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy, external beam radiation therapy, or interstitial radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer, JAMA, 280, 969, 10.1001/jama.280.11.969 Moon, 2006, Cancer incidence after localized therapy for prostate cancer, Cancer, 107, 991, 10.1002/cncr.22083 Donovan, 2016, Patient-reported outcomes after monitoring, surgery, or radiotherapy for prostate cancer, N Engl J Med, 375, 1425, 10.1056/NEJMoa1606221 Bill-Axelson, 2018, Radical prostatectomy or watchful waiting in prostate cancer — 29-year follow-up, N Engl J Med, 379, 2319, 10.1056/NEJMoa1807801 Wilt, 2017, Follow-up of prostatectomy versus observation for early prostate cancer, N Engl J Med, 377, 132, 10.1056/NEJMoa1615869 Hamdy, 2016, 10-Year Outcomes After Monitoring, Surgery, or Radiotherapy for Localized Prostate Cancer, N Engl J Med, 375, 1415, 10.1056/NEJMoa1606220 Schröder, 2009, Screening and prostate-cancer mortality in a randomized European study, N Engl J Med, 360, 1320, 10.1056/NEJMoa0810084 Bryant, 2018, Does the introduction of prostate multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging into the active surveillance protocol for localized prostate cancer improve patient re-classification?, BJU Int, 122, 794, 10.1111/bju.14248 Thomsen, 2014, Active surveillance for clinically localized prostate cancer - a systematic review, J Surg Oncol, 109, 830, 10.1002/jso.23584 Klotz, 2015, Long-term follow-up of a large active surveillance cohort of patients with prostate cancer, J Clin Oncol, 33, 272, 10.1200/JCO.2014.55.1192 Roemeling, 2007, Active surveillance for prostate cancers detected in three subsequent rounds of a screening trial: characteristics, PSA doubling times, and outcome, Eur Urol, 51, 1244, 10.1016/j.eururo.2006.11.053 Khatami, 2007, PSA doubling time predicts the outcome after active surveillance in screening-detected prostate cancer: Results from the European randomized study of screening for prostate cancer, Sweden section, Int J Cancer, 120, 170, 10.1002/ijc.22161 Carter, 2007, Expectant management of prostate cancer with curative intent: an update of The Johns Hopkins experience, J Urol, 178, 2359, 10.1016/j.juro.2007.08.039 van As, 2008, Predicting the probability of deferred radical treatment for localised prostate cancer managed by active surveillance, Eur Urol, 54, 1297, 10.1016/j.eururo.2008.02.039 Soloway, 2010, Careful selection and close monitoring of low-risk prostate cancer patients on active surveillance minimizes the need for treatment, Eur Urol, 58, 831, 10.1016/j.eururo.2010.08.027 Adamy, 2011, Role of prostate specific antigen and immediate confirmatory biopsy in predicting progression during active surveillance for low risk prostate cancer, J Urol, 185, 477, 10.1016/j.juro.2010.09.095 Klotz, 2015, Long-term follow-up of a large active surveillance cohort of patients with prostate cancer, J Clin Oncol, 33, 272, 10.1200/JCO.2014.55.1192 Tosoian, 2015, Intermediate and longer-term outcomes from a prospective active-surveillance program for favorable-risk prostate cancer, J Clin Oncol, 33, 3379, 10.1200/JCO.2015.62.5764 American Urological Association. Prostate cancer: clinically localized guideline. Available at: https://www.auanet.org/guidelines/prostate-cancer-clinically-localized-guideline. Accessed May 20, 2020. Federtaie Medisch Specialisten. Prostate cancer - general - guideline - guidelines database. Available at: https://richtlijnendatabase.nl/richtlijn/prostaatcarcinoom/algemeen.html. Accessed May 20, 2020. Selvadurai, 2013, Medium-term outcomes of active surveillance for localised prostate cancer, Eur Urol, 64, 981, 10.1016/j.eururo.2013.02.020 El Conocimiento es de todos. Guía de Práctica Clínica Para La Detección Temprana, Diagnóstico, Tratamiento, Seguimiento y Rehabilitación Del Cáncer de Próstata| GPC-2013-21. Available at: www.colciencias.gov.co. Accessed May 20, 2020. AWMF. Detail. Available at: https://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/detail/ll/043-022OL.html. Accessed May 20, 2020. Duidecim. Työryhmä. SLD ja SU ry:n asettama. Eturauhassyöpä (online). Helsinki Suom Lääkäris Duodecim (viitattu 13022019) Saatavilla internetissä. Available at: www.kaypahoito.fi. Komisarenko, 2018, Active surveillance review: contemporary selection criteria, followup,compliance and outcomes, Transl Androl Urol, 7, 243, 10.21037/tau.2018.03.02 Weinreb, 2016, PI-RADS prostate imaging - reporting and data system: 2015, Version 2, Eur Urol, 69, 16, 10.1016/j.eururo.2015.08.052 Bruinsma, 2018, The Movember Foundation's GAP3 cohort: a profile of the largest global prostate cancer active surveillance database to date, BJU Int, 121, 737, 10.1111/bju.14106 Kalapara, 2020, Adherence to active surveillance protocols for low-risk prostate cancer: results of the Movember Foundation's global action plan prostate cancer active surveillance initiative, Eur Urol Oncol, 3, 80, 10.1016/j.euo.2019.08.014 MacLennan, 2017, A core outcome set for localised prostate cancer effectiveness trials, BJU Int, 120, E64, 10.1111/bju.13854 Lam, 2019, EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-SIOG Prostate Cancer Guideline Panel Consensus Statements for Deferred Treatment with Curative Intent for Localised Prostate Cancer from an International Collaborative study (DETECTIVE study), Eur Urol, 76, 790, 10.1016/j.eururo.2019.09.020 Evans, 2018, Active surveillance of men with low risk prostate cancer: evidence from the prostate cancer outcomes registrye - Victoria, Med J Aust, 208, 439, 10.5694/mja17.00559 Kinsella, 2018, Factors influencing men's choice of and adherence to active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer: a mixed-method systematic review, Eur Urol, 74, 261, 10.1016/j.eururo.2018.02.026 Bellardita, 2015, How does active surveillance for prostate cancer affect quality of life? A systematic review, Eur Urol, 67, 637, 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.10.028 Venderbos, 2015, A longitudinal study on the impact of active surveillance for prostate cancer on anxiety and distress levels, Psychooncology, 24, 348, 10.1002/pon.3657 Dragomir, 2014, Active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer compared with immediate treatment: a Canadian cost comparison, CMAJ Open, 2, E60, 10.9778/cmajo.20130037 Keegan, 2012, Active surveillance for prostate cancer compared with immediate treatment: an economic analysis, Cancer, 118, 3512, 10.1002/cncr.26688 Bruinsma, 2017, Expert consensus document: semantics in active surveillance for men with localized prostate cancer-results of a modified Delphi consensus procedure, Nat Rev Urol, 14, 312, 10.1038/nrurol.2017.26 Ahmed, 2017, Diagnostic accuracy of multi-parametric MRI and TRUS biopsy in prostate cancer (PROMIS): a paired validating confirmatory study, Lancet, 389, 815, 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32401-1 Kasivisvanathan, 2018, MRI-targeted or standard biopsy for prostate-cancer diagnosis, N Engl J Med, 378, 1767, 10.1056/NEJMoa1801993 Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety. Modernising nursing careers. Available at: http://www.nursingleadership.org.uk/publications/settingthedirection.pdf. Accessed May 20, 2020. Lewis, 2009, Nurse-led vs. conventional physician-led follow-up for patients with cancer, J Adv Nurs, 65, 706, 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2008.04927.x Oliffe, 2009, The self-management of uncertainty among men undertaking active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer, Qual Health Res, 19, 432, 10.1177/1049732309332692 Nanton, 2017, Integrated Care in Prostate Cancer (ICARE-P): nonrandomized controlled feasibility study of online holistic needs assessment, linking the patient and the health care team, JMIR Res Protoc, 6, e147, 10.2196/resprot.7667 Paterson, 2015, Identifying the unmet supportive care needs of men living with and beyond prostate cancer: a systematic review, Eur J Oncol Nurs, 19, 405, 10.1016/j.ejon.2014.12.007