A Comparative Study of the Attitudes of Graduating Bachelor of Social Work Students in Barbados and Canada Towards Child Physical Punishment
Tóm tắt
Child physical punishment (CPP) is a common form of everyday child discipline despite mounting evidence linking it to adverse childhood outcomes. Social workers throughout the world are mandated to work closely with families and children. Their attitudes towards CPP will affect how they interact with families who use CPP as a form of child discipline. In addition, social workers have an ethical duty to uphold the rights of children to be free from all forms of violence, including CPP, a promise found in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. We assessed and compared the attitudes of graduating social work students towards CPP in Barbados and Canada. The findings underscore the need for the infusion of human rights education into the curriculum of all social work programs. In particular, the Convention of the Rights of the Child is a valuable instrument to enhance knowledge about human rights protections and offers an effective tool for advocating for families and children.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Afifi, T. O., Mota, N., Dasiewicz, P., MacMillan, H., & Sareen, J. (2012). Physical punishment and mental disorders: results from a nationally representative US sample. Pediatrics, 130(2), 184–192. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2947.
Afifi, T. O., Ford, D., Gershoff, E. T., Merrick, M., Grogan-Kaylor, A., Ports, K. A., MacMillan, H. L., Holden, G. W., Taylor, C. A., Lee, S. J., & Peters Bennett, R. (2017a). Spanking and adult mental health impairment: the case for the designation of spanking as an adverse childhood experience. Child Abuse & Neglect, 71, 24–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.014.
Afifi, T. O., Mota, N., Sareen, J., & MacMillan, H. (2017b). The relationship between harsh physical punishment and child maltreatment in childhood and intimate partner violence in adulthood. BMC Public Health, 17, 497–507.
Arnold, E. (1982). The use of corporal punishment in child-rearing in the West Indies. Child Abuse and Neglect, 6, 41–45.
Bailey, C., Robinson, T., & Coore-Desai, C. (2014). Corporal punishment in the Caribbean: attitudes and practices. Social and Economic Studies, 63, 207–233.
Barrow, C. (2003). Children and social policy in Barbados: the unfinished agenda of child abuse. Caribbean Journal of Social Work, 2, 36–53.
Berlin, L. J., Ispa, J. M., Fine, M. A., Malone, P. S., Brooks-Gunn, J., Brady-Smith, C., Ayoud, C., & Bai, Y. (2009). Correlates and consequences of spanking and verbal punishment for low-income White, African American, and Mexican American toddlers. Child Development, 80(5), 1403–1420.
Boyce, M. (2016). Conditional spanking no answer [letter to editor] (p. 9). Barbados: Daily Nation.
Canadian Association of Social Workers’ Code of Ethics and Guidelines for Ethical Practice (2005). Retrieved from http://casw-acts.ca/en/Code-of-Ethics.
Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law v. Canada (Attorney General) (2004). Supreme Court Reports, 76.
Canadian Paediatric Society. (2012). Guiding your child with positive discipline. Ottawa: The Canadian Paediatric Society Retrieved from http://www.caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/guiding_with_positive_discipline.
Caribbean Development Research Services (CRDS) (2009). Corporal punishment and other major educational issues in Barbados: report on a national survey. Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/barbados/2009_Final_Barbados_National_Survey_on_Corporal_Punishment_and_Educational_Issues_Report.pdf.
Chiocca, E. M. (2017). American parents’ attitudes and beliefs about corporal punishment: an integrative literature review. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 31(3), 372–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2017.01.002.
Committee on the Rights of the Child (2006). General comment no. 8 on “The right of the child to protection from corporal punishment and other cruel or degrading forms of punishment” (arts. 19; 28, para.2; and 37, inter alia). CRC/C/GC/8.
Convention on the Rights of the Child, U.N. Doc. A/RES/44/25 (1989). Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx.
Douglas, E. M., & Straus, M. A. (2006). Assault and injury of dating partners by university students in 19 countries and its relation to corporal punishment experienced as a child. European Journal of Criminology, 3(3), 293–318.
Durrant, J. E., & Ensom, R. (2017). Twenty-five years of physical punishment research: what have we learned? Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry., 28(1), 20–24.
Durrant, J. E., Plateau, D. P., Ateah, C. A., Holden, G. W., Barker, L. A., Stewart-Tufescu, A., Jones, A. D., Ly, G., & Ahmed, R. (2017). Parents’ views of the relevance of a violence prevention program in high, medium and low human development contexts. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 41(4), 523–531.
Ellison, C. G., & Bradshaw, M. (2009). Religious beliefs, sociopolitical ideology, and attitudes toward corporal punishment. Journal of Family Issues, 30(3), 320–340.
Farley, M. (2014). Flawed flogging discourse [Letter to the editor] (p. A9). Barbados: Sunday Sun.
Fortson, B. L., Klevens, J., Merrick, M. T., Gilbert, L. K., & Alexander, S. P. (2016). Preventing child abuse and neglect: a technical package for policy, norm, and programmatic activities. Atlanta: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Fréchette, S., & Romano, E. (2015). Change in corporal punishment over time in a representative sample of Canadian parents. Journal of Family Psychology, 29(4), 507–517. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000104.
Fréchette, S., Zoratti, M., & Romano, E. (2015). What is the link between corporal punishment and child physical abuse? Journal of Family Violence, 30(2), 135–148.
Gershoff, E. T. (2002). Corporal punishment by parents and associated child behaviors and experiences: a meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychological Bulletin, 128(4), 539–579.
Gershoff, E. T. (2010). More harm than good: a summary of scientific research on the intended and unintended effect of corporal punishment on children. Law and Contemporary Problems, 73, 31–56.
Gershoff, E. T., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2016a). Race as a moderator of associations between spanking and child outcomes. Family Relations, 65(3), 490–501. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12205.
Gershoff, E. T., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2016b). Spanking and child outcomes: old controversies and new meta-analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 30(4), 453–469.
Global Initiative to End all Corporal Punishment of Children (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/.
Government of Barbados (1904). Prevention of Cruelty to Children Act, CAP.145, L.R.O., s. 4. Retrieved from https://www.wpanet.org/uploads/News-Zonal-Representatives/wpa-policy-papers-from-zone3/Zone%203-Barbados%20-%20Prevention%20of%20Cruelty%20to%20Children%20Act.pdf.
Government of Canada (1985). Criminal Code, R.S.C.1985, c. C-46, s. 43. Retrieved from https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/.
Grogan-Kaylor, A., Ma, J., & Graham- Bermann, S. A. (2018). The case against physical punishment. Current Opinion in Psychology, 19, 22–27.
Hammarberg, T. (1990). The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child – And How to Make It Work. 12. Human Rights Quarterly, 12, 97–108.
Hawkins, C. A., & Knox, K. (2014). Educating of international social work: human rights leadership. International Social Work, 57(3), 248–257.
Hecker, T., Hermenau, K., Salmen, K., Teicher, M., & Elbert, T. (2016). Harsh discipline relates to internalizing problems and cognitive functioning: findings from a cross-sectional study with school children in Tanzania. BioMedicalCentral Psychiatry, 16(1), 118–127. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-0828-3.
Hokenstad, M. C., & Restorick Roberts, A. (2013). Human rights: An essential component of social work education. In M. C. Hokenstad, L. Healy, & U. A. Segal (Eds.), Teaching human rights: curriculum: resources for social work educators (pp. 21–24). Alexandria: CSWE Press.
Hokenstad, M. C., Healy, L., & Segal, U. A. (2013). Teaching human rights: curriculum: resources for social work educators. Alexandria: CSWE Press.
Ife, J. (2012). Human rights and social work: Towards a rights-based practice (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
International Federation of Social Workers & International Association of Schools of Social Work (2004) Ethics in social work, statement of principles. Retrieved from: http://ifsw.org/policies/statement-of-ethical-principles/.
Korr, W. S., Fallon, B. J., & Brieland, D. (1994). UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: implications for social work education. International Social Work, 37(4), 333–345.
Landsford, J. E., & Dodge, K. A. (2008). Cultural norms for adult corporal punishment of children and societal rates of endorsement and use of violence. Parenting: Science and Practice, 8(3), 257–270.
Leo-Rhynie, E. (1997). Class race and gender issues in child rearing in the Caribbean. In J. L. Roopnarine & J. Brown (Eds.), Caribbean families; diversity among ethnic groups (pp. 25–55). Greenwich: Ablex Publishing Corp.
MacMillan, H. L., & Mikton, C. R. (2017). Moving research beyond the spanking debate. Child Abuse & Neglect, 71, 5–8.
McEwen, B. S. (2008). Understanding the potency of stressful early life experiences on brain and body function. Metabolism Clinical and Experimental, 57(2), 11–15.
Miller-Perrin, C., & Perrin, R. (2017). Changing attitudes about spanking among conservative Christians using interventions that focus on empirical research evidence and progressive biblical interpretations. Child Abuse & Neglect, 71, 69–69.
Mulvaney, M. K., & Mebert, C. J. (2007). Parental corporal punishment predicts behavior problems in early childhood. Journal of Family Psychology, 21(3), 389–397.
Nicholson, A. (2008). Choose to hug, not hit. Family Court Review, 46(1), 11–36.
Pinheiro, P. S. (2006). World report on violence against children. Geneva: CH.
Poulsen, A. (2018). The role of corporal punishment of children in the perpetuation of intimate partner violence in Australia. Children Australia. Advance on line publication, 43(01), 32–41. https://doi.org/10.1017/cha.2018.6.
Reece, B. (2016). In favour of corporal punishment [Letter to the Editor] (p. 12). Barbados: Weekend Nation.
Reichert, E. (2011). Social work and human rights: a foundation for policy and practice (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press.
Rock, L., & Watkinson, A. M. (2015). Lashes not the way to go [Letter to the Editor]. Barbados: The Nation.
Sege, R. D., Siegel, B. S., & AAP Council on Child Abuse and Neglect, AAP Committee on Psychosocial Aspects of Child and Family Health. (2018). Effective discipline to raise healthy children. Pediatrics, 142(6), 1–10.
Shonkoff, J. P., & Garner, A. S. (2012). The lifelong effects of early childhood adversity and toxic stress. Pediatrics, 129(1), 232–246.
Smith, A. B., & Durrant, J. E. (2011). Introduction to the global movement to ban physical punishment of children. In J. E. Durrant & A. B. Smith (Eds.), Global pathways to abolishing physical punishment: Realizing children’s rights (pp. 67–77). New York: Routledge.
Swenson, K. (2018). Sessions says the bible justifies separating immigrant families: The verses he cited are infamous. The Washington post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/06/15/sessions-says-the-bible-justifies-separating-immigrant-families-the-verses-he-cited-are-infamous/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.ba397c9198c8.
Taylor, C. A., Al-Hiyari, R., Lee, S. J., Priebe, A., Guerrero, L. W., & Bales, A. (2016). Beliefs and ideologies linked with approval of corporal punishment: a content analysis of online comments. Health Education Research, 32(4), 563–575. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyw029.
Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. (2015). Honouring the truth, reconciling for the future: summary of the final report of the truth and reconciliation commission of Canada. Canada: McGill-Queen’s University Press Retrieved from http://nccdh.ca/resources/entry/honouring-the-truth-reconciling-for-the-future.
Turner, H. A., & Muller, P. A. (2004). Long term effects of child corporal punishment on depressive symptoms in young adults: potential moderators and mediators. Journal of Family Issues, 25(6), 761–781.
United Nations Children’s Education Fund (UNICEF). (2007). Violence against children in the Caribbean region regional assessment: UN Secretary General’s study on violence against children. Panama: Child Protection Section: UNICEF Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, Panama.
Vieth, V. I. (2014). From sticks to flowers: guidelines for child protection professionals working with parents using scripture to justify corporal punishment. William Mitchell Law Review, 40(3), 908–942.
Vohito, S. (2011). Africa: growing momentum towards the prohibition of corporal punishment. In J. E. Durrant & A. B. Smith (Eds.), Global pathways to abolishing physical punishment: realizing children’s rights (pp. 67–77). New York: Routledge.
Watkinson, A. M. (2009). Physical punishment in childhood: a human rights and child protection issue. In S. McKay, D. Fuchs, & I. Brown (Eds.), Passion for Action in Child and Family Services: Voices from the Prairies. Regina: Regina, SK.sss: Canadian Plains Research Center, University of Regina.
Watkinson, A. M. (2015). The second coming: faith based organizations and public service delivery. Affilia: Journal of Women and Social Work, 30(4), 476–488. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109915574578.
Watkinson, A. M., & Rock, L. (2016). Child physical punishment and international human rights: implications for social work education. International Social Work, 59(1), 86–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872813503861.
Webb, W. J. (2011). Corporal punishment in the Bible: a redemptive movement hermeneutic for troubling texts. Illinois: Intervarsity Press.
Werkmeister Rozas, L., & Garran, A. M. (2016). Towards a human rights culture in social work education. British Journal of Social Work, 46(4), 890–905.
Zolotar, A. J., Theodore, A. D., Cheng, J. J., Berkoff, M. C., & Runyan, D. K. (2008). Speak softly-and forget the stick: corporal punishment and child physical abuse. American Journal of Preventative Medicine, 35(4), 364–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.06.031.