A Conceptual Framework for Understanding the Relationship Between Poverty and Antisocial Behavior: Focusing on Psychosocial Mediating Mechanisms

Agnew, R. (1997). Stability and change in crime over the life-course: A strain theory explanation. In T. P. Thornberry (Ed.), Developmental theories of crime and delinquency (pp. 101–132). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. Akers, R. L. (1985). Deviant behavior: A social learning approach (3rd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Akers, R. L., Krohn, M., Lanza-Kaduce, L., & Radosevich, M. (1979). Social learning and deviant behavior: A specific test of a general theory. American Sociological Review, 44, 636–655. Baldwin, A. L., Baldwin, C., & Cole, R. E. (1990). Stress-resistant families and stress-resistant children. In J. E. Rolft, A. S. Masten, D. Cicchette, K. H. Neuchterlein, & S. Weintraub (Eds.), Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp. 257–280). New York: Cambridge University Press. Bandura, A. (1969). Principles of behavior modification. New York: Holt. Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Barber, B. K. (1992). Family, personality, and adolescent problem behaviors. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 54, 69–79. Benard, B. (2002). Turnaround people and places: Moving from risk to resilience. In D. Saleebey (Ed.), The strengths perspective in social work practice (3rd ed., pp. 213–227). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss. New York: Basic Books. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Brooks-Gunn, J. (1995). Children in families in communities: Risk and intervention in the Bronfenbrenner tradition. In P. Moen, G. H. Elder Jr., & K. Luscher (Eds.), Examining lives in context: Perspectives on the ecology of human development (pp. 467–519). Washington, DC: American Psychological. Brooks-Gunn, J., Duncan, G. J., Klebanov, P. K., & Sealand, N. (1993). Do neighborhoods influence child and adolescent development? American Journal of Sociology, 99, 353–395. Bruce, M. L., Takeuchi, D. T., & Leaf, P. J. (1991). Poverty and psychiatric status: Longitudinal evidence from the New Haven epidemiologic catchment area study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 470–474. Bursik, R. J., Jr., & Grasmick, H. G. (1993). Neighborhoods and crime: The dimensions of effective community control. New York: Lexington Books. Carlson, E. A., & Sroufe, L. A. (1995). Contribution of attachment theory to developmental psychopathology. New York: Wiley. Catalano, R. F., & Hawkins, J. D. (1996). The social development model: A theory of antisocial behavior. In J. D. Hawkins (Ed.), Delinquency and crime: Current theories (pp. 149–197). New York: Cambridge University Press. Chase-Lansdale, P. L., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1995). Escape from poverty: What makes a difference for children? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Chase-Lansdale, P. L., Gordon, R. A., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Klebanov, P. K. (1997). Neighborhood and family influences on the intellectual and behavioral competence of preschool and early school-age children. In J. Brooks-Gunn, G. J. Duncan, & J. L. Aber (Eds.), Neighborhood poverty: Vol. 1. Context and consequences for children (pp. 79–118). New York: Russell Sage. Chung, I.-J., Hill, K. G., Hawkins, J. D., Gilchrist, L. D., & Nagin, D. (2002). Childhood predictors of offense trajectories. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 39, 60–90. Cicchetti, D., & Tucker, D. (1994). Development and self-regulatory structures of the mind. Development and Psychopathology, 6, 533–549. Coie, J. D., & Dodge, K. A. (1998). Aggression and antisocial behavior. In N. Eisenberg (Series Ed.) & W. Damon (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed., pp. 779–862). New York: Wiley. Coleman, J. S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 95–120. Conger, R. D., Xiaojia, G., Elder, G. H., Jr., Lorenz, F. O., & Simons, R. L. (1994). Economic stress, coercive family process and developmental problems of adolescents. Child Development, 65, 541–561. Coulton, C. J., & Pandey, S. (1992). Geographic concentration of poverty and risk to children in urban neighborhoods. American Behavioral Scientist, 35, 238–257. Crane, J. (1991). The epidemic theory of ghettos and neighborhood effects on dropping out and teenage childbearing. American Journal of Sociology, 96, 1226–1259. Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children's social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74–101. Crick, N. R., & Ladd, G. W. (1991). Children's perceptions of the consequences of aggressive behavior: Do the ends justify being mean? Developmental Psychology, 26, 612–620. Developmental Research and Programs. (2000). Communities That Care prevention strategies: A research guide to what works. Seattle, WA: Author. Dodge, K. A. (1991). Emotion and social information processing. In J. Garber & K. A. Dodge (Eds.), The development of emotion regulation and dysfunction (pp. 159–181). New York: Cambridge University Press. Dodge, K. A. (1993). Social-cognitive mechanisms in the development of conduct disorder and depression. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 559–584. Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1990). Mechanisms in the cycle of violence. Science, 250, 1678–1683. Dodge, K. A., & Coie, J. D. (1987). Social information-processing factors in reactive and proactive aggression in children's playgroups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 1146–1158. Dodge, K. A., & Feldman, E. (1990). Issues in social cognition and sociometric status. In S. R. Asher & J. D. Coie (Eds.), Peer rejection in childhood(pp. 119–155). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Dodge, K. A., & Newman, J. P. (1981). Biased decision making processes in aggressive boys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90, 375–379. Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (1994). Socialization mediators of the relation between socioeconomic status and child conduct problems. Child Development, 65, 649–665. Downey, D. B. (1994). The school performance of children from single-mother and single-father families: Economic or interpersonal deprivation? Journal of Family Issues, 15, 129–147. Duncan, G. J. (1991). The economic environment of childhood. In A. C. Huston (Ed.), Children in poverty: Child development and public policy (pp. 23–51). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Duncan, G. J., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Klebanov, P. K. (1994). Economic deprivation and early childhood development. Child Development, 65, 296–318. Duncan, G. J., Yeung, W. J., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Smith, J. R. (1998). How much does childhood poverty affect the life chances of children? American Sociological Review, 63, 406–423. Elder, G. H., Jr., & Caspi, A. (1988). Human development and social change: An emerging perspective on the life course. In N. Bolger, A. Caspi, G. Downey, & M. Moorehouse (Eds.), Persons in context: Developmental processes (pp. 77–113). New York: Cambridge University Press. Elliott, D. S., Ageton, S. S., & Canter, R. J. (1979). An integrated theoretical perspective on delinquent behavior. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 16, 3–27. Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D., & Ageton, S. S. (1985). Explaining delinquency and drug use. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Elliott, D. S., Huizinga, D., & Menard, S. (1989). Multiple problem youth: Delinquency, substance use, and mental health problems. New York: Springer-Verlag. Elliott, D. S., Wilson, W. J., Huizinga, D., Sampson, R. J., Elliott, A., & Rankin, B. (1996). The effects of neighborhood disadvantage on adolescent development. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 33, 389–426. Ensminger, M. E. (1995). Welfare and psychological distress: A longitudinal study of African American urban mothers. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 346–359. Farrington, D. P., & Hawkins, J. D. (1991). Predicting participation, early onset and later persistence in officially recorded offending. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 1, 1–33. Fonagy, P., Target, M., Steele, M., Steele, H., Leigh, T., Levinson, A., et al. (1997). Morality, disruptive behavior, borderline personality disorder, crime, and their relationships to security of attachment. In L. Atkinson & K. J. Zucker (Eds.), Attachment and psychopathology (pp. 223–274). New York: Guilford. Furstenberg, F. F. (1993). How families manage risk and opportunity in dangerous neighborhoods. In W. J. Wilson (Ed.), Sociology and the public agenda (pp. 231–258). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Garbarino, J., & Ganzel, B. (2000). The human ecology of early risk. In J. P. Shonkoff & S. J. Meisels (Eds.), Handbook of early childhood intervention (2nd ed., pp. 76–93). New York: Cambridge University Press. Garber, J., Quiggle, N. L., Panak, W., & Dodge, K. A. (1991). Aggression and depression in children: Comorbidity, specificity, and cognitive processing. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Gephart, M. A. (1997). Neighborhoods and communities as contexts for development. In J. Brooks-Gunn, G. J. Duncan, & J. L. Aber (Eds.), Neighborhood poverty: Vol. 1. Context and consequences for children (pp. 1–43). New York: Russell Sage Foundation. Gerard, J. M., & Buehler, C. (1999). Multiple risk factors in the family environment and youth problem behaviors. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 61, 343–361. Gonzales, N. A., Cauce, A. M., Friedman, R. J., & Mason, C. A. (1996). Family, peer, and neighborhood influences on academic achievement among African-American adolescents: One-year prospective effects. American Journal of Community Psychology, 24, 365–387. Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Gouze, K. R. (1987). Attention and social problem solving as correlates of aggression in preschool males. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 15, 181–197. Hagan, J. (1994). Crime and disrepute. Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press. Hagan, J., & Wheaton, B. (1993). The search for adolescent role exits and the transition to adulthood. Social Forces, 71, 955–980. Hashima, P. Y., & Amato, P. R. (1994). Poverty, social support, and parental behavior. Child Development, 65, 394–403. Hawkins, J. D., & Weis, J. G. (1985). The social development model: An integrated approach to delinquency prevention. Journal of Primary Prevention, 6, 73–97. Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press. Huston, A. C. (Ed.). (1991a). Children in poverty: Child development and public policy. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Huston, A. C. (1991b). Children in poverty: Developmental and policy issues. In A. C. Huston (Ed.), Children in poverty: Child development and public policy (pp. 1–22). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Huston, A. C., McLoyd, V. C., & Garcia Coll, C. (1994). Children and poverty: Issues in contemporary research. Child Development, 65, 275–282. Janowitz, M. (1975). Sociological theory and social control. American Journal of Sociology, 81, 82–108. Jarrett, R. L. (1995). Growing up poor: The family experiences of socially mobile youth in low-income African-American neighborhoods. Journal of Adolescent Research, 10, 111–135. Kornhauser, R. R. (1978). Social sources of delinquency: An appraisal of analytic models. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Le Blanc, M. (1995). The relative importance of internal and external constraints in the explanation of late adolescence delinquency and adult criminality. In J. McCord (Ed.), Coercion and punishment in long-term perspectives (pp. 272–288). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Le Blanc, M. (1997). A generic control theory of the criminal phenomenon: The structural and dynamic statements of an integrative multilayered control theory. In T. P. Thornberry (Ed.), Developmental theories of crime and delinquency (pp. 215–285). New Brunswick: Transaction. Leventhal, H. (1990). Emotional and behavioral processes. In M. Johnston & L. Wallace (Eds.), Stress and medical procedures (pp. 25–57). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Leventhal, T., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2000). The neighborhoods they live in: The effects of neighborhood residence on child and adolescent outcomes. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 309–337. Lewis, F. M. (1990). Perspectives on models of interpersonal health behavior. In K. Glanz, F. M. Lewis, & B. K. Rimer (Eds.), Health behavior and health education: Theory, research and practice (pp. 242–251). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Lichter, D. T. (1997). Poverty and inequality among children. Annual Review of Sociology, 23, 121–145. Liem, R., & Liem, J. (1978). Social class and mental illness reconsidered: The role of economic stress and social support. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 19, 139–156. Loeber, R. (1990). Development and risk factors of juvenile antisocial behavior and delinquency. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 1–41. Loeber, R., & Hay, D. (1997). Key issues in the development of aggression and violence from childhood to early adulthood. Annual Review of Psychology, 48, 371–410. Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1986). Family factors as correlates and predictors of juvenile conduct problems and delinquency. In N. Morris & M. Tonry (Eds.), Crime and justice: An annual review of research (Vol. 7, pp. 29–149). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Loeber, R., & Wikstrom, P.-O. H. (1993). Individual pathways to crime in different types of neighborhoods. In D. P. Farrington, R. J. Sampson, & P.-O. H. Wikstrom (Eds.), Integrating individual and ecological aspects of crime (BRA-report No. 1, pp. 169–204). Stockholm, Sweden: Swedish National Council for Crimes. Lytton, H. (1990). Child and parent effects in boys' conduct disorder: A reinterpretation. Developmental Psychology, 26, 683–697. Masten, A. S., & Coatsworth, J. D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: Lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologist, 53, 205–220. Mayer, S. E. (1997a). What money can't buy: Family income and children's life chances. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Mayer, S. E. (1997b). Trends in the economic well-being and life chances of America's children. In G. J. Duncan & J. Brooks-Gunn (Eds.), Consequences of growing up poor (pp. 49–69). New York: Russell Sage. McAdoo, H. P. (1986). Strategies used by black single mothers against stress. In M. C. Simms & J. Malveaux (Eds.), Slipping through the cracks: The status of black women (pp. 153–166). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. McGrath, J. E. (Ed.). (1970). Social and psychological factors in stress. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston. McLeod, J. D., & Shanahan, M. J. (1993). Poverty, parenting, and children's mental health. American Sociological Review, 58, 351–366. McLoyd, V. C. (1989). Socialization and development in a changing economy: The effects of paternal job and income loss on children. American Psychologist, 44, 293–302. McLoyd, V. C. (1990). The impact of economic hardship on black families and children: Psychological distress, parenting, and socioemotional development. Child Development, 61, 311–346. McLoyd, V. C., & Wilson, L. (1991). The strain of living poor: Parenting, social support, and child mental health. In A. C. Huston (Ed.), Children in poverty: Child development and public policy (pp. 105–135). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Neff, J. A., & Husaini, B. A. (1980). Race, socioeconomic status, and psychiatric impairment: A research note. Journal of Community Psychology, 8, 16–19. Patterson, G. R. (1982). A social learning approach to family intervention: Coercive family process. Eugene, OR: Castalia. Patterson, G. R., Reid, J. B., & Dishion, T. J. (1992). A social interactional approach: Vol. 4. Antisocial boys. Eugene, OR: Castalia. Perry, C. L., Baranowski, T., & Parcel, G. S. (1990). How individuals, environments, and health behavior interact: Social learning theory. In K. Glanz, F. M. Lewis, & B. K. Rimer (Eds.), Health behavior and health education: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 161–186). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Petersen, A. C., Richmond, J. B., & Leffert, N. (1993). Social changes among youth: The United States experience. Journal of Adolescent Health, 14, 632–637. Pierce, G. R., Sarason, B. R., Sarason, I. G., Joseph, H. J., & Henderson, C. A. (1996). Conceptualizing and assessing social support in the context of the family. In G. R. Pierce, B. R. Sarason, & I. G. Sarason (Eds.), Handbook of social support and the family (pp. 3–23). New York: Plenum. Pollard, J. A., Hawkins, J. D., & Arthur, M. W. (1999). Risk and protection: Are both necessary to understand diverse behavioral outcomes in adolescence? Social Work Research, 23, 145–158. Rak, C. F., & Patterson, L. E. (1996). Promoting resilience in at-risk children. Journal of Counseling and Development, 74, 368–373. Rankin, B. H., & Quane, J. M. (2002). Social contexts and urban adolescent outcomes: The interrelated effects of neighborhoods, families, and peers on African-American youth. Social Problems, 49, 79–100. Reiss, A. J., Jr. (1995). Community influences on adolescent behavior. In M. Rutter (Ed.), Psychosocial disturbances in young people: Challenges for prevention (pp. 305–332). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Rimer, B. K. (1990). Perspectives on intrapersonal theories in health education and health behavior. In K. Glanz, F. M. Lewis, & B. K. Rimer (Eds.), Health behavior and health education: Theory, research and practice (pp. 140–157). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Rothbart, M. K., & Ahadi, S. A. (1994). Temperament and the development of personality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 103, 55–66. Rubin, K. H., Bream, L. A., & Rose-Krasnor, L. (1991). Social problem solving and aggression in childhood. In D. J. Pepler & K. H. Rubin (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 219–248). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Rutter, M., & Giller, H. (1983). Juvenile delinquency: Trends and perspectives. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. Saleebey, D. (2002). Community development, neighborhood empowerment, and individual resilience. In D. Saleebey (Ed.), The strengths perspective in social work practice (3rd ed., pp. 228–246). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Sameroff, A. J., & Fiese, B. H. (2000). Models of development and developmental risk. In C. H. Zeanah (Ed.), Handbook of infant mental health (2nd ed., pp. 3–19). New York: Guilford. Sampson, R. J. (1988). Local friendship ties and community attachment in mass society: A multilevel systemic model. American Sociological Review, 53, 766–779. Sampson, R. J. (1991). Linking the micro and macrolevel dimensions of community social disorganization. Social Forces, 70, 43–64. Sampson, R. J., & Groves, W. B. (1989). Community structure and crime: Testing social disorganization theory. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 774–802. Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (1993). Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Sampson, R. J., & Lauritsen, J. L. (1994). Violent victimization and offending: Individual, situational, and community level risk factors. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Sampson, R. J., Morenoff, J. D., & Earls, F. (1999). Beyond social capital: Spatial dynamics of collective efficacy for children. American Sociological Review, 64, 633–660. Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277, 918–924. Sampson, R. J., & Wilson, W. J. (1994). Toward a theory of race, crime, and urban inequality. In J. Hagan & R. D. Peterson (Eds.), Crime and inequality (pp. 37–54). Stanford: Stanford University Press. Seccombe, K. (2000). Families in poverty in the 1990s: Trends, causes, consequences, and lessons learned. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62, 1094–1113. Shonkoff, J. P., & Phillips, D. A. (Eds.). (2000). From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early childhood development. Washington DC: National Academy Press. Siegel, L. J., & Senna, J. J. (1994). Juvenile delinquency: Theory, practice and law (5th ed.). St. Paul: West Publishing Company. Simons, R. L., Johnson, C., Beaman, J., Conger, R. D., & Whitbeck, L. B. (1996). Parents and peer group as mediators of the effect of community structure on adolescent problem behavior. American Journal of Community Psychology, 24, 145–171. Smith, S., & Zaslow, M. (1995). Rationale and policy context for two-generation interventions. In S. Smith (Ed.), Two-generation programs for families in poverty: A new intervention strategy (pp. 1–36). Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing. Spergel, I. (1964). Racketville, Slumtown, Haulburg: An exploratory study of delinquent subcultures. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Thornberry, T. P. (1987). Toward an interactional theory of delinquency. Criminology, 25, 863–891. Thornberry, T. P. (1996). Empirical support for interactional theory: A review of the literature. In J. D. Hawkins (Ed.), Delinquency and crime: Current theories (pp. 198–235). New York: Cambridge University Press. Thornberry, T. P., Lizotte, A. J., Krohn, M. D., Farnworth, M., & Jang, S. J. (1994). Delinquent peers, beliefs, and delinquent behavior: A longitudinal test of interactional theory. Criminology, 32, 47–83. Tienda, M. (1991). Poor people and poor places: Deciphering neighborhood effects on poverty outcomes. In J. Huber (Ed.), Macro-micro linkages in sociology (pp. 244–262). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Velez, C. N., Johnson, J., & Cohen, P. (1989). A longitudinal analysis of selected risk factors for childhood psychopathology. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 861–864. Werner, E. E. (1985). Stress and protective factors in children's lives. In A. R. Nicol (Ed.), Longitudinal studies in child psychology and psychiatry: Practical lessons from research experience (pp. 335–355). New York: Wiley. Wilson, W. J. (1987). The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and public policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Wilson, W. J. (1991). Studying inner-city social dislocations: The challenge of public agenda research. American Sociological Review, 56, 1–14. Wilson, W. J. (1996). When work disappears: The world of the new urban poor. New York: Knopf. Yoshikawa, H. (1994). Prevention as cumulative protection: Effects of early family support and education on chronic delinquency and its risks. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 28–54. Zill, N., Moore, K. A., Smith, E. W., Stief, T., & Coiro, M. J. (1995). The life circumstances and development of children in welfare families: A profile based on national survey data. In P. L. Chase-Lansdale & J. Brooks-Gunn (Eds.), Escape from poverty: What makes a difference for children? (pp. 38–59). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.