A Geoenvironmental Model for Orogenic Gold Deposits to Predict Potential Environmental Effects

Ashley PM, Craw D, Graham BP, Chappell DA (2003) Environmental mobility of antimony around mesothermal stibnite deposits, New South Wales, Australia and southern New Zealand. J Geochem Explor 77:1–14

Backer LC, Esteban E, Rubin CH, Kieszak S, McGeehin MA (2001) Assessing acute diarrhea from sulfate in drinking water. J Am Water Works Assoc 93:76–84

Bierlein F, Christie A, Smith P (2004) A comparison of orogenic gold mineralisation in central Victoria (AUS), western South Island (NZ) and Nova Scotia (CAN): implications for variations in the endowment of Palaeozoic metamorphic terrains. Ore Geol Rev 25:125–168

Burdon F, Harding JS, McIntosh AR (2013) Habitat loss drives threshold response of benthic invertebrate communities to deposited sediment in agricultural streams. Ecol Appl 23:1036–1047

Cavanagh JE, Pope J, Harding JS, Trumm D, Craw D, Rait R, Greig H, Niyogi D, Buxton R, Champeau O, Clemens A (2014) A framework for predicting and managing water quality impacts of mining on streams: a user’s guide. http://www.crl.co.nz/downloads/geology/FrameworkUsersGuideOct2010.pdf

Christie A, Brathwaite R (2003) Hydrothermal alteration in metasedimentary rock-hosted orogenic gold deposits, Reefton goldfield, South Island, New Zealand. Miner Deposita 38:87–107

Craw D (2001) Tectonic controls on gold deposits and their environmental impact, New Zealand. J Geochem Explor 73:43–56

Craw D (2003) Geochemical changes in mine tailings during a transition to pressure–oxidation process discharge, Macraes Mine, New Zealand. J Geochem Explor 80:81–94

Craw D, Nelson M (2000) Geochemical signatures of discharge waters, Macraes mine flotation tailings, east Otago, New Zealand. N Z J Mar Freshwater Res 34:597–613

Craw D, Koons PO, Chappell DA (2002) Arsenic distribution during formation and capping of an oxidized sulphidic minesoil, Macraes mine, New Zealand. J Geochem Explor 76:13–29

Craw D, Wilson N, Ashley PM (2004) Geochemical controls on the environmental mobility of Sb and As at mesothermal antimony and gold deposits. Trans Inst Min Metall B 113:B3–B10

Craw D, Upton P, MacKenzie DJ (2009) Hydrothermal alteration styles in ancient and modern orogenic gold deposits, New Zealand. N Z J Geol Geophys 52:11–26

Druzbicka J, Craw D (2012) Turbidity development and dissipation in paleoplacer gold deposits, southern New Zealand. Environ Earth Sci 68:1575–1589

Druzbicka J, Craw D (2013) Evolving metalloid signatures in waters draining from a mined orogenic gold deposit, New Zealand. Appl Geochem 31:251–264

Druzbicka J, Craw D (2015) Metalloid attenuation from runoff waters at an historic orogenic gold mine, New Zealand. Mine Water Environ. doi: 10.1007/s10230-014-0316-2

Druzbicka J, Rufaut C, Craw D (2015) Evaporative mine water controls on natural revegetation of placer gold mines, southern New Zealand. Mine Water Environ. doi: 10.1007/s10230-014-0303-7

Faure K, Brathwaite RL (2006) Mineralogical and stable isotope studies of gold-arsenic mineralisation in the Sams Creek peralkaline porphyritic granite, New Zealand. Miner Deposita 40:802–827

Goldfarb R, Berger B, Klein T, Pickthorn W, Klein D (1995) Low sulfide Au quartz veins. In: Du Bray E (Ed), Preliminary compilation of descriptive geoenvironmental mineral deposit models. USGS Open File Report, pp 95–831

Gomez GG, Sandler RS, Seal E (1995) High levels of inorganic sulfate cause diarrhea in neonatal piglets. J Nutr 125:2325–2332

Gray D, Harding JS (2012) Acid Mine Drainage Index (AMDI): a benthic invertebrate biotic index for assessing coal mining impacts in New Zealand streams. N Z J Mar Fresh 46:335–352

Haffert L, Craw D (2008) Processes of attenuation of dissolved arsenic downstream from historic gold mine sites, New Zealand. Sci Total Environ 405:286–300

Haffert L, Craw D, Pope J (2010) Climatic and compositional controls on secondary arsenic mineral formation in high-arsenic mine wastes, South Island, New Zealand. N Z J Geol Geophys 53:91–101

Harding J (2005) Impacts of metals and mining on stream communities. In: Moore T, Black A, Centeno J, Harding J, Trumm D (eds) Metal contaminants in New Zealand. Resolutionz Press, Christchurch, pp 343–357

Hogsden KL, Harding JS (2012) Anthropogenic and natural sources of acidity and metals and their influence on the structure of stream food webs? Environ Pollut 162:466–474

Holley EA, Craw D, Kim JP (2010) Natural and mine-related mercury in an orogenic greywacke terrane, South Island, New Zealand. N Z J Geol Geophys 53:103–114

Jeyasingham K, Ling N (2000) Acute toxicity of arsenic to three species of New Zealand chironomids: Chironomus zealandicus, Chironomus sp. A and Polypedilum pavidus (Diptera, Chironomidae). Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 64:708–715

Kerr G, Pope J, Trumm D, Craw D (2015a) Experimental metalloid mobilisation from an orogenic gold deposit, New Zealand. Mine Water Environ (this issue)

Kerr G, Druzbicka J, Lilly K, Craw D (2015b) Jarosite solid solution associated with arsenic-rich mine waters, Macraes mine, New Zealand. Mine Water Environ. doi: 10.1007/s10230-014-0285-5

Krause E, Ettel V (1989) Solubilities and stabilities of ferric arsenate compounds. Hydrometall 22:311–337

Large R, Thomas H, Craw D, Henne A, Henderson S (2012) Diagenetic pyrite as a source for metals in orogenic gold deposits, Otago Schist, New Zealand. N Z J Geol Geophys 55:137–149

MacKenzie D, Craw D (2005) The mercury and silver contents of gold in quartz vein deposits, Otago Schist, New Zealand. N Z J Geol Geophys 48:265–278

MacKenzie DJ, Craw D (2007) Contrasting hydrothermal alteration mineralogy and geochemistry in the auriferous Rise & Shine Shear Zone, Otago, New Zealand. N Z J Geol Geophys 50:67–79

Mains D, Craw D (2005) Composition and mineralogy of historic gold processing residues, east Otago, New Zealand. N Z J Geol Geophys 48:641–647

Mains D, Craw D, Rufaut CG, Smith C (2006) Phytostabilisation of gold mine tailings, New Zealand. Part 2: experimental evaluation of arsenic mobilization during revegetation. Intern J Phytoremediation 8:163–183

Milham L, Craw D (2009) Antimony mobilization through two contrasting gold ore processing systems, New Zealand. Mine Water Environ 28:136–145

Mortensen JK, Craw D, MacKenzie DJ, Gabites JE (2010) Lead isotope constraints on the origin of Cenozoic orogenic gold systems in the Southern Alps and northwestern Otago, South Island, New Zealand. N Z J Geol Geophys 53:1–11

Mortimer N (2004) New Zealand’s geological foundations. Gondwana Res 7:261–272

Petrie BS, Craw D, Ryan CG (2005) Geological controls on refractory ore in an orogenic gold deposit, Macraes mine, New Zealand. Miner Deposita 40:45–58

Phillips M, Palin JM, Sagar M, Angus P (2014) U-Pb dating of the Sams Creek gold mineralization using hydrothermal zircons. Proc, SEG Conf, Keystone, CO, USA

Plumlee G, Smith K, Montour M, Ficklin W, Mosier E (1999) Geologic controls on the composition of natural waters and mine waters draining diverse mineral-deposit types. Rev Econ Geol 6:373–432

Quinn J, Davies-Colley R, Hickey C, Vickers M, Ryan P (1992) Effects of clay discharges on streams. 2. Benthic invertebrates. Hydrobiologia 248:235–247

Rait R, Trumm D, Pope J, Craw D, Newman N, MacKenzie H (2010) Adsorption of arsenic by iron rich precipitates from two coal mine drainage sites on the West Coast of New Zealand. N Z J Geol Geophys 53:177–193

Roddick-Lanzilotta A, McQuillan AJ, Craw D (2002) Infrared spectroscopic characterisation of arsenate(V) ion adsorption from mine waters, Macraes Mine, New Zealand. Appl Geochem 17:445–454

Seal R (1995) Stibnite-quartz deposits. In: Du Bray E (Ed), Preliminary compilation of descriptive geoenvironmental mineral deposit models. USGS Open-File Report, pp 204–208

Seal R, Hammarstrom JM (2003) Geoenvironmental models of mineral deposits: examples from massive sulphide and gold deposits. Short Course Ser Miner Assoc Can 31:11–50

Seal R, Foley N, Wanty R (2002) Introduction to geoenvironmental models of mineral deposits. In: Seal II R, Foley N (Eds), Progress on Geoenvironmental Models for Selected Mineral Deposit Types. USGS Paper 83, pp 1–7

Stark J (1985) A macroinvertebrate community index of water quality for stony streams. Water Soil Misc Publ 87:1–53

Stark J (1993) Performance of the Macroinvertebrate Community Index: effects of sampling method, sample replication, water depth, current velocity, and substratum on index values. N Z J Mar Fresh 27:463–478

Stark J, Maxted J (2007) A user guide for the Macroinvertebrate Community Index. Prepared for the Ministry for the Environment, Cawthron Report 1166

Telford K, Maher W, Krikowa F, Foster S, Ellwood M, Ashley P, Lockwood P, Wilson S (2009) Bioaccumulation of antimony and arsenic in a highly contaminated stream adjacent to the Hillgrove Mine, NSW, Australia. Environ Chem 6:133–143

Trumm D, Hay S (2012) Antimony treatment using passive treatment bioreactor and adsorption chamber in field trials. In: Proceedings of Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy of New Zealand Branch Conference, pp 427–436

Trumm D, Rait R, Pope J, Craw D, Newman N (2012) Gold mine arsenic and antimony removed through passive treatment using AMD iron oxides from coal mines. In: Price WA, Hogan C, Tremblay G (Eds), Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Acid Rock Drainage, Ottawa, ON, Canada, pp 89–95

Wilson N, Craw D, Hunter K (2004a) Antimony distribution and environmental mobility at an historic antimony smelter site, New Zealand. Environ Pollut 129:257–266

Wilson N, Craw D, Hunter K (2004b) Contributions of discharges from a historic antimony mine to metalloid content of river waters, Marlborough, New Zealand. J Geochem Explor 84:127–139

Windle SJ, Craw D (1991) Gold mineralisation in a syntectonic granite dike, Sams Creek, northwest Nelson, New Zealand. N Z J Geol Geophys 34:429–440

Youngson J (1995) Sulphur mobility and sulphur-mineral precipitation during early Miocene-Recent uplift and sedimentation in Central Otago, New Zealand. N Z J Geol Geophys 38:407–417

Youngson JH, Wopereis P, Kerr LC, Craw D (2002) Au-Ag-Hg and Au-Ag alloys in Nokomai and Nevis valley placers, northern Southland and Central Otago, New Zealand, and their implications for placer-source relationships. N Z J Geol Geophys 45:53–69