A Middle Permian calcisponge/algal/cement reef: Straža near bled, Slovenia
Tóm tắt
Siddle Permian reef limestones exposed at the localities of the Straza quarry, Straża Hill and Bohinjska Bela near Bled (northwestern Slovenia) have been studied with respect to microfacies and paleontological criteria. Allochthonous carbonates (limestone breccia represented by cement-rich litho/bioclastic rudstones; matrix-rich poorly sorted litho/bioclastic rud/floatstones; coarse-grained lithoclastic packstones) are present in far greater quantities than autochthonous carbonates (calcisponge boundstones andArchaeolithoporella/calcisponge boundstones with synsedimentary botryoidal carbonate cements; bioclastic crinoidal packstones) in the Straża quarry. Straza Hill is characterized by fine-arenitic bioclastic grainstones with foraminifera and algae. The biota of these limestones consist of calcareous algae (solenoporaceans, dasycladaceans, epimastoporids) and problematical algae (Archaeolithoporella, Tubiphytes), smaller foraminifera (about 30 species), fusulinid formminifera (withNeoachwagerina craticulifera and the first report of the subgenusMinojapanella (Wutuella) from Europe), calcisponges (sphinctozoans and inozoans, new species:Uvanella? telleri n. sp.), brachiopods (about 12 species also including fixosessile types such asLeptodus nobilis), bryozoans (predominantly Cystoporida and Rhabdomesonia) as well as mollusks (gastropods, pelecypods, rare ammonites), ostracods, rare trilobites, rare rugose corals and abundant crinoids (includingPalermocrinus togatus) and echinoids. Tube-like microfossils of various systematic position can be attributed to nine morphological types (Plate 42). The calcisponges described by Heritsch (1938) from Bohinjska Bela must be partially referred to crinoids according to a revision of the originals. The limestones breccia is characterized by a rather uniform composition (with regard to the microfacies of the lithoclasts), by equigranular lithoclasts (about 80% smaller than 10 mm, about 50% smaller than 5mm), by comparable sorting within different facies types and by a predominance of subangular and rounded lithoclasts with medium to high sphericity values. Interparticle voids within the litho/bioclastic rudstones as well as intraskeletal voids within the calcisponge/algal limestones are filled with botryoidal and radiaxial-fibrous cements differing from the granular cements of pelsparitic clasts. The Straža quarry and Straža Hill exhibit different depositional patterns (alloch-thonous sedimentation together with small areas of autochthonous calcisponge/algal frameworks in the Straża quarry and shallow-water platform carbonates in Straża Hill). The depositional sites of the allochthonous facies types can be compared neither with back-reef environments nor with fore-reef breccia. Both, litho/bioclastic rud- and floatstones and calcisponge/algal boundstones were affected by a contemporaneous synsedimentary cementation; growth and coalescence of botryoids together with algal colonization and the growth of calcisponges may have resulted in the formation of a mixed inorganic/organic buildup, corresponding with “calcisponge/algal/cement reefs”.
Tài liệu tham khảo
ALTINER, D. & ZANINETTI, L. (1977):Kamurana bronnimanni, n. gen., n. sp., un noveau Foraminifère porcelané perforé du Permien supérieur du Taurus oriental, Turguie.—Notes Lab. Paléont. Univ. Genève,1/6, 1–4, 1 pl., 1 fig., Genève
BABCOCK, J.A. (1974): The role of algae in the formation of the Capitan Limestone (Permian Guadalupian). Guadalupe Mountains, West Texas and New Mexico.-Ph. D. dissertation Univ. Wisconsin, 241 p., Madison
— (1977) Calcareous algae, organic boundstones, and the genesis of the Upper Capitan Limestone (Permian, Guadalupian), Guadalupe Mts., West Texas and New Mexico.—Field Conf. Guidebook Permian Basin Sect., Soc. Econ. Paleont. Min. Pub.,77–16, 44, 34 figs., Tulsa
BASSLER, R.S. (1929): The Permian Bryozoa of Timor.—Paläont. Timor,16/28, 37–90, pls. 225–247, Stuttgart (Enke)
— (1953): Bryozoa.—Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part G, G 1—G 253, 175 figs., Lawrence: Geol. Soc. Amer. Univ. Kansas Press
BELKA, Z. (1979): Shallow-water Solenoporaceae and their environment adaption, Upper Permian of the Holy Cross Mts.—Bull. Cent. Rech. Explor.—Prod. Elf-Aquitaine,3/2, 443–452, 2 pls., 3 figs., Pau
BRICKER, O.P. (1971 ed.): Carbonate Cements.—John Hopkins Univ. Stud. Geol.,19, 376 p., Baltimore—London (John Hopkins)
BUGGISCH, W., FLÜGEL, E., LEITZ, F. & TIETZ, G.-F. (1976): Die fazielle und paläogeographische Entwicklung im Perm der Karnischen Alpen und in den Randgebieten.—Geol. Rundschau,65/2, 649–680, 19 figs., Stuttgart
BUSER, St. (1974): Die Entwicklung der Triasschichten in den westlichen Karawanken.—Schriften Erdwiss. Komm. Österr. Akad. Wiss.,2, 63–68, Wien
CERETTI, E. (1963): Briozoi carboniferi della Carnia.—Giorn. Geol. Ann. Mus. Geol. Bologna,30, 255–340, pls. 19–28, 7 figs., Bologna
— (1964): Su alcuni briozoi criptostomi delle Alpi Carniche.—Giorn. Geol. Ann. Mus. Geol. Bologna,32, 177–199, pls. 32–33, 1 fig., Bologna
CHUVASHOV, B.I. (1974): Permskie izvestkoye vodorosli Urala.—Akad. nauk SSSR, Uralskiinauchnyai tsentr., 3–76, 24 pls., 7 figs., Sverdlovsk
— (1983): Permian Reefs of the Urals.—Facies,8, 191–212, pls. 31–33, Erlangen
CROSS, T.A. & KLOSTERMAN, M.J. (1981); Primary Submarine Cements and Neomorphic Spar in a Stromatolitic-Bound Phylloid Algal Bioherm, Laborcita Formation (Wolfcampian), Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico, U.S.A.—In: MONTY, Cl. (ed.): Phanerozoic Stromatolites. Case Studies.—60–73, 6 figs., Berlin—Heidelberg—New York (Springer)
DAVIES, G.R. (1977): Former magnesian calcite and aragonite submarine cements in Upper Paleozoic reefs in the Canadian Arctic: a summary.—Geol.,5, 11–15, New York
DENG, ZHAN-GUIU (1981): Upper Permian Sponges from Laibin of Guangxi.—Acta Pllaeont. Sinica,20/5, 418–426, 4 pls., Nanking
— (1981): Note on some Sponges and Hydroids.—Acta Palàeont. Sinica,21/6, 709–714, 1pl., Naking
DUNHAM, R. J. (1970): Stratigraphic reefs versus ecologic reefs.—Amer. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Bull.,54, 1931–1932, Tulsa
EELLIOTT, G.F. & SÜSSLI, P. (1975):Imperiella gen. nov., a new alga from the Ruteh Limestone, Upper Permian (Central Alborz Mountains, North Iran).—Eclogae geol. Helvet.,68/2, 449–455, 1 pl., 3 figs., Basel
EMBERGER, J. (1976): Les Algues (Chlorophyceae, Prasinophyceae, Rhodophyceae) du Carbonifère et du Permien. Essai d'un inventaire bibliographique, geographique, stratigraphique. —Bull. Inst. Géol. Bassin d'Aquitaine, Numero Special, 168 p., Talence
ENDO, R. (1959): Stratigraphical and paleontological studies of the Later Paleozoic calcareous algae in Japan. XIV. Fossil algae from the Nyugawa valley in the Hida massif.— Sci. Rep. Saitama Univ., Ser. B,3/2, 177–207, 13 pls., Urawa
FLÜGEL, E. (1981a): Lower PermianTubiphytes/Archaeolithoporella Buildups in the Southern Alps (Austria and Italy).—Soc. Econ. Paleont. Min. Spec. Publ.,30, 143–160, 9 figs., Tulsa
— (1981b): “Tubiphyten” aus dem fränkischen Malm.—Geol. Blätter NO-Bayern,31, 126–142, 10 figs., Erlangen
— (1982): Microfacies Analysis of Limestones.— 633p., 53pls., 78 figs., Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, (Springer)
— (1983): Microfazies der Pantokrator-Kalke (Lias) von Korfu, Griechenland.—Facies,8, 263–300, pls. 41–49, 1 fig., Erlangen
FLÜGEL, E. & FLÜGEL-KAHLER, E. (1980): Algen aus den Kalken der Trogkofel-Schichten der Karnischen Alpen.—Carinthia II, Sonderheft36, 113–181, 11 pls., Klagenfurt
FLÜGEL, E., KAHLER, F. & KAHLER, G. (1978): Nachweis von marinem Mittelperm bei Forni Avoltri (Carnia, Südalpen).—N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Mh.,1978/8, 449–458, 15 figs., Stuttgart
FLÜGEL, E., LEIN, R. & SENOWBARI-DARYAN, B. (1978): Kalkschwämme, Hydrozoen, Algen und Mikroproblematika aus den Cidarisschichten (Karn, Ober-Trias) der Mürztaler Alpen (Steiermark) und des Gosaukammes (Oberösterreich).—Mitt. Ges. Geol. Bergbaustud. Österr.,25, 153–195, pls., 24–29, 5 figs., Wien
FLÜGEL, E. & STANLEY, G.D. (1984): Reorganization, development and evolution of post-Permian reefs and reef organisms.—4th Int. Symp. Cnidaria, Bull. Paleont. Soc. Amer. (in print)
FLÜGEL, H.W. (1973):Peronidella baloghi, a new Inozoa from the Upper Permian of the Bükk-Mountains (Hungary).—Acta Min. Petrogr. Szeged,21/1, 49–53, 1 pl., Szeged
— (1975): Einige Probleme des Variszikums von Neo-Europa.—Geol. Rundschau,64/1, 1–61, 13 figs., Stuttgart
FLÜGEL, H.W., (1976): Ein Fund vonPeronidella baloghi Flügel im Ober-Perm West-Serbiens.—Bull. Acad. serbe sci. arts, Cl. sci. math. nat.,54, Sci. nat. 14, 75–76, Beograd
FRIEDMAN, G.M., AMIEL, A.J. & SCHNEIDERMANN, N. (1974): Submarine cementation in reefs: example from the Red Sea.—J. Sed. Petrol.,44, 816–825, Tulsa
FÜCHTBAUER, H. & RICHTER, D.K. (1980) Breccias: Criteria and observations.—Int. Ass. Sed., 1st European Meeting, Bochum. 1980, 52–55, Bochum
GIRTY, G.H. (1908): The Guadalupian Fauna.—Prof. Paper United States Geol. Surv.,58, 651p., 31 pls., Washington
GORJUNOVA, R.V. (1975): Permskie mshanki pamira.—Akad. nauk SSSR, Trudy Paleont. Inst.,148, 127 p., 29 pls., Moskva
GROJUNOVA, R. V., & MOROVA, I.P. (1979): Pozdnepaleozoiskie mshanki Mongolii.-Sovmestnaya sovetsko-mongolskaya paleontologicheskaya ekspeditsiya, Trudy, Vyp. 9, 139 p., 37 pls., Moskva (Nauka)
HECKEL, Ph. H. (1974): Carbonate Buildups in the Geological Record: A Review.—Soc. Econ. Paleont. Min. Spec. Publ.,18, 90–154, 9 figs., Tulsa
HENBEST, L.H. (1963): Biology, mineralogy, and diagenesis of some typical Late Paleozoic sedentary formainifera and algal-formainiferal colonies.—Cushman Found. Foram. Res., Spec. Publ.,6, 1–44, 7 pls., Bridgewater/Mass.
HENRICH, R. (1982): Middle Triassic Carbonate Margin Development: Hochstaufen-Zwieselmassif, Northern Calcareous Alps. Germany.—Facies,6, 85–106, pls. 11–13, Erlangen
HERITSCH, F. (1938): Die stratigraphische Stellung des Trogkofelkalkes.—N. Jb. Min. Geol. Paläont., Beil.-Bd.79, Abt. B, 63–186, pls. 3–8, 2 figs., Stuttgart
JABLONSKÝ, E. (1974): Segmentierte Kalkschwämme (Sphinctozoen) aus dem Wettersteinkalk einiger Gebirge der Westkarpaten.—Acta Geol. Geogr. Univ. Comenius, Geol.26, 189–202, pls. 67–68, 7 figs., Bratislava
JAMES, N.P. & GINSBURG, R.N. (1979): The Seaward Margin of Belize Barrier and Atoll Reefs. Morphology, Sedimentology, Organism Distribution and Late Quaternary History.—Spec. Publ. Int. Ass. Sed.,3, 191 p., Oxford
JAMES, N.P., GINSBURG, R.N., MARSZALEK, D.S. & CHOQUETTE, P.W. (1976): Facies and fabric specificity of early subsea cements in shallow Belize (British Honduras) reefs.—J. Sed. Petrol.,46, 523–544, Tulsa
JOHNSEN, A. (1906): Bryozoen aus dem karnischen Fusulinenkalk.—N. Jb. Min. Geol. Paläont.1906/2, 135–160, pls., 10–11, Stuttgart
KENDALL, Chr.G.St. & SCHLAGER, W. (1981): Carbonates and relative changes in sea level.— Marine Geol.,44, 181–212, 8 figs., Amsterdam
KOCHANSKY-DEVIDÉ, V. (1967): Neoschwagerinenschichten einer Tiefbohrung in Istrien (Jugoslawien). —N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Abh.,128/2, 201–204, pls. 15–16, Stuttgart
KOCHANSKY-DEVIDÉ, V. & RAMOVŚ, A. (1955): Neoschwagerinski skladi in njih Fuzulinidna favna pri Bohinjski Beli in Bledu (Die Neoschwagerinenschichten und ihre Fusulinidenfauna bei Bohinjska Bla und Bled (Julische Alpen, Slowenien, NW Jugoslawien)—Slovenska Akad. Znanosti Umetnosti, Cl. IV, Razprave,3, 359–424, pls. 1–8, 3 figs., Ljubljana
KODSI, M.G. (1967): Die Fauna der Bank s des Auernig (Oberkarbon, Karnische Alpen, Österreich). 1. Teil:Fenestella Lonsdale 1839.—Carinthia II,77, 59–83, 3 pls., 3 figs., Klagenfurt
KOSSMAT, F. (1913): Reisebericht aus dem Triglavgebiet in Krain.—Verh. geol. Reichsanst.,1913, 430–431, Wien
KREBS, W. (1969): Early void-filling cementation in Devonian fore-reef limestones.—Sed.12, 279–299, Amsterdam
LORIGA, C. (1960): Foraminiferi del Permiane superiore delle Dolomiti (Val Gardena, Val Badia, Val Marebbe).—Boll. Soc. Paleont. Ital.,1/1, 33–73, pls. 3–7, 14 figs., Modena
LYS, M., STAMPFLI, G. & JENNY, J. (1978): Biostratigraphie du Carbonifère et du Permien de L'Elbourz oriental, Iran du NE.—Note Lab. Paléont. Univ. Genève,2/10, 63–100, 8 pls., Genève
MALEK-ASLANI, M. (1970): Lower Wolfcampian reef in Kemnitz Field, Lea County, New Mexico.— Bull. Amer. Ass. Petrol. Geol.,54, 2317–2335, Tulsa
MANSUY, H. (1913): Faune des calcaires àProductus de l'Indochine.—Mém. Serv. géol. Indochine,2/4, 1–104, Saigon
MAZZULLO, S.J. & CYS, J.M. (1977): Submarine cements in Permian boundstones and reef-associated rocks, Guadalupe Mountains, west Texas and southeastern New Mexico.—Soc. Econ. Paleont. Min., Permian Basin Sect., Publ.77–16, 151–200, 23 figs., Tulsa
—— (1978):Archaeolithoporella-boundstones and marine aragonite cements, P reef, New Mexico and Texas, USA.—N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Mh.,1978/10, 600–611, Stuttgart
—— (1979): Marine aragonite sea-floor growth and cements in Permian phylloid algal mounds, Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico.—J. Sed. Petrol.,49/3, 917–936, 16 figs., Tulsa
MEHRNUSH, M. & PARTOAZAR, H. (1977): Selected Microfauna of Iran.—Geol. Surv. Iran Rep.,33, 396 p., 45 pls., Tehran
MIKLUCHO-MAKLAJ, K.V. (1954): Foraminifery verchnepermskikh otlozhenii severnogo Kavkaza.— Trudy VSEGEI,163, 1–162, pls. 1–19, Moskva
MINATO, M. & KOCHANSKY-DEVIDÉ, V. (1964): Über die Axialseptula einiger Neoschwagerinenarten aus Jugoslawien.—Geol. Vjesnik,17 (1963), 143–147, 1 fig., Zagreb
MIŚIK, M. (1968): Traces of submarine slumping and evidences of hypersaline environment in the Middle Triassic of the West Carpatian Core Mountains.—Geol. zborn. Slov. akad. vied,19, 205–224, Bratislava
MOORE, R.C. & JEFFORDS, R.M. (1968): Classification and nomenclature of fossil crinoids based on studies of dissociated parts of their columns.—Univ. Kansas Paleont. Contrib., Ser. No. 45, Echinodermata,9, 1–86, pls. 1–28, 6 figs. Lawrence
MOROZOVA, I.P. (1970): Mshanki pozdnei Permy.—Akad. nauk SSSR, Trudy Paleont. Inst.,122, 347 p., 64 pls., 43 figs., Moskva
NGUYEN, D.T. (1979): Etude micropaléontologique (Foraminifères) de matérieux du Permien du Cambodge.—Thèse Univ. Paris Sud, Centre d'Orsay, 1–167, Paris
OTT, E. (1967a): Segmentierte Kalkschwämme (Sphinctozoa) aus der alpinen Mitteltrias und ihre Bedeutung als Riffbildner im Wettersteinkal.—Abh. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., math.— naturwiss. Kl., N. F.,131, 96 p., 10 pls., München
— (1967b): Die Beziehungen zwischenColospongia LAUBE,Takreamina FONTAINE,Girtycoelia KING undDictyocoelia n.g. (segmentierte Kalkschwämme).—N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Mh.,1967/1, 44–58, 3 figs., Stuttgart
— (1972): Mitteltriadische Riffe der Nördlichen Kalkalpen und altersgleiche Bildungen auf Karaburun und Chios (Ägäis).—Mitt. Ges. Geol. Bergbaustud. Österr.,21, 251–276, 2 pls., 7 figs., Innsbruck
PARONA, C.F. (1933): Le spugne della fauna Permiana di Palazzo Adriano (Bacino del Sosio) in Sicilia.—Mem. Soc. geol. Ital.,1, 1–58, pls. 1–12, 7 figs., Roma
PERYT, T.M. (1981): Former aragonitic submarine hemispheroids associated with vadose deposits, Zechstein Limestone (Upper Permian), Fore-Sudetic area, western Poland.—N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Mh.,1981/9, 559–570, 5 figs., Stuttgart
RAMOVŠ, A. (1955): Die Neoschwagerinenschichten in den Julischen Alpen.—N. Jb. Geol. Paläont. Mh.,1955, 455–457, Stuttgart
RAMOVŠ, A. (1980): Biostratigraphische Ausbildung in den Nördlichen Julischen Alpen.—Symp. Géol. Reg. Paléont. Inst. Géol. rég. Paléont. Fac. Mines Géol. Univ. Beograd, 317–325, 7 figs., Beograd
RAMOVŠ, A. & KOCHANSKY-DEVIDÉ, V. (1979): Ladinijske konglomeratne brace na Vršicu in njih permijski ter triasni mikrofosili.—Rudarsko-metalurski zbornik,26, 155–165, Ljubljana
—— (1981): Karbonske in permske plasti pri Logu v Julijskih Alpah (Carboniferous and Permian beds at Log in the Julian Alps).—Geologija, Razprave in Poročila,24/1, 91–107, 3 pls., 1 fig., Ljubljana
RAMOVŠ, A. & SIEVERTS-DORECK, H. (1968): Interessante Mittelperm-Crinoiden in Slowenien, NW Jugoslawien.—Geol. Vjesnik Zagreb,21, 191–206, 1 pl., 3 figs., Zagreb
READ, J.F. (1982): Carbonate platforms of passive (extensional) continental margins: types, characteristics and evolution.—Tectonophysics,81, 195–212, 7 figs., Amsterdam
REICHEL, M. (1945): Sur quelques foraminifères nouveaux du Permien méditerranéen.—Eclogae geol. Helvetiae,38, 524–560, pl. 19, 44 figs., Basel
RICHTER, D.K. & FÜCHTBAUER, H. (1981): Merkmale und Genese von Breccien und ihre Bedeutung im Mesozoikum von Hydra (Griechenland).—Z. deutsch. geol. Ges.,132, 451–501, 5 pls., 9 figs., Hannover
ROSS, J.R.P. (1979): Permian Ectoprocts in Space and Time.—In: GRAY, J. & BOUCOT, A.J. (eds.): Historical Biogeography, Plate Tectonics, and the Changing Environment, 259–276, 7 figs., Oregon State Univ.
SAKAGAMI, S. (1964): Bryozoa of Akiyoshi. Part 1. Permian Bryozoa from the Shigeyasu Quarry. —Bull. Akiyoshi-dai Sci. Mus.,3, 1–24, 8 pls., 6 figs., Akyoshi
— (1968): Permian Bryozoa from Khao Chong Krachok, Peninsular Thailand.—Geol. Palaeont. Southeast Asia,4, 67–81, pl. 13, 3 figs., Tokyo
— (1970): Addition to the Permian Bryozoa from Ko Muk, Peninsular Thailand.—Geol. Paleont. Southeast Asia,8, 43–68, pls. 7–13, 1 fig., Tokyo
— (1980): Permian Ectoprocta (Bryozoa) from the Abadeh Region, Central Iran.—Trans. Proc. Palaeont. Soc. Japan, N.S.,118, 269–289, pls. 31–33, Tokyo
SANDBERG, P.A. (1983): Evaluation of ancient aragonite cements and their temporal distribution.— Amer. Ass. Petrol. Geol. Annual Convention, Abstracts, p. 156, Tulsa
SCHÄFER, P. & SENOWBARI-DARYAN, B. (1983): Die Kalkalgen aus der Obertrias von Hydra, Griechenland.—Palaeontographica, B,185, 83–142, 10 pls., 8 figs., Stuttgart
SCHROEDER, J.H. (1972): Fabrics and sequences of submarine cements in Holocene Bermuda cup reefs.—Geol. Rundschau,61, 708–730, Stuttgart
SELLIER DE CIVRIEUX, J.M. & DESSAUVAGIE, T.F.J. (1965): Reclassification de quelques Nodosariidae, particularièment du Permien au Lias.—Publ. Inst. Et. Rech. Min. Turquie,124, 178 p., Ankara
SENOWBARI-DARYAN, B. (1980): Fazielle und paläontologische Untersuchungen in oberrhätischen Riffen (Feichtenstein- und Gruberriff bei Hintersee, Salzburg, Nördliche Kalkalpen).—Facies,3, 1–237, pls. 1–29, 21 figs., Erlangen
— (1981): Zur Paläontologie eines kleinen Riffes innerhalb der Amphicyclinen-Schichten (Lokalität Huda Južna, Slowenien).—Slovenska Akad. Znanosti Umetnosti, Razprave IV,23/3, 99–118, 10pls., 1 fig., Ljublijana
— (1982): Zur GattungPseudocucurbita Borza & Samuel, 1978 (=proCucurbita Jablonský 1973) und Beschreibung vergleichbarer problematischer Organismen aus der Obertrias des alpin-mediterranen Raumes.—Riv. Ital. Paleont. Strat.,88/2, 181–250, pls. 12–24, 14 figs., Milano
SENOWBARI-DARYAN, B. & SCHÄFER, P. (1983): Zur Sphinctozoen-Fauna der obertriadischen Riffkalke (“Pantokratorkalke”) von Hydra, Griechenland.—Geol. Palaeont.,17, 179–205, 7 pls. 3 figs., Marburg
SHENG, J.S. (1963): Permian Fusulinids of Kwangsi, Kueichow and Szechuan.—Palaeont. Sinica,149, N.S., B, 10, 129–251, Naking
ŠUKLJE, F. (1939): Geološke biljeske s karte “Radovljica” (1∶75000).—Godisnak Geol. inst. Jugoslavije,1938 96–97, Beograd
TELLER, F. (1907): Jahresbericht des Directors. Blatt Radmannsdorf.—Verh. geol. Reichsanstalt,1907, 16, Wien
— (1908): Jahresbericht des Directors.—Verh. geol. R.A.,1908, 17–18, Wien
TERMIER, H., & TERMIER, G. (1955): Contribution a l'étude des spongiaires permiens du Djebel Tébaga (Extréme Sud Tunisien).—Bull. Soc. géol. France, (6),5, 613–630, 10figs., Paris
TOOMEY, D.F. & BABCOCK, J.A. (1983, eds.): Precambrian and Paleozoic Algal Carbonates, West Texas—Southern New Mexico.—Colorado School Mines, Prof. Contrib.,11, 345 p., Golden
VACHARD, D. & MONTENAT, C. (1981): Biostratigraphie, micropaléontologie et paléogéographie du Permien de la région de Tezak (Montagne Centrales d'Afghanistan).—Palaeontographica, B,178, 1–88, 15 pls., 20 figs., Stuttgart
WAAGEN, W. (1887): Salt Range Fossils. Part 7. Coelenterata, Amorphozoa, Protozoa.—Mem. Geol. Surv. India. Palaeont. Indica,13, 835–998, pls. 98–128, Calcutta
WENDT, J. (1976): Der Skelettbau mesozoischer und rezenter Kalkschwämme.—Zentralbl. Geol. Paläont. Teil II,1976, 5/6, 321–325, Stuttgart
WURM, D. (1982): Mikrofazies, Paläontologie und Palökologie der Dachsteinriffkalke (Nor) des Gosaukammes, Österreich.—Facies,6, 203–296, pls. 27–41, 32 figs., Erlangen
ZANINETTI, L., ALTINER, D. & CATAL, E. (1981): Foraminifères et biostratigraphie dans le Permien supérieur du Taurus oriental, Turquie.—Notes Lab. Paleont. Univ. Genève,7/1, 1–37, 12 pls., 2 figs., Genève