A Global Analysis of Protected Area Management Effectiveness
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ahrends A, Burgess ND, Milledge SAH, Bulling MT, Fisher B, Smart JRC, Clarke GP, Mhoro BE, Lewis SL (2010) Predictable waves of sequential forest degradation and biodiversity loss spreading from an African city. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of USA 107:14556–14561
Andam KS, Ferraro PJ, Pfaff A, Sanchez-Azofeifa GA, Robalino JA (2008) Measuring the effectiveness of protected area networks in reducing deforestation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(42):16089–16094
Belokurov A, Besançon C, Burgess ND, Dudley N, Hockings M, Leverington F, MacKinnon K, Pavese H, Stolton S, Whitten T (2009) New resources for assessing the effectiveness of management in protected areas. Oryx 43:14
BirdLife International (2006) Monitoring Important Bird Areas: a global framework, Version 1.2. BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK
Blom A, Yamindou J, Prins HHT (2004) Status of the protected areas of the Central African Republic. Biological Conservation 118:479–487
Brooks JS, Franzen MA, Holmes CM, Grote MN, Mulder MB (2006) Testing Hypotheses for the Success of Different Conservation Strategies. Conservation Biology 20:1528–1538
Bruner AG, Gullison RE, Rice RE, Da Fonseca G (2001) Effectiveness of parks in protecting tropical biodiversity. Science 291:125–128
Butchart SHM, Walpole M, Collen B, van Strein A, Scharlemann JPW, Almond REA, Baillie J, Bomhard B, Brown C, Bruno J, Carpenter K, Carr GM, Chanson J, Chenery C, Csirke J, Davidson NC, Dentener F, Foster M, Galli A, Galloway JN, Genovesi P, Gregory R, Hockings M, Kapos V, Lamarque J-F, Leverington F, Loh J, McGeogh M, McRae L, Minasyan A, Morcillo MH, Oldfield T, Pauly D, Quader S, Revenga C, Sauer J, Skolnik B, Spear D, Stanwell-Smith D, Symes A, Spear D, Stuart S, Tyrrell TD, Vie J-C, Watson R (2010) Global biodiversity: indicators of recent declines. Science 328:1164–1168
Carrillo E, Wong G, Cuaron AD (2000) Monitoring mammal populations in Costa Rican protected areas under different hunting restrictions. Conservation Biology 14(6):1580–1591
Chape S, Harrison J, Spalding M, Lysenko I (2005) Measuring the extent and effectiveness of protected areas as an indicator for meeting global biodiversity targets. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 360(1454):443–455
Cifuentes M, Izurieta A, de Faria H (2000) Measuring protected area management effectiveness. Technical Series No. 2. WWF, IUCN, GTZ, Costa Rica, 105 pp
Coad L, Burgess ND, Fish L, Ravillious C, Corrigan C, Pavese H, Granziera A, Besançon C (2008) Progress towards the Convention on Biological Diversity terrestrial 2010 and marine 2012 targets for protected area coverage. Parks 17:35–42
Convention on Biological Diversity (2004) Decisions adopted by the conference of the parties to the convention on biological diversity at its seventh meeting UNEP/CBD/COP/7/21. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal, Canada
Corrales L (2004) Midiendo el éxito de las acciones en las áreas protegidas de Centroamérica: Medición de la Efectividad de Manejo. PROARCA/APM, Guatemala de la Asunción, Guatemala
Dunlop M, Brown PR (2008) Implications of climate change for Australia’s National Reserve System—a preliminary assessment. Report to the Department of Climate Change, February 2008. Department of Climate Change, Canberra, Australia
Ervin J (2003b) WWF: Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Area Management (RAPPAM) methodology. WWF, Gland, Switzerland
Ervin J, Gidda SB, Salem R, Mohr J (2008) The PoWPA—a review of global implementation. Parks 17:4–11
Ewers RM, Rodrigues ASL (2008) Estimates of reserve effectiveness are confounded by leakage. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 23(3):113–116
Figueroa F, Sánchez-Cordero V (2008) Effectiveness of natural protected areas to prevent land use and land cover change in Mexico. Biodiversity and Conservation 17:3223–3240
Gaveau DLA, Epting J, Lyne O, Linkie M, Kumara I, Kanninen M, Leader-Williams N (2009) Evaluating whether protected areas reduce tropical deforestation in Sumatra. Journal of Biogeography 36(11):2165–2175
Guachalla MCZOP, Zegada JA (2001) Metodología medición de la efectividad del manejo del SNAP (MEMS). Ministerio de Desarrollo Sostenible, Servicio Nacional de Áreas Protegidas de Bolivia (SERNAP), La Paz, Bolivia
Guilford JP (1954) Psychometric methods. McGraw-Hill, New York, pp 417–443
Hannah L, Midgley G, Andelman S, Araújo M, Hughes G, Martinez-Meyer E, Pearson R, Williams P (2007) Protected area needs in a changing climate. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment 5:131–138
Hockings M (2003) Systems for assessing the effectiveness of management in protected areas. BioScience 53(9):823–832
Hockings M, Phillips A (1999) How well are we doing? Some thoughts on the effectiveness of protected areas. Parks 9:5–14
Hockings M, Stolton S, Dudley N (2004) Management effectiveness: assessing management of protected areas? Journal of Environmental Policy and Planning 6:157–174
Hockings M, Stolton S, Dudley N, Leverington F, Courrau J (2006) Evaluating effectiveness: a framework for assessing the management of protected areas, 2nd edn. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 105 pp
Hockings M, Stolton S, Dudley N, James R, Mathur V, Courrau J, Makombo J, Parrish J (2008) Enhancing our Heritage Toolkit: assessing management effectiveness of natural World Heritage sites. UNESCO World Heritage Papers No. 23. UNESCO, Paris, 104 pp
Hockings M, Cook C, Carter RW, James R (2009) Accountability, reporting or management improvement? Development of a State of the Parks Assessment System in New South Wales. Environmental Management 43:1013–1025
Jenkins CN, Joppa L (2009) Expansion of the global terrestrial protected area system. Biological Conservation 142(10):2166–2174
Joppa LN, Loarie SR, Pimm SL (2008) On the protection of “protected areas”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105:6673–6678
Korean National Parks Service (KNPS) (2009) Korea’s Protected Areas: evaluating the effectiveness of South Korea’s protected area system. KNPS, Seoul, Korea, 148 pp
Leverington F, Hockings M (2004) Evaluating the effectiveness of protected area management: the challenge of change. In: Barber CV, Miller KR, Boness M (eds) Securing protected areas and ecosystem services in the face of global change. IUCN, WCPA, WRI, Gland, Switzerland, pp 169–214
Mathur VB (2008) Management Effectiveness Evaluation (MEE) of Protected Areas Network in India: recent experiences. In: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Implementation of the CBD Programme of Work on Protected Areas: Progress and Perspectives. Abstracts of poster presentations at the second meeting of the ad hoc open-ended working group on protected areas, Rome, Italy, 11–15 February 2008, pp 100–102; Technical Series No. 35
Naughton-Treves L, Holland MB, Brandon K (2005) The role of protected areas in conserving biodiversity and sustaining local livelihoods. Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30:219–252
NSW Department of Environment and Conservation (2005) State of the Parks 2004. DEC, Sydney, Australia
Parks Canada (2010) State of Parks reports for national parks. Parks Canada website http://www.pc.gc.ca/eng/docs/bib-lib/docs5hi.aspx . Accessed 23 May 2010
Parks Victoria (2007) Victoria’s State of the Parks report. Parks Victoria, Melbourne, Australia, 259 pp
ParksWatch (2007) Park profiles. http://www.parkswatch.org/parkprofile.php?l=eng . Accessed 18 Dec 2009
Parrish JD, Braun DP, Unnasch RS (2003) Are we conserving what we say we are? Measuring ecological integrity within protected areas. Bioscience 53(9):851–860
Patton MQ (2008) Utilization-focused evaluation, 4th edn. Sage, Thousand Oaks
Redford KH, Feinsinger P (2003) The half-empty forest: Sustainable use and the ecology of interactions. In: Reynolds J, Mace G, Redford KH, Robinson JG (eds) Conservation of exploited species. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, pp 370–399
Rivero Blanco C, Gabaldon M (1992) The evaluation of natural protected area systems: a numeric method. Parks 3:11–13
Rodrigues ASL, Andelman SJ, Bakarr MI, Boitani L, Brooks TM, Cowling RM, Fishpool LDC, Da Fonesca GAB, Gaston KJ, Hoffmann M, Long JS, Marquet PA, Pilgrim JD, Pressey RL, Schipper J, Sechrest W, Stuart SM, Underhill LG, Waller RW, Watts MEJ, Yan X (2004) Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity. Nature 428:640–643
Saterson KA, Christensen NL, Jackson RB, Kramer RA, Pimm SL, Smith MD, Wiener JB (2004) Disconnects in evaluating the relative effectiveness of conservation strategies. Conservation Biology 18:597–599
Scharlemann JPW, Kapos V, Campbell A, Lysenko I, Burgess ND, Hansen MC, Gibbs HK, Dickson B, Miles L (2010) Securing tropical forest carbon: the contribution of protected areas to REDD. Oryx 44:352–357
Shadie P, Epps M (eds) (2008) Securing protected areas in the face of global change: key lessons learned from case studies and field learning sites in protected areas. IUCN Asia Regional Office, Bangkok, Thailand
Southworth J, Nasendra H, Munroe DK (2006) Introduction to the special issue: Are parks working? Exploring human-environment tradeoffs in protected area conservation. Applied Geography 26:87–95
Stolton S, Hockings M, Dudley N, MacKinnon K, Whitten T, Leverington F (2007) Reporting progress in protected areas: a site-level Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool, 2nd edn. http://assets.panda.org/downloads/mett2_final_version_july_2007.pdf . Accessed 18 Dec 2009
Stoner KE, Vulinec K, Wright SJ, Peres CA (2007) Hunting and plant community dynamics in tropical forests: a synthesis and future directions. Biotropica 39:385–392
Sutherland WJ, Pullin AS, Dolman PM, Knight TM (2004) The need for evidence-based conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19:305–308
The Nature Conservancy (2007) Parks in Peril, 1990–2007: foundation for a sustainable future in Latin America and the Caribbean. The Nature Conservancy, Arlington, VA
The Nature Conservancy Parks in Peril Program (2004) Measuring success: the Parks in Peril Site Consolidation Scorecard Manual (Updated May 10, 2004). http://www.parksinperil.org/howwework/files/pip_scorecard_english_5_10_04.pdf . Accessed 18 Dec 2009
Timko JA, Innes JL (2009) Evaluating ecological integrity in national parks: case studies from Canada and South Africa. Biological Conservation 142(3):676–688
Timko J, Satterfield T (2008) Criteria and indicators for evaluating social equity and ecological integrity in national parks and protected areas. Natural Areas Journal 28(3):307–319
UNEP-WCMC (2008) State of the world’s protected areas: an annual review of global conservation progress. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge, UK